具身认知视角下汉语二语情感词的空间隐喻
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摘要
本文在具身认知的视角下,考察了马来西亚留学生汉语二语情感词的空间隐喻特征,并与其母语情感词的空间隐喻特征进行了对比。结果发现:垂直方向上,汉语二语情感词与马来语情感词的加工都激活了上下空间意象图式,出现了"上好下坏"的空间隐喻现象;水平方向上,汉语二语情感词的加工未激活水平空间意象图式,没有出现水平空间隐喻,但马来语情感词的加工激活了水平空间意象图式,出现了"部分水平空间隐喻"现象。本文从文化图式的角度对汉语二语情感词和马来语情感词的空间隐喻的异同进行了分析和讨论。
This article investigates the features of spatial metaphors of Malaysian CSL learners' L2 affective concepts from the perspective of embodied cognition, and compares the features with those of Malaysian affective concepts. The results show that both L1 and L2 affective concepts activate up-down image schemas, resulting in the spatial metaphor HAPPY IS UP, SAD IS DOWN. CSL affective concepts do not activate horizontal image schemas, thus no horizontal spatial metaphor. But Malay affective concepts activate horizontal image schemas and partial horizontal spatial metaphors are found. From the perspective of cultural schema, this article discusses the similarities and differences between the spatial metaphors of affective concepts in Chinese as L2 and Malay as L1.
This article investigates the features of spatial metaphors of Malaysian CSL learners' L2 affective concepts from the perspective of embodied cognition, and compares the features with those of Malaysian affective concepts. The results show that both L1 and L2 affective concepts activate up-down image schemas, resulting in the spatial metaphor HAPPY IS UP, SAD IS DOWN. CSL affective concepts do not activate horizontal image schemas, thus no horizontal spatial metaphor. But Malay affective concepts activate horizontal image schemas and partial horizontal spatial metaphors are found. From the perspective of cultural schema, this article discusses the similarities and differences between the spatial metaphors of affective concepts in Chinese as L2 and Malay as L1.
引文
国家汉办/孔子学院总部 (2009) 《新汉语水平考试大纲》(1-4级),北京:商务印书馆。
和秀梅、张夏妮、张积家、肖二平、王娟 (2015) 文化图式影响亲属词语义加工中的空间隐喻——来自汉族人和摩梭人的证据,《心理学报》第5期。
李晓琪主编 (2012) 《博雅汉语》(起步篇、加速篇和冲刺篇),北京:北京大学出版社。
林书武 (1996) 隐喻的一个具体运用——《语言的隐喻基础》评述,《外语教学与研究》第2期。
刘丽虹、张积家 (2009) 时间的空间隐喻对汉语母语者时间认知的影响,《外语教学与研究》第4期。
刘源、梁南元、王德进、张社英、杨铁鹰、揭春雨、孙伟 (1990) 《现代汉语常用词词频词典》(音序部分),北京:宇航出版社。
吕军梅、鲁忠义 (2013) 为什么快乐在“上”,悲伤在“下”——语篇阅读中情绪的垂直空间隐喻,《心理科学》第2期。
沈曼琼、谢久书、张昆、李莹、曾楚轩、王瑞明 (2014) 二语情绪概念理解中的空间隐喻,《心理学报》第11期。
宋晓蕾、张俊婷、李小芳、游旭群 (2017) 水平空间与情绪效价联结效应的产生机制,《心理科学》第5期。
王锃、鲁忠义 (2013) 道德概念的垂直空间隐喻及其对认知的影响,《心理学报》第5期。
吴念阳、刘慧敏、徐凝婷 (2009) 褒贬义形容词的垂直方位表征,《心理科学》第3期。
殷融、曲方炳、叶浩生 (2012) 具身概念表征的研究及理论述评,《心理科学进展》第9期。
殷融、苏得权、叶浩生 (2013) 具身认知视角下的概念隐喻理论,《心理科学进展》第2期。
张巍、朱倩园 (2016) 留学生汉语联合式双音合成词识别实验分析,《汉语学习》第5期。
Boroditsky,Lera (2001) Does language shape thought?Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time.Cognitive Psychology 43:1-22.
Casasanto,Daniel (2009) Embodiment of abstract concepts:Good and bad in right- and left-handers.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General 138:351-367.
Charteris-Black,Jonathan (2002) Second language figurative proficiency:A comparative study of Malay and English.Applied Linguistics 23:104-133.
De la Vega,Irmgard,Carolin Dudschig,Mónica de Filippis,Martin Lachmair & Barbara Kaup (2013) Keep your hands crossed:The valence-by-left/right interaction is related to hand,not side,in an incongruent hand-response key assignment.Acta Psychologica 142:273-277.
Fuhrman,Orly & Lera Boroditsky (2007) Mental time-lines follow writing direction:Comparing English and Hebrew speakers.In Danielle S.McNamara and Gregory J.Trafton (eds.),Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society,1001-1007.Austin,TX:Cognitive Science Society.
Gibbs,Raymond W.Jr.(2006) Metaphor interpretation as embodied simulation.Mind & Language 21:434-458.
Kong,Feng (2013) Space-valence associations depend on handedness:Evidence from a bimanual output task.Psychological Research 77:773-779.
Lakens,Daniel (2012) Polarity correspondence in metaphor congruency effects:Structural overlap predicts categorization times for bipolar concepts presented in vertical space.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory and Cognition 38:726-736.
Lakoff,George (1987) Women,fire and dangerous things.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff,George & Mark Johnson (1980) Metaphors we live by.London:The University of Chicago Press.(《我们赖以生存的隐喻》,何文忠译,杭州:浙江大学出版社,2015年)
Lakoff,George & Mark Johnson (1999) Philosophy in the flesh:The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought.New York:Basic Books.(《肉身哲学:亲身心智及其向西方思想的挑战》,李葆嘉、孙晓霞、司联合、殷红伶、刘林译,北京:世界图书出版公司,2018年)
Meier,Brian P.& Michael D.Robinson (2004) Why the sunny side is up:Associations between affect and vertical position.Psychological Science 15:243-247.
Ouellet,Marc,Julio Santiago,María Jesús Funes & Juan Lupiáňez (2010) Thinking about the future moves attention to the right.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance 36:17-24.
Palmer,Gary B.(1996) Toward a theory of cultural linguistics.Austin:University of Texas Press.
Román,Antonio,Abderrahman Fathi & Julio Santiago (2013) Spatial biases in understanding descriptions of static scenes:The role of reading and writing direction.Memory & Cognition 41:588-599.
Schubert,Thomas W.(2005) Your highness:Vertical positions as perceptual symbols of power.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 89:1-21.
Xie,Jiushu,Ruiming Wang & Song Chang (2014) The mechanism of valence-space metaphors:ERP evidence for affective word processing.PLOS ONE 9:1-16.
Xie,Jiushu,Yanli Huang,Ruiming Wang & Wenjuan Liu (2015) Affective valence facilitates spatial detection on vertical axis:Shorter time strengthens effect.Frontiers in Psychology 6:1-11.
Yu,Ning (2008) Metaphor from body and culture.In Raymond W.Jr.Gibbs (ed.),The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought,247-261.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
(1)http://www.keenage.com/html/c_index.html
(2)呈现时间之所以选择2500ms,一是基于以往汉语母语者研究中刺激呈现的时间和留学生识别汉语合成词的时间(Xie et al,2015;张巍、朱倩园,2016),二是基于马来西亚学生预实验的结果。Xie et al(2015)对汉语母语者空间隐喻的研究中,将刺激呈现时间设定为1500ms,这为本研究提供了设定时间的基点。此外,张巍、朱倩园(2016)发现,留学生对汉语合成词的词汇判断的时间,最长达到2500ms,因此,我们考虑将呈现时间设定在1500ms至2500ms之间。然后我们分别用1500ms、2000ms和2500ms三种呈现时间对学生进行测试,只有在2500ms条件下,没有学生反映看不到屏幕上的词语。为此,我们将刺激的呈现时间设定为2500ms。
(3)马来语词汇熟悉度的评定并不是在实验开始前做的,而是根据审稿专家的问题和建议,在事后进行的补充评定。
和秀梅、张夏妮、张积家、肖二平、王娟 (2015) 文化图式影响亲属词语义加工中的空间隐喻——来自汉族人和摩梭人的证据,《心理学报》第5期。
李晓琪主编 (2012) 《博雅汉语》(起步篇、加速篇和冲刺篇),北京:北京大学出版社。
林书武 (1996) 隐喻的一个具体运用——《语言的隐喻基础》评述,《外语教学与研究》第2期。
刘丽虹、张积家 (2009) 时间的空间隐喻对汉语母语者时间认知的影响,《外语教学与研究》第4期。
刘源、梁南元、王德进、张社英、杨铁鹰、揭春雨、孙伟 (1990) 《现代汉语常用词词频词典》(音序部分),北京:宇航出版社。
吕军梅、鲁忠义 (2013) 为什么快乐在“上”,悲伤在“下”——语篇阅读中情绪的垂直空间隐喻,《心理科学》第2期。
沈曼琼、谢久书、张昆、李莹、曾楚轩、王瑞明 (2014) 二语情绪概念理解中的空间隐喻,《心理学报》第11期。
宋晓蕾、张俊婷、李小芳、游旭群 (2017) 水平空间与情绪效价联结效应的产生机制,《心理科学》第5期。
王锃、鲁忠义 (2013) 道德概念的垂直空间隐喻及其对认知的影响,《心理学报》第5期。
吴念阳、刘慧敏、徐凝婷 (2009) 褒贬义形容词的垂直方位表征,《心理科学》第3期。
殷融、曲方炳、叶浩生 (2012) 具身概念表征的研究及理论述评,《心理科学进展》第9期。
殷融、苏得权、叶浩生 (2013) 具身认知视角下的概念隐喻理论,《心理科学进展》第2期。
张巍、朱倩园 (2016) 留学生汉语联合式双音合成词识别实验分析,《汉语学习》第5期。
Boroditsky,Lera (2001) Does language shape thought?Mandarin and English speakers' conceptions of time.Cognitive Psychology 43:1-22.
Casasanto,Daniel (2009) Embodiment of abstract concepts:Good and bad in right- and left-handers.Journal of Experimental Psychology:General 138:351-367.
Charteris-Black,Jonathan (2002) Second language figurative proficiency:A comparative study of Malay and English.Applied Linguistics 23:104-133.
De la Vega,Irmgard,Carolin Dudschig,Mónica de Filippis,Martin Lachmair & Barbara Kaup (2013) Keep your hands crossed:The valence-by-left/right interaction is related to hand,not side,in an incongruent hand-response key assignment.Acta Psychologica 142:273-277.
Fuhrman,Orly & Lera Boroditsky (2007) Mental time-lines follow writing direction:Comparing English and Hebrew speakers.In Danielle S.McNamara and Gregory J.Trafton (eds.),Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society,1001-1007.Austin,TX:Cognitive Science Society.
Gibbs,Raymond W.Jr.(2006) Metaphor interpretation as embodied simulation.Mind & Language 21:434-458.
Kong,Feng (2013) Space-valence associations depend on handedness:Evidence from a bimanual output task.Psychological Research 77:773-779.
Lakens,Daniel (2012) Polarity correspondence in metaphor congruency effects:Structural overlap predicts categorization times for bipolar concepts presented in vertical space.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory and Cognition 38:726-736.
Lakoff,George (1987) Women,fire and dangerous things.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff,George & Mark Johnson (1980) Metaphors we live by.London:The University of Chicago Press.(《我们赖以生存的隐喻》,何文忠译,杭州:浙江大学出版社,2015年)
Lakoff,George & Mark Johnson (1999) Philosophy in the flesh:The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought.New York:Basic Books.(《肉身哲学:亲身心智及其向西方思想的挑战》,李葆嘉、孙晓霞、司联合、殷红伶、刘林译,北京:世界图书出版公司,2018年)
Meier,Brian P.& Michael D.Robinson (2004) Why the sunny side is up:Associations between affect and vertical position.Psychological Science 15:243-247.
Ouellet,Marc,Julio Santiago,María Jesús Funes & Juan Lupiáňez (2010) Thinking about the future moves attention to the right.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance 36:17-24.
Palmer,Gary B.(1996) Toward a theory of cultural linguistics.Austin:University of Texas Press.
Román,Antonio,Abderrahman Fathi & Julio Santiago (2013) Spatial biases in understanding descriptions of static scenes:The role of reading and writing direction.Memory & Cognition 41:588-599.
Schubert,Thomas W.(2005) Your highness:Vertical positions as perceptual symbols of power.Journal of Personality & Social Psychology 89:1-21.
Xie,Jiushu,Ruiming Wang & Song Chang (2014) The mechanism of valence-space metaphors:ERP evidence for affective word processing.PLOS ONE 9:1-16.
Xie,Jiushu,Yanli Huang,Ruiming Wang & Wenjuan Liu (2015) Affective valence facilitates spatial detection on vertical axis:Shorter time strengthens effect.Frontiers in Psychology 6:1-11.
Yu,Ning (2008) Metaphor from body and culture.In Raymond W.Jr.Gibbs (ed.),The Cambridge handbook of metaphor and thought,247-261.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
(1)http://www.keenage.com/html/c_index.html
(2)呈现时间之所以选择2500ms,一是基于以往汉语母语者研究中刺激呈现的时间和留学生识别汉语合成词的时间(Xie et al,2015;张巍、朱倩园,2016),二是基于马来西亚学生预实验的结果。Xie et al(2015)对汉语母语者空间隐喻的研究中,将刺激呈现时间设定为1500ms,这为本研究提供了设定时间的基点。此外,张巍、朱倩园(2016)发现,留学生对汉语合成词的词汇判断的时间,最长达到2500ms,因此,我们考虑将呈现时间设定在1500ms至2500ms之间。然后我们分别用1500ms、2000ms和2500ms三种呈现时间对学生进行测试,只有在2500ms条件下,没有学生反映看不到屏幕上的词语。为此,我们将刺激的呈现时间设定为2500ms。
(3)马来语词汇熟悉度的评定并不是在实验开始前做的,而是根据审稿专家的问题和建议,在事后进行的补充评定。