珠江三角洲台风龙卷的活动特征及环境条件分析
|
摘要
利用常规观测、自动气象站、多普勒雷达等资料分析珠江三角洲台风龙卷的活动特征及其产生的环境条件。结果表明:台风龙卷发生在6—10月,时间多为10—20时,出现在台风登陆后1.3～21.3 h的时段内;多数龙卷位于台风中心的东北象限,台风中心在广东湛江一广西东南部或北部湾附近时是珠江三角洲龙卷发生的高风险期。高层辐散、低层辐合及中低空强东南急流在珠江口附近叠加是龙卷产生的有利环流背景。强或弱龙卷环境条件的共同特征为低抬升凝结高度、强深层和低层垂直风切变及较大风暴相对螺旋度(SRH),主要差异是强龙卷的深层和低层垂直风切变与SRH更大;相似台风路径下,有/无龙卷环境条件的明显差异在于0～1 km低层垂直风切变和SRH,两值越大出现超级单体或中气旋的可能性越大,龙卷发生概率也就越高。台风龙卷风暴母体属于低质心的微型超级单体风暴;低层有强或中等强度中气旋,有时强中气旋中心伴有龙卷涡旋特征(TVS);龙卷出现在钩状回波顶端或TVS附近。与西风带超级单体龙卷相比,台风龙卷中气旋的尺度更小、垂直伸展高度更低。
Based on the data of conventional observation, automatic weather station and Doppler weather radar,this paper analyzes the activity characteristics and environmental condition of the typhoon-tornadoes in the Pearl River Delta.The results show that tornadoes occur from June to October and the time is concentrated in the period from 10:00 BT to 20:00 BT.Tornadoes occur between 1.3 h and 21.3 h after typhoon landfall.A strong preference for tornado occurrence is in the northeast quadrant with respect to land-falling typhoon center.High risk periods of tornado genesis in the Pearl River Delta correspond to the typhoon center locating between Zhanjiang of Guangdong and southeast Guangxi or Beibu Gulf.The synoptic situation of upper-level divergence,low-level convergence,and superimposition of strong southeasterly jets at mid-and low-layer over the Pearl River Delta are conducive to the weather background of tornadoes.The common environmental conditions for strong or weak tornado genesis appear to be low LCL,strong deep-layer and low-level vertical wind shear(VWS)and high storm relative helicity(SRH).The major difference between weak and strong tornado cases is that the latter has stronger deep-layer and low-level VWS and greater SRH.The significant diversities are VWS at 0—1 km and SRH between tornadic and nontornadic environmental conditions under the similar typhoon tracks.With the higher values of VWS and SRH,the possibility of supercells and mesocyclones increases, thus tornadoes are most likely to be detected.Tornado storms are mini supercell storms with low centriod.Strong or moderate mesocyclones are likely to be detected through the radial velocity data of the CINRAD/SA radar at low level,and significant tornadic vortex signature(TVS)may be found in the center of mesocyclones.The tornadoes lie in the interior of the hook echo or near TVS.Compared with the supercell tornadoes in the westerlies, mesocyclones of typhoon tornadoes are smaller in scale and lower in stretching height.
Based on the data of conventional observation, automatic weather station and Doppler weather radar,this paper analyzes the activity characteristics and environmental condition of the typhoon-tornadoes in the Pearl River Delta.The results show that tornadoes occur from June to October and the time is concentrated in the period from 10:00 BT to 20:00 BT.Tornadoes occur between 1.3 h and 21.3 h after typhoon landfall.A strong preference for tornado occurrence is in the northeast quadrant with respect to land-falling typhoon center.High risk periods of tornado genesis in the Pearl River Delta correspond to the typhoon center locating between Zhanjiang of Guangdong and southeast Guangxi or Beibu Gulf.The synoptic situation of upper-level divergence,low-level convergence,and superimposition of strong southeasterly jets at mid-and low-layer over the Pearl River Delta are conducive to the weather background of tornadoes.The common environmental conditions for strong or weak tornado genesis appear to be low LCL,strong deep-layer and low-level vertical wind shear(VWS)and high storm relative helicity(SRH).The major difference between weak and strong tornado cases is that the latter has stronger deep-layer and low-level VWS and greater SRH.The significant diversities are VWS at 0—1 km and SRH between tornadic and nontornadic environmental conditions under the similar typhoon tracks.With the higher values of VWS and SRH,the possibility of supercells and mesocyclones increases, thus tornadoes are most likely to be detected.Tornado storms are mini supercell storms with low centriod.Strong or moderate mesocyclones are likely to be detected through the radial velocity data of the CINRAD/SA radar at low level,and significant tornadic vortex signature(TVS)may be found in the center of mesocyclones.The tornadoes lie in the interior of the hook echo or near TVS.Compared with the supercell tornadoes in the westerlies, mesocyclones of typhoon tornadoes are smaller in scale and lower in stretching height.
引文
陈联寿,丁一汇,1979.西太平洋台风概论[M].北京:科学出版社:464-465.Chen L S,Ding Y H,1979.Introduction to Typhoon in Western Pacific Ocean[M].Beijing:Science Press:464-465(in Chinese).
陈元昭,俞小鼎,陈训来,等,2016.2015年5月华南一次龙卷过程观测分析[J].应用气象学报,27(3):334-341.Chen Y Z,Yu X D,Chen X L,et al,2016.A tornado in South China in May 2015[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,27(3):334-341(in Chinese).
刁秀广,万明波,高留喜,等,2014.非超级单体龙卷风暴多普勒天气雷达产品特征及预警[J].气象,40(6):668-677.Diao X G,Wan M B,Gao L X,et al,2014.Doppler radar product features and warning of non-supercell tornadic storms[J].Meteor Mon,40(6):668-677(in Chinese).
范雯杰,俞小鼎,2015.中国龙卷的时空分布特征[J].气象,41(7):793-805.Fan W J,Yu X D,2015.Characteristics of spatial-temporal distribution of tornadoes in China[J].Metero Mon,41(7):793-805(in Chinese).
黄先香,俞小鼎,炎利军,等,2018.广东两次台风龙卷的环境背景和雷达回波对比[J].应用气象学报,29(1):70-83.Huang X X,Yu X D,Yan L J,et al,2018.Contrastive analysis of two intense typhoon-tornado cases with synoptic and doppler weather radar data in Guangdong[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,29(1):70-83(in Chi-nese).
李彩玲,炎利军,李兆慧,等,2016.1522号台风“彩虹”外围佛山强龙卷特征分析[J].热带气象学报,32(3):416-424.Li C L,Yan L J,Li Z H,et al,2016.Analysis of a tornado in outside-region of Typhoon Mujigae in 2015[J].J Trop Meteor,32(3):416-424(in Chinese).
李改琴,许庆娥,吴丽敏,等,2014.一次龙卷风天气的特征分析[J].气象,40(5):628-636.Li G Q,Xu Q E,Wu L M,et al,2014.Characteristics analysis of tornado weather[J].Meteor Mon,40(5):628-636(in Chinese).
李兆慧,王东海,麦雪湖,等,2017.2015年10月4日佛山龙卷过程的观测分析[J].气象学报,75(2):288-313.Li Z H,Wang D H,Mai X H,et al,2017.Observations of the tornado occurred at Foshan on 4 October 2015[J].Acta Meteor Sin,75(2):288-313
(in Chinese).廖玉芳,俞小鼎,郭庆,2003.一次强对流系列风暴个例的多普勒天气雷达资料分析[J].应用气象学报,14(6):656-662.Liao Y F,Yu X D,Guo Q,2003.Case study of a series of severe convective storms based on China new generation doppler weather radar data[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,14(6):656-662(in Chinese).
刘娟,朱君鉴,魏德斌,等,2009.070703天长超级单体龙卷的多普勒雷达典型特征[J].气象,35(10):33-39.Liu J,Zhu J J,Wei D B,et al,2009.Doppler weather radar typical characteristics of the 3July 2007 Tianchang supercell tornado[J].Meteor Mon,35(10):33-39(in Chinese).
钱维宏,梁卓轩,金荣花,等,2017.扰动变量在强对流天气分析和模式评估中的应用一以苏北里下河地区引发龙卷的扰动系统为例[J].气象,43(2):166-180.Qian W H,Liang Z X,Jin R H,et al,2017.Application of anomalous variables to severe convective system analyses and model evaluation:a case study on tornadoproducing anomalous systems near Lixia River,Jiangsu Province[J].Meteor Mon,43(2):166-180(in Chinese).
沈树勤,1990.台风前部龙卷风的一般特征及其萌发条件的初步分析[J].气象,16(1):11-15.Shen S Q,1990.Analysis of the general characteristics and genesis conditions of tornado in front of typhoon[J].Meteor Mon,16(1):11-15(in Chinese).
唐小新,廖玉芳,200.7.湖南省永州市2006年4月10日龙卷分析[J].气象,33(8):23-28.Tang X X,Liao Y F,2007.An analysis of a tornado in Yongzhou,Hunan Province[J].Meteor Mon,33(8):23-28(in Chinese).
陶祖钰,赵翠光,陈敏,2016.谈谈统计预报的必要性[J].气象科技进展,6(1):6-13.Tao Z Y,Zhao C G,Chen M,2016.The necessity of statistical forecasts[J].Adv Meteor Sci Technol,6(1):6-13(in Chinese).
王易,郑媛媛,孙康远,等,2018.南京雷达中气旋产品特征值统计分析[J].气象学报,76(2):266-278.Wang Y,Zheng Y Y,Sun K Y,et al,2018.A statistical analysis of characteristics of mesocyclone products from Nanjing radar[J].Acta Meteor Sin,76(2):266-278(in Chinese).
俞小鼎,姚秀萍,熊廷南,等,2006a.多普勒天气雷达原理与业务应用[M].北京:气象出版社:297-305.Yu X D,Yao X P,Xiong T N,et al,2006a.Principle and Operational Application of Doppler Weather Radar[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press:297-305(in Chinese).
俞小鼎,郑媛媛,张爱民,等,2006b.安徽一次强烈龙卷的多普勒天气雷达分析[J].高原气象,25(5):914-924.Yu X D,Zheng Y Y,Zhang A M,et al,2006b.The detection of a severe tornado event in Anhui with China new generation weather radar[J].Plateau Meteor,25(5):914-924(in Chinese).
俞小鼎,郑媛媛,廖玉芳,等,2008.一次伴随强烈龙卷的强降水超级单体风暴研究[J].大气科学,32(3):508-522.Yu X D,Zheng Y Y,Liao Y F,et al,2008.Observational investigation of a tornado heavy precipitation supercell storm[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,32(3):508-522(in Chinese).
俞小鼎,周小刚,王秀明,2012.雷暴与强对流临近天气预报技术进展[J].气象学报,70(3):311-337.Yu X D,Zhou X G,Wang X M.2012.The advances in the nowcasting techniques on thunderstorms and severe convection[J].Acta Meteor Sin,70(3):311-337(in Chinese).
曾明剑,吴海英,王晓峰,等,2016.梅雨期龙卷环境条件与典型龙卷对流风暴结构特征分析[J].气象,42(3):280-293.Zeng M J,Wu H Y,Wang X F,et al,2016.Analysis on environmental conditions and structural features of typical convective tornado storm in Meiyu period[J].Meteor Mon,42(3):280-293(in Chinese).
章国材,2011.强对流天气分析与预报[M].北京:气象出版社:68-72.Zhang G C,2011.Analysis and Prediction of Severe Convective Weather[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press:68-72(in Chinese).
张晰莹,吴迎旭,张礼宝,2013.利用卫星、雷达资料分析龙卷发生的环境条件[J].气象,39(6):728-737.Zhang X Y,Wu Y X,Zhang L B,2013.Analysis of tornado ambient conditions based on the FY-2 satellite and radar data[J].Meteor Mon,39(6):728-737(in Chinese).
张小玲,杨波,朱文剑,等,2016.2016年6月23日江苏阜宁EF4级龙卷天气分析[J].气象,42(11):1304-1314.Zhang X L,Yang B,Zhu W J,et al,2016.Analysis of the EF4 tornado in Funing County,Jiangsu Province on 23 June 2016[J].Meteor Mon,42(11):1304-1314(in Chinese).
郑艳,俞小鼎,任福民,等,2017.海南一次超级单体引发的强烈龙卷过程观测分析[J].气象,43(6):675-685.Zheng Y,Yu X D,Ren F M,et al,2017.Analysis on a severe tornado process in Hainan triggered by supercell[J].Meteor Mon,43(6):675-685(in Chinese).
郑永光,朱文剑,姚聃,等,2016.风速等级标准与2016年6月23日阜宁龙卷强度估计[J].气象,42(11):1289-1303.Zheng Y G,Zhu W J,Yao D,et al,2016.Wind speed scales and rating of the intensity of the 23 June 2016 tornado in Funing County,Jiangsu Province[J].Meteor Mon,42(11):1289-1303(in Chinese).
郑媛媛,张备,王啸华,等,2015.台风龙卷的环境背景和雷达回波结构分析[J].气象,41(8):942-952.Zheng Y Y,Zhang B,Wang X H,et al,2015.Analysis of typhoon tornado weather background and radar echo structure[J].Meteor Mon,41(8):942-952(in Chinese).
郑媛媛,朱红芳,方翔,等,2009.强龙卷超级单体风暴特征分析与预警研究[J].高原气象,28(3):617-625.Zheng Y Y,Zhu H F,Fang X,et al,2009.Characteristic analysis and early-warning of tornado supercell storm[J].Plateau Meteor,28(3):617-625(in Chinese).
朱江山,刘娟,边智,等,2015.一次龙卷生成中风暴单体合并和涡旋特征的雷达观测研究[J].气象,41(2):182-191.Zhu J S,Liu J,Bian Z,et al,2015.Analysis of cell merger and vortex signature during generation of tornado in Anhui based on Doppler radar observation[J].Meteor Mon,41(2):182-191(in Chinese).
朱文剑,盛杰,郑永光,等,2016.1522号“彩虹”台风龙卷现场调查与中尺度特征分析[J].暴雨灾害,35(5):403-414.Zhu W J,Sheng J,Zheng Y G,et al,2016.Damage survey and mesoscale features analysis on tornado in outer rain-band of Typhoon"Mujigae"on4 October 2015[J].Torr Rain Dis,35(5):403-414(in Chinese).
Brooks H E,Lee J W,Craven J P,2003.The spatial distribution of severe thunderstorm and tornado environments from global reanalysis data[J].Atmos Res,6 7-68:73-94.
Brown R A,Lemon L R,Burgess D W,et al,1978.Tornado detection by pulsed Doppler radar[J].Mon Wea Rev,106(1):29-38.
Davies-Jones R P,1984.Streamwise vorticity:the origin of updraft rotation in supercell storms[J].J Atmos Sci,41(20):2991-3006.
Donaldson R J,1970.Vortex signature recognition by a Doppler radar[J].J Appl Meteor,9(4):661-670.
Doswell III C A,Burgess D W,1988.On some issues of United States tornado climatology[J].Mon Wea Rev,116(2):495-501.
Edwards R,2012.Tropical cyclone tornadoes:a review of knowledge in research and prediction[J]. Electronic J Severe Storms Meteor,7(6):1-61.
Lemon L R,Doswell III C A,1979.Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis[J].Mon Wea Rev,107(9):1184-1197.
McCaul E W Jr,1991.Buoyancy and shear characteristics of hurricane-tornado environments[J].Mon Wea Rev,119(8):1954-1978.
Meng Z Y,Yao D,2014.Damage survey,radar,and environment analyses on the first-ever documented tornado in Beijing during the heavy rainfall event of 21 July 2012[J].Wea Forecasting,29(3):702-724.
Schultz L A,Cecil D J,2009.Tropical cyclone tornadoes,1950-2007[J].Mon Wea Rev,137(10):3471-3484.
Thompson R L,Edwards R,Hart J A,2000.An assessment of supercell and tornado forecast parameters with RUC-2 model close proximity soundings[C]//Preprints 21st Conference on Severe Local Storms.San Antonio,American Meteorological Society:595-598.
Thompson R L,Edwards R,Mead C M,2004.An update to the supercell composite and significant tornado parameters[C]//Preprints 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms.Hyannis:American Meteorological Society.
陈元昭,俞小鼎,陈训来,等,2016.2015年5月华南一次龙卷过程观测分析[J].应用气象学报,27(3):334-341.Chen Y Z,Yu X D,Chen X L,et al,2016.A tornado in South China in May 2015[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,27(3):334-341(in Chinese).
刁秀广,万明波,高留喜,等,2014.非超级单体龙卷风暴多普勒天气雷达产品特征及预警[J].气象,40(6):668-677.Diao X G,Wan M B,Gao L X,et al,2014.Doppler radar product features and warning of non-supercell tornadic storms[J].Meteor Mon,40(6):668-677(in Chinese).
范雯杰,俞小鼎,2015.中国龙卷的时空分布特征[J].气象,41(7):793-805.Fan W J,Yu X D,2015.Characteristics of spatial-temporal distribution of tornadoes in China[J].Metero Mon,41(7):793-805(in Chinese).
黄先香,俞小鼎,炎利军,等,2018.广东两次台风龙卷的环境背景和雷达回波对比[J].应用气象学报,29(1):70-83.Huang X X,Yu X D,Yan L J,et al,2018.Contrastive analysis of two intense typhoon-tornado cases with synoptic and doppler weather radar data in Guangdong[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,29(1):70-83(in Chi-nese).
李彩玲,炎利军,李兆慧,等,2016.1522号台风“彩虹”外围佛山强龙卷特征分析[J].热带气象学报,32(3):416-424.Li C L,Yan L J,Li Z H,et al,2016.Analysis of a tornado in outside-region of Typhoon Mujigae in 2015[J].J Trop Meteor,32(3):416-424(in Chinese).
李改琴,许庆娥,吴丽敏,等,2014.一次龙卷风天气的特征分析[J].气象,40(5):628-636.Li G Q,Xu Q E,Wu L M,et al,2014.Characteristics analysis of tornado weather[J].Meteor Mon,40(5):628-636(in Chinese).
李兆慧,王东海,麦雪湖,等,2017.2015年10月4日佛山龙卷过程的观测分析[J].气象学报,75(2):288-313.Li Z H,Wang D H,Mai X H,et al,2017.Observations of the tornado occurred at Foshan on 4 October 2015[J].Acta Meteor Sin,75(2):288-313
(in Chinese).廖玉芳,俞小鼎,郭庆,2003.一次强对流系列风暴个例的多普勒天气雷达资料分析[J].应用气象学报,14(6):656-662.Liao Y F,Yu X D,Guo Q,2003.Case study of a series of severe convective storms based on China new generation doppler weather radar data[J].J Appl Meteor Sci,14(6):656-662(in Chinese).
刘娟,朱君鉴,魏德斌,等,2009.070703天长超级单体龙卷的多普勒雷达典型特征[J].气象,35(10):33-39.Liu J,Zhu J J,Wei D B,et al,2009.Doppler weather radar typical characteristics of the 3July 2007 Tianchang supercell tornado[J].Meteor Mon,35(10):33-39(in Chinese).
钱维宏,梁卓轩,金荣花,等,2017.扰动变量在强对流天气分析和模式评估中的应用一以苏北里下河地区引发龙卷的扰动系统为例[J].气象,43(2):166-180.Qian W H,Liang Z X,Jin R H,et al,2017.Application of anomalous variables to severe convective system analyses and model evaluation:a case study on tornadoproducing anomalous systems near Lixia River,Jiangsu Province[J].Meteor Mon,43(2):166-180(in Chinese).
沈树勤,1990.台风前部龙卷风的一般特征及其萌发条件的初步分析[J].气象,16(1):11-15.Shen S Q,1990.Analysis of the general characteristics and genesis conditions of tornado in front of typhoon[J].Meteor Mon,16(1):11-15(in Chinese).
唐小新,廖玉芳,200.7.湖南省永州市2006年4月10日龙卷分析[J].气象,33(8):23-28.Tang X X,Liao Y F,2007.An analysis of a tornado in Yongzhou,Hunan Province[J].Meteor Mon,33(8):23-28(in Chinese).
陶祖钰,赵翠光,陈敏,2016.谈谈统计预报的必要性[J].气象科技进展,6(1):6-13.Tao Z Y,Zhao C G,Chen M,2016.The necessity of statistical forecasts[J].Adv Meteor Sci Technol,6(1):6-13(in Chinese).
王易,郑媛媛,孙康远,等,2018.南京雷达中气旋产品特征值统计分析[J].气象学报,76(2):266-278.Wang Y,Zheng Y Y,Sun K Y,et al,2018.A statistical analysis of characteristics of mesocyclone products from Nanjing radar[J].Acta Meteor Sin,76(2):266-278(in Chinese).
俞小鼎,姚秀萍,熊廷南,等,2006a.多普勒天气雷达原理与业务应用[M].北京:气象出版社:297-305.Yu X D,Yao X P,Xiong T N,et al,2006a.Principle and Operational Application of Doppler Weather Radar[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press:297-305(in Chinese).
俞小鼎,郑媛媛,张爱民,等,2006b.安徽一次强烈龙卷的多普勒天气雷达分析[J].高原气象,25(5):914-924.Yu X D,Zheng Y Y,Zhang A M,et al,2006b.The detection of a severe tornado event in Anhui with China new generation weather radar[J].Plateau Meteor,25(5):914-924(in Chinese).
俞小鼎,郑媛媛,廖玉芳,等,2008.一次伴随强烈龙卷的强降水超级单体风暴研究[J].大气科学,32(3):508-522.Yu X D,Zheng Y Y,Liao Y F,et al,2008.Observational investigation of a tornado heavy precipitation supercell storm[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,32(3):508-522(in Chinese).
俞小鼎,周小刚,王秀明,2012.雷暴与强对流临近天气预报技术进展[J].气象学报,70(3):311-337.Yu X D,Zhou X G,Wang X M.2012.The advances in the nowcasting techniques on thunderstorms and severe convection[J].Acta Meteor Sin,70(3):311-337(in Chinese).
曾明剑,吴海英,王晓峰,等,2016.梅雨期龙卷环境条件与典型龙卷对流风暴结构特征分析[J].气象,42(3):280-293.Zeng M J,Wu H Y,Wang X F,et al,2016.Analysis on environmental conditions and structural features of typical convective tornado storm in Meiyu period[J].Meteor Mon,42(3):280-293(in Chinese).
章国材,2011.强对流天气分析与预报[M].北京:气象出版社:68-72.Zhang G C,2011.Analysis and Prediction of Severe Convective Weather[M].Beijing:China Meteorological Press:68-72(in Chinese).
张晰莹,吴迎旭,张礼宝,2013.利用卫星、雷达资料分析龙卷发生的环境条件[J].气象,39(6):728-737.Zhang X Y,Wu Y X,Zhang L B,2013.Analysis of tornado ambient conditions based on the FY-2 satellite and radar data[J].Meteor Mon,39(6):728-737(in Chinese).
张小玲,杨波,朱文剑,等,2016.2016年6月23日江苏阜宁EF4级龙卷天气分析[J].气象,42(11):1304-1314.Zhang X L,Yang B,Zhu W J,et al,2016.Analysis of the EF4 tornado in Funing County,Jiangsu Province on 23 June 2016[J].Meteor Mon,42(11):1304-1314(in Chinese).
郑艳,俞小鼎,任福民,等,2017.海南一次超级单体引发的强烈龙卷过程观测分析[J].气象,43(6):675-685.Zheng Y,Yu X D,Ren F M,et al,2017.Analysis on a severe tornado process in Hainan triggered by supercell[J].Meteor Mon,43(6):675-685(in Chinese).
郑永光,朱文剑,姚聃,等,2016.风速等级标准与2016年6月23日阜宁龙卷强度估计[J].气象,42(11):1289-1303.Zheng Y G,Zhu W J,Yao D,et al,2016.Wind speed scales and rating of the intensity of the 23 June 2016 tornado in Funing County,Jiangsu Province[J].Meteor Mon,42(11):1289-1303(in Chinese).
郑媛媛,张备,王啸华,等,2015.台风龙卷的环境背景和雷达回波结构分析[J].气象,41(8):942-952.Zheng Y Y,Zhang B,Wang X H,et al,2015.Analysis of typhoon tornado weather background and radar echo structure[J].Meteor Mon,41(8):942-952(in Chinese).
郑媛媛,朱红芳,方翔,等,2009.强龙卷超级单体风暴特征分析与预警研究[J].高原气象,28(3):617-625.Zheng Y Y,Zhu H F,Fang X,et al,2009.Characteristic analysis and early-warning of tornado supercell storm[J].Plateau Meteor,28(3):617-625(in Chinese).
朱江山,刘娟,边智,等,2015.一次龙卷生成中风暴单体合并和涡旋特征的雷达观测研究[J].气象,41(2):182-191.Zhu J S,Liu J,Bian Z,et al,2015.Analysis of cell merger and vortex signature during generation of tornado in Anhui based on Doppler radar observation[J].Meteor Mon,41(2):182-191(in Chinese).
朱文剑,盛杰,郑永光,等,2016.1522号“彩虹”台风龙卷现场调查与中尺度特征分析[J].暴雨灾害,35(5):403-414.Zhu W J,Sheng J,Zheng Y G,et al,2016.Damage survey and mesoscale features analysis on tornado in outer rain-band of Typhoon"Mujigae"on4 October 2015[J].Torr Rain Dis,35(5):403-414(in Chinese).
Brooks H E,Lee J W,Craven J P,2003.The spatial distribution of severe thunderstorm and tornado environments from global reanalysis data[J].Atmos Res,6 7-68:73-94.
Brown R A,Lemon L R,Burgess D W,et al,1978.Tornado detection by pulsed Doppler radar[J].Mon Wea Rev,106(1):29-38.
Davies-Jones R P,1984.Streamwise vorticity:the origin of updraft rotation in supercell storms[J].J Atmos Sci,41(20):2991-3006.
Donaldson R J,1970.Vortex signature recognition by a Doppler radar[J].J Appl Meteor,9(4):661-670.
Doswell III C A,Burgess D W,1988.On some issues of United States tornado climatology[J].Mon Wea Rev,116(2):495-501.
Edwards R,2012.Tropical cyclone tornadoes:a review of knowledge in research and prediction[J]. Electronic J Severe Storms Meteor,7(6):1-61.
Lemon L R,Doswell III C A,1979.Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis[J].Mon Wea Rev,107(9):1184-1197.
McCaul E W Jr,1991.Buoyancy and shear characteristics of hurricane-tornado environments[J].Mon Wea Rev,119(8):1954-1978.
Meng Z Y,Yao D,2014.Damage survey,radar,and environment analyses on the first-ever documented tornado in Beijing during the heavy rainfall event of 21 July 2012[J].Wea Forecasting,29(3):702-724.
Schultz L A,Cecil D J,2009.Tropical cyclone tornadoes,1950-2007[J].Mon Wea Rev,137(10):3471-3484.
Thompson R L,Edwards R,Hart J A,2000.An assessment of supercell and tornado forecast parameters with RUC-2 model close proximity soundings[C]//Preprints 21st Conference on Severe Local Storms.San Antonio,American Meteorological Society:595-598.
Thompson R L,Edwards R,Mead C M,2004.An update to the supercell composite and significant tornado parameters[C]//Preprints 22nd Conference on Severe Local Storms.Hyannis:American Meteorological Society.