江苏省土壤湿度观测资料与再分析资料对比分析研究
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摘要
利用江苏省2010—2015年的60个站点土壤湿度观测资料,对欧洲中心ERA-Interim再分析资料(ERA)和美国宇航局再分析资料(MERRA)的两套土壤湿度数据在江苏地区的可靠性进行了评估。结果表明:相比于ERA再分析资料,MERRA较好地再现出江苏省次表层年平均土壤湿度的空间分布特征,但是两种资料的次表层和深层土壤湿度的数值均小于观测。ERA和MERRA基本都能揭示出江苏省次表层土壤湿度的季节变化特征,但是深层土壤湿度与观测仍有较大差距。在时间演变方面,ERA次表层土壤湿度与站点观测在研究时段内较为接近,EOF分析揭示出1979—2016年江苏省次表层土壤湿度存在区域一致型与南北偶极型两个主要的年代际变率模态。但是对于深层土壤湿度时间演变而言,两种再分析资料都与观测有较大的差距。总体而言,再分析资料的次表层土壤湿度与站点观测较为接近,但是由于再分析资料陆面模式中地下水等影响深层土壤湿度的关键过程刻画较为简单,使得深层土壤湿度与观测有较大的差距。
Based on soil moisture observations of 60 stations data in Jiangsu province from 2010 to 2015,this paper evaluated the reliability of two sets of soil moisture data in the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts( ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis data and the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications( MERRA) reanalysis data. The results indicated that MERRA performed better than ERA in reproducing the spatial distribution feature of yearly mean soil moisture of sub-surface layer in Jiangsu Province. The seasonal spatial characteristics of sub-surface layer of soil moisture were captured by both ERA and MERRA,but not for the deep layer. The analysis of time variation showed the ERA-Interim can well reproduce temporal characteristics of the sub-surface soil moisture, and the empirical orthogonal function analysis( EOF) show that the two decadal modes of the sub-surface soil moisture are characterized by a singlepositive center and an south-north dipole structure for the period from 1979 to 2016. But for the soil moisture of deep layer,both ERA and MERRA data show the poor ability to describe the temporal characteristics. In general, the sub-surface soil moisture of reanalysis data is close to the observations, but some key processes that could have an impact on the deep soil moisture simulations,such as the groundwater process,are relatively simple in most of the land surface models. This will lead to a large bias of the deep layer of soil moisture in reanalysis data.
Based on soil moisture observations of 60 stations data in Jiangsu province from 2010 to 2015,this paper evaluated the reliability of two sets of soil moisture data in the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts( ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis data and the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications( MERRA) reanalysis data. The results indicated that MERRA performed better than ERA in reproducing the spatial distribution feature of yearly mean soil moisture of sub-surface layer in Jiangsu Province. The seasonal spatial characteristics of sub-surface layer of soil moisture were captured by both ERA and MERRA,but not for the deep layer. The analysis of time variation showed the ERA-Interim can well reproduce temporal characteristics of the sub-surface soil moisture, and the empirical orthogonal function analysis( EOF) show that the two decadal modes of the sub-surface soil moisture are characterized by a singlepositive center and an south-north dipole structure for the period from 1979 to 2016. But for the soil moisture of deep layer,both ERA and MERRA data show the poor ability to describe the temporal characteristics. In general, the sub-surface soil moisture of reanalysis data is close to the observations, but some key processes that could have an impact on the deep soil moisture simulations,such as the groundwater process,are relatively simple in most of the land surface models. This will lead to a large bias of the deep layer of soil moisture in reanalysis data.
引文
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[20]唐恬,金荣花,彭相瑜,等. 2013年夏季我国南方区域性高温天气的极端性分析.气象,2014,40(10):1207-1215.TANG Tian,JIN Ronghua,PENG Xiangyu,et al. Analysis on extremely high temperature over Southern China in summer 2013.Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese), 2014, 40(10):1207-1215.
[2] Entin J K,Robock A,Vinnikov K Y,et al. Temporal and spatial scales of observed soil moisture variations in the extratropics. J.Geophys. Res.,2000,105(D9):11865-11877.
[3] Seneviratne S I,Corti T,Davin E L,et al. Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate:a review.Earth Sci. Rev.,2010,99(3/4):125-161.
[4] Shukla J,Mintz Y. Influence of land-surface evapotranspiration on the earth’s climate. Science,1982,215(4539):1498-1501.
[5]戴长勇,左志燕.中国东部前冬、春土壤湿度与夏季气候的关系.气象科技,2010,38(3):300-305.DAI Changyong, ZUO Zhiyan. Relationship between previous winter and spring soil moisture and summer climate in eastern China. Meteorological Science and Technology(in Chinese),2010,38(3):300-305.
[6]左志燕,张人禾.中国东部夏季降水与春季土壤湿度的联系.科学通报,2007,52(14):1722-1724.ZUO Zhiyan,ZHANG Renhe. The spring soil moisture and the summer rainfall in eastern China. Chinese Science Bulletin,2007,52(23):3310-3312.
[7]李忠贤,陈海山,倪东鸿,等.土壤湿度对东亚夏季气候潜在可预报性影响的数值模拟.大气科学学报,2012,35(4):423-430.LI Zhongxian,CHEN Haishan,NI Donghong,et al. Numerical simulation of effect of soil moisture variability on potential predictability of summer climate over East Asia. Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),2012,35(4):423-430.
[8] Dee D P,Uppala S M,Simmons A J,et al. The ERA-Interim reanalysis:configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc.,2011,137(656):553-597.
[9] Kalnay E,Kanamitsu M,Kistler R,et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,1996,77(3):437-471.
[10] Rienecker M M,Suarez M J,Gelaro R,et al. MERRA:NASA’s modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications. J Climate,2011,24(14):3624-3648.
[11] WANG Aihui, ZENG Xubin. Evaluation of multireanalysis products with in situ observations over the Tibetan Plateau. J.Geophys. Res.,2012,117(D5):D05102.
[12] Dirmeyer P A, GUO Zhichang, GAO Xiang. Comparison,validation,and transferability of eight multiyear global soil wetness products. J. Hydrometeorol.,2004,5(6):1011-1033.
[13] LI Haibin,Robock A,LIU Suxia,et al. Evaluation of reanalysis soil moisture simulations using updated Chinese soil moisture observations. J. Hydrometeorol.,2005,6(2):180-193.
[14]左志燕,张人禾.中国东部春季土壤湿度的时空变化特征.中国科学D辑:地球科学,2008,38(11):1428-1437.ZUO Zhiyan,ZHANG Renhe.Temporal and spatial features of the soil moisture in boreal spring in eastern China. Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2009,25(5):269-278.
[15]刘栗.中国东部春季土壤湿度的时空特征及多种再分析资料的对比[硕士论文].北京:中国气象科学院,2014:3-4.LIU Li. The temporal and spatial characteristics of spring soil moisture over Eastern China and the intercomparison among multiple reanalysis datasets[D]. Beijing:Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),2014:3-4.
[16] Taylor K E. Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. J. Geophys. Res.,2001,106(D7):7183-7192.
[17] Oleson K W,Lawrence D M,Bonan G B,et al. Technical description of version 4.0 of the Community Land Model(CLM).NCAR/TN-478+STR NCAR Technical Note. Colorado:Climate and Global Dynamics Division,2010.
[18] NIU Guoyue, YANG Zongliang, Mitchell K E, et al. The community Noah land surface model with multiparameterization options(Noah-MP):1. model description and evaluation with local-scale measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 2011, 116(D12):D12109.
[19]赵思雄,孙建华,陈红,等. 1998年7月长江流域特大洪水期间暴雨特征的分析研究.气候与环境研究,1998,3(4):368-381.ZHAO Sixiong,SUN Jianhua,CHEN Hong,et al. Study of heavy rainfall in the Changjiang River during July 1998. Climatic and Environmental Research(in Chinese),1998,3(4):368-381.
[20]唐恬,金荣花,彭相瑜,等. 2013年夏季我国南方区域性高温天气的极端性分析.气象,2014,40(10):1207-1215.TANG Tian,JIN Ronghua,PENG Xiangyu,et al. Analysis on extremely high temperature over Southern China in summer 2013.Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese), 2014, 40(10):1207-1215.