松树蜂的产卵行为
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摘要
【目的】研究松树蜂Sirex noctilio的产卵行为,明确其产卵能力,为评估其繁殖潜力和危害能力提供基础数据。【方法】于黑龙江省大庆市杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县新店林场采集被松树蜂危害的寄主樟子松Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica木段上获得虫源。在室内条件下观察和分析松树蜂产卵的行为过程及规律。解剖松树蜂在樟子松木段上的产卵孔,并观察其结构特征。【结果】松树蜂羽化时即性成熟,能够马上进行交配和产卵。松树蜂雌成虫一次完整的产卵过程主要分为4个动作:树皮钻孔、木质部钻刺、产卵(注入有毒黏液和共生真菌Amylosereum areolatum)和产卵器拔出。产卵时间在360～540 s之间的产卵频数最多,占产卵总频数的41.40%;产卵过程中木质部钻刺用时最长,至少占整个产卵过程用时的90%。松树蜂雌成虫在一个产卵孔处会进行1～4次产卵,产卵时间和产卵次数呈显著正相关,当产卵时间t<360 s时,进行了1次产卵;当360 s≤t<540 s时,进行了2次产卵;当540 s≤t<780 s时,进行了3次产卵;当t≥780 s时,进行了4次或更多次产卵。松树蜂在一个产卵孔处进行1, 2, 3和4次产卵的比例分别为21.66%, 41.40%, 27.39%和9.55%。【结论】松树蜂雌成虫在一个产卵孔处的产卵时间和产卵次数呈正相关。利用产卵时间和产卵次数的关系,在只调查产卵时间的情况下,可以推断产卵次数。松树蜂在一个产卵孔处产卵的次数多,对寄主樟子松危害大。
【Aim】 To study the oviposition behavior of Sirex noctilio, and to determine its oviposition capability, so as to provide a data basis for evaluating its reproductive potential and damage. 【Methods】 Logs of host Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica damaged by S. noctilio were collected from Xindian State Forest Farm of Duerbote Mongol Autonomous County, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. The oviposition behavior process and pattern of S. noctilio under the laboratory conditions were observed and analyzed. The oviposition holes of S. noctilio on P. sylvestris var. mongolica were dissected, and their structure characteristics were observed. 【Results】 The results revealed that S. noctilio wasps were sexually mature upon emergence, and they could mate and/or lay egg immediately. The ovipositing process of female adults of S. noctilio was divided into four stages: drilling into the bark, drilling into the xylem, laying egg(including injection of poisonous mucus and symbiotic fungi Amylosereum areolatum), and withdrawing the ovipositor. The most frequent oviposition time was between 360 to 540 s, accounting for 41.40% of the total frequency of various oviposition time. During these four stages, the time of drilling into the xylem was the longest, taking at least 90% of the total duration of oviposition. S. noctilio female adult would carry out 1-4 drillings once it confirmed a position. The oviposition time(t) showed a significantly positive correlation with the number of oviposition cycles: 1 cycle when t<360 s; 2 cycles when 360 s≤t<540 s; 3 cycles when 540 s≤t<780 s; and 4 or more cycles when t≥780 s. The proportions of 1, 2, 3 and 4 cycles of oviposition at one oviposition hole were 21.66%, 41.40%, 27.39% and 9.55%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The number of oviposition cycles of female adults of S. noctilio is positively correlated to its oviposition time. Based on this relationship, the number of oviposition cycles can be inferred once the oviposition time is investigated. The more the oviposition cycles of S. noctilio, the higher the risk of its harm to P. sylvestris var. mongolica.
【Aim】 To study the oviposition behavior of Sirex noctilio, and to determine its oviposition capability, so as to provide a data basis for evaluating its reproductive potential and damage. 【Methods】 Logs of host Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica damaged by S. noctilio were collected from Xindian State Forest Farm of Duerbote Mongol Autonomous County, Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. The oviposition behavior process and pattern of S. noctilio under the laboratory conditions were observed and analyzed. The oviposition holes of S. noctilio on P. sylvestris var. mongolica were dissected, and their structure characteristics were observed. 【Results】 The results revealed that S. noctilio wasps were sexually mature upon emergence, and they could mate and/or lay egg immediately. The ovipositing process of female adults of S. noctilio was divided into four stages: drilling into the bark, drilling into the xylem, laying egg(including injection of poisonous mucus and symbiotic fungi Amylosereum areolatum), and withdrawing the ovipositor. The most frequent oviposition time was between 360 to 540 s, accounting for 41.40% of the total frequency of various oviposition time. During these four stages, the time of drilling into the xylem was the longest, taking at least 90% of the total duration of oviposition. S. noctilio female adult would carry out 1-4 drillings once it confirmed a position. The oviposition time(t) showed a significantly positive correlation with the number of oviposition cycles: 1 cycle when t<360 s; 2 cycles when 360 s≤t<540 s; 3 cycles when 540 s≤t<780 s; and 4 or more cycles when t≥780 s. The proportions of 1, 2, 3 and 4 cycles of oviposition at one oviposition hole were 21.66%, 41.40%, 27.39% and 9.55%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The number of oviposition cycles of female adults of S. noctilio is positively correlated to its oviposition time. Based on this relationship, the number of oviposition cycles can be inferred once the oviposition time is investigated. The more the oviposition cycles of S. noctilio, the higher the risk of its harm to P. sylvestris var. mongolica.
引文
Carnegie AJ,Eldridge RH,Waterson DG,2005.The history and management of Sirex wood wasp in pine plantations in New South Wales,Australia.N.Z.J.For.Sci.,35(1):3-24.
Corley JC,Lantschner MV,Martínez AS,Fischbein D,Villacide JM,2018.Management of Sirex noctilio populations in exotic pine plantations:critical issues explaining invasion success and damage levels in South America.J.Pest Sci.,92(1):131-142.
Dai QS,2010.Pest Risk Analysis in China and the Economic Impacts Assessment of the Trade Measures for Sirex noctilio.MSc Thesis,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing.[戴秋莎,2010.云杉树蜂入侵中国的风险分析及其贸易对策的经济影响评估.北京:北京林业大学硕士学位论文]
Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations,2009.Global Review of Forest Pests and Diseases.FAO Publications,Rome,Italy.113-115.
Hajek AE,Tobin PC,Kroll SA,Long SJ,2018.Symbionts mediate oviposition behaviour in invasive and native woodwasps.Agric.Forest Entomol.,20(3):442-450.
Hall MJ,1968.A survey of siricid attack on radiata pine in Europe.Aust.For.,32(3):155-162.
Hoebeke ER,Haugen DA,Haack RA,2005.Sirex noctilio:discovery of a palearctic siricid woodwasp in New York.Newsl.Mich.Entomol.Soc.,50(1/2):24-25.
Li DP,Shi J,Lu M,Ren LL,Zhen CA,Luo QY,2015.Detection and identification of the invasive Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera:Siricidae) fungal symbiont,Amylostereum areolatum (Russulales:Amylostereacea),in China and the stimulating effect of insect venom on laccase production by A.areolatum YQL03.J.Econ.Entomol.,108(3):1136-1147.
Liu XB,Zheng ZJ,Zhou F,Ren LL,Luo YQ,2017.Effects of age (in days),gender and nematode infection on the flight capacity of Sirex noctilio.Chin.J.Appl.Entomol.,54(6):933-939.[刘晓博,郑子金,周丰,任利利,骆有庆,2017.日龄、性别及线虫侵染对松树蜂飞行能力的影响.应用昆虫学报,54(6):933-939]
Liu XD,1999.Sirex noctilio.Plant Quar.,13(6):34-35.[刘晓东,1999.辐射松树蜂.植物检疫,13(6):34-35]
Madden JL,1974.Oviposition behaviour of the woodwasp,Sirex noctilio.F.Aust.J.Zool.,22(3):341-351.
Maderni JFP,1998.Sirex noctilio F.:present status in Uruguay.In:Iede E,Shaitza EP,Penteado S,Reardon R,Murphy T eds.Proceedings of a Conference:Training in the Control of Sirex noctilio by Use of Natural Enemies,USDA Forest Service,Morgantown,WV.81-82.
Martinson SJ,Ajó AAF,Martínez AS,Krivak-Tetley FE,Villacide JM,Ayres MP,Corley JC,2018.Attack rates of Sirex noctilio and patterns of pine tree defenses and mortality in northern Patagonia.Bull.Entomol.Res.,DOI:10.1017/S0007485318000184.
Mlonyeni XO,Wingfield MJ,Greeff JM,Wingfield BD,Slippers B,2018.Genetic diversity of Amylostereum areolatum,the fungal symbiont of the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio in South Africa.Forest Pathol.,48:e12449.
Morgan FD,1989.Forty years of Sirex noctilio and Ips grandicollis in Australia.N.Z.J.For.Sci.,19(2/3):198-209.
Neumann FG,Minko G,1981.The sirex wood wasp in Australian radiata pine plantations.Aust.For.,44(1):46-63.
Schiff NM,Goulet H,Smith DR,Boudreault C,Wilson AD,Scheffler BE,2012.Siricidae (Hymenoptera:Symphyta:Siricoidea) of the Western Hemisphere.Can.J.Arthropod Identif.,21:165-167.
Smith DR,1978.Hymenopterorum Catalogus,Pars 14.W.Junk BV,Holland.59-63.
Spradbery JP,Kirk AA,1978.Aspects of the ecology of siricid woodwasp (Hymenoptera:Siricidae) in Europe,North Africa and Turkey with special reference to the biological control of Sirex noctilio F.in Australia.Bull.Entomol.Res.,68(3):341-359.
Tribe GD,1995.The woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera:Siricidae),a pest of Pinus species,now established in South Africa.Afr.Entomol.,3(2):215-217.
Wang LX,Liu XB,Ren LL,Shi J,Luo YQ,2017a.Variety of endophytic fungi associated with conifers in mixed conifer forests invaded by Sirex noctilio.Sci.Silv.Sin.,53(9):81-89.[王立祥,刘晓博,任利利,石娟,骆有庆,2017a.松树蜂入侵的混交林中针叶树种内生真菌多样性.林业科学,53(9):81-89]
Wang LX,Ren LL,You CJ,Zhou F,Shi J,Luo YQ,2017b.The mycobiota of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica trunk invaded by Sirex noctilio.Mycosystema,36(4):444-453.[王立祥,任利利,游崇娟,周丰,石娟,骆有庆,2017b.松树蜂入侵樟子松的内栖真菌区系.菌物学报,36(4):444-453]
Xu Q,Cao LJ,Ma JP,Ren LL,Sun XT,Luo YQ,Shi J,2018.Study on the morphology and damage characteristics of Sirex noctilio.J.Environ.Entomol.,40(2):299-305.[徐强,曹丽君,马金萍,任利利,孙雪婷,骆有庆,石娟,2018.松树蜂形态及危害特点的研究.环境昆虫学报,40(2):299-305]
Yin YS,2002.Occurrence of Sirex noctilio Fabricius abroad.For.Pest Dis.,21(3):43-44.[殷玉生,2002.云杉蓝树蜂在国外的发生情况.中国森林病虫,21(3):43-44]
Corley JC,Lantschner MV,Martínez AS,Fischbein D,Villacide JM,2018.Management of Sirex noctilio populations in exotic pine plantations:critical issues explaining invasion success and damage levels in South America.J.Pest Sci.,92(1):131-142.
Dai QS,2010.Pest Risk Analysis in China and the Economic Impacts Assessment of the Trade Measures for Sirex noctilio.MSc Thesis,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing.[戴秋莎,2010.云杉树蜂入侵中国的风险分析及其贸易对策的经济影响评估.北京:北京林业大学硕士学位论文]
Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations,2009.Global Review of Forest Pests and Diseases.FAO Publications,Rome,Italy.113-115.
Hajek AE,Tobin PC,Kroll SA,Long SJ,2018.Symbionts mediate oviposition behaviour in invasive and native woodwasps.Agric.Forest Entomol.,20(3):442-450.
Hall MJ,1968.A survey of siricid attack on radiata pine in Europe.Aust.For.,32(3):155-162.
Hoebeke ER,Haugen DA,Haack RA,2005.Sirex noctilio:discovery of a palearctic siricid woodwasp in New York.Newsl.Mich.Entomol.Soc.,50(1/2):24-25.
Li DP,Shi J,Lu M,Ren LL,Zhen CA,Luo QY,2015.Detection and identification of the invasive Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera:Siricidae) fungal symbiont,Amylostereum areolatum (Russulales:Amylostereacea),in China and the stimulating effect of insect venom on laccase production by A.areolatum YQL03.J.Econ.Entomol.,108(3):1136-1147.
Liu XB,Zheng ZJ,Zhou F,Ren LL,Luo YQ,2017.Effects of age (in days),gender and nematode infection on the flight capacity of Sirex noctilio.Chin.J.Appl.Entomol.,54(6):933-939.[刘晓博,郑子金,周丰,任利利,骆有庆,2017.日龄、性别及线虫侵染对松树蜂飞行能力的影响.应用昆虫学报,54(6):933-939]
Liu XD,1999.Sirex noctilio.Plant Quar.,13(6):34-35.[刘晓东,1999.辐射松树蜂.植物检疫,13(6):34-35]
Madden JL,1974.Oviposition behaviour of the woodwasp,Sirex noctilio.F.Aust.J.Zool.,22(3):341-351.
Maderni JFP,1998.Sirex noctilio F.:present status in Uruguay.In:Iede E,Shaitza EP,Penteado S,Reardon R,Murphy T eds.Proceedings of a Conference:Training in the Control of Sirex noctilio by Use of Natural Enemies,USDA Forest Service,Morgantown,WV.81-82.
Martinson SJ,Ajó AAF,Martínez AS,Krivak-Tetley FE,Villacide JM,Ayres MP,Corley JC,2018.Attack rates of Sirex noctilio and patterns of pine tree defenses and mortality in northern Patagonia.Bull.Entomol.Res.,DOI:10.1017/S0007485318000184.
Mlonyeni XO,Wingfield MJ,Greeff JM,Wingfield BD,Slippers B,2018.Genetic diversity of Amylostereum areolatum,the fungal symbiont of the invasive woodwasp Sirex noctilio in South Africa.Forest Pathol.,48:e12449.
Morgan FD,1989.Forty years of Sirex noctilio and Ips grandicollis in Australia.N.Z.J.For.Sci.,19(2/3):198-209.
Neumann FG,Minko G,1981.The sirex wood wasp in Australian radiata pine plantations.Aust.For.,44(1):46-63.
Schiff NM,Goulet H,Smith DR,Boudreault C,Wilson AD,Scheffler BE,2012.Siricidae (Hymenoptera:Symphyta:Siricoidea) of the Western Hemisphere.Can.J.Arthropod Identif.,21:165-167.
Smith DR,1978.Hymenopterorum Catalogus,Pars 14.W.Junk BV,Holland.59-63.
Spradbery JP,Kirk AA,1978.Aspects of the ecology of siricid woodwasp (Hymenoptera:Siricidae) in Europe,North Africa and Turkey with special reference to the biological control of Sirex noctilio F.in Australia.Bull.Entomol.Res.,68(3):341-359.
Tribe GD,1995.The woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera:Siricidae),a pest of Pinus species,now established in South Africa.Afr.Entomol.,3(2):215-217.
Wang LX,Liu XB,Ren LL,Shi J,Luo YQ,2017a.Variety of endophytic fungi associated with conifers in mixed conifer forests invaded by Sirex noctilio.Sci.Silv.Sin.,53(9):81-89.[王立祥,刘晓博,任利利,石娟,骆有庆,2017a.松树蜂入侵的混交林中针叶树种内生真菌多样性.林业科学,53(9):81-89]
Wang LX,Ren LL,You CJ,Zhou F,Shi J,Luo YQ,2017b.The mycobiota of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica trunk invaded by Sirex noctilio.Mycosystema,36(4):444-453.[王立祥,任利利,游崇娟,周丰,石娟,骆有庆,2017b.松树蜂入侵樟子松的内栖真菌区系.菌物学报,36(4):444-453]
Xu Q,Cao LJ,Ma JP,Ren LL,Sun XT,Luo YQ,Shi J,2018.Study on the morphology and damage characteristics of Sirex noctilio.J.Environ.Entomol.,40(2):299-305.[徐强,曹丽君,马金萍,任利利,孙雪婷,骆有庆,石娟,2018.松树蜂形态及危害特点的研究.环境昆虫学报,40(2):299-305]
Yin YS,2002.Occurrence of Sirex noctilio Fabricius abroad.For.Pest Dis.,21(3):43-44.[殷玉生,2002.云杉蓝树蜂在国外的发生情况.中国森林病虫,21(3):43-44]