通信卫星星座优化设计综述
|
摘要
通信卫星星座优化设计是构建通信星座系统的关键环节。对通信卫星星座设计中的优化模型和优化算法进行了综述和展望。首先,建立了通信卫星星座设计的一般优化模型;然后,从覆盖性能、星间链路和系统成本三个方面对优化模型中优化变量、目标函数和约束条件的构建进行了综述;之后,介绍了卫星星座设计中常用的三大类多目标优化算法,归纳总结了4种主流算法的主要特征,并比较分析了它们应用于卫星星座设计的优缺点;最后,指出了现有通信卫星星座优化设计中存在的问题及发展趋势。
Constellation optimization design for satellite communications is one of the key steps to construct a communication system. The methods of constellation design are divided into optimization model and evolutionary algorithms,and the prospect is brought forward. Firstly,a general optimization model for the constellation design of satellite communication is proposed and the methods of setting up the optimization variables,objective functions and constraint conditions are introduced from three aspects of coverage performance,inter- satellite links and cost of system. Then three kinds of multi- objective algorithms in satellite constellation design are stated,and characteristics of four algorithms are summarized. Meanwhile,their merits and drawbacks are compared in satellite constellation design. Finally,problems in constellation design are pointed out and future research directions are forecasted.
Constellation optimization design for satellite communications is one of the key steps to construct a communication system. The methods of constellation design are divided into optimization model and evolutionary algorithms,and the prospect is brought forward. Firstly,a general optimization model for the constellation design of satellite communication is proposed and the methods of setting up the optimization variables,objective functions and constraint conditions are introduced from three aspects of coverage performance,inter- satellite links and cost of system. Then three kinds of multi- objective algorithms in satellite constellation design are stated,and characteristics of four algorithms are summarized. Meanwhile,their merits and drawbacks are compared in satellite constellation design. Finally,problems in constellation design are pointed out and future research directions are forecasted.
引文
[1]肖楠,梁俊,张基伟.中国低轨卫星星座组网设计与规划[J].电讯技术,2010,50(12):14-17.XIAO Nan,LIANG Jun,ZHANG Jiwei.Design and scheme of China's LEO satellite constellation network[J].Telecommunication Engineering,2010,50(12):14-17.(in Chinese)
[2]WHITTECAR W R,FERRINGER M P.Global coverage constellation design exploration using evolutionary algorithms[C]//Proceedings of 2014 AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference.San Diego:AIAA,2014:107-113.
[3]魏蛟龙,岑朝辉.基于蚁群算法的区域覆盖卫星星座优化设计[J].通信学报,2006,27(8):62-66.WEI Jiaolong,CEN Chaohui.Optimization of regional coverage satellite constellations based on ant colony algorithm[J].Journal on Communications,2006,27(8):62-66.(in Chinese)
[4]DANIELE M,MAURO D S,MARCO L.Design of flower constellations for telecommunication services[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2011,99(11):2008-2019.
[5]姜兴龙,姜泉江,刘会杰,等.采用改进非支配近邻免疫算法的低轨混合星座设计优化[J].宇航学报,2014,35(9):1007-1014.JIANG Xinglong,JIANG Quanjiang,LIU Huijie,et al.Design optimization of hybrid LEO constellation using modified non-dominated neighbor immune algorithm[J].Journal of Astronautics,2014,35(9):1007-1014.(in Chinese)
[6]MA D M,HONG Z C,LEE T H,et al.Design of a micro-satellite constellation for communication[J].Acta Astronautica,2013(1):54-59.
[7]李赞,张乃通.卫星移动通信系统星间链路空间参数分析[J].通信学报,2000,21(6):92-96.LI Zan,ZHANG Naitong.ISL spacial paremeters analysis of mobile satellite communication system[J].Journal on Communications,2000,21(6):92-96.(in Chinese)
[8]RIDER L.Analytic design of satellite constellations for zonal earth coverage using inclined circular orbits[J].Journal of the Astronautical Sciences,1986,34(1):31-64.
[9]韩潮,邓丽,徐嘉.星座覆盖性能评估的改进网格点仿真法[J].计算机仿真,2005,22(12):21-23.HAN Chao,DENG Li,XU Jia.Improved grid simulation for constellation coverage performance evaluation[J].Computer Simulation,2005,22(12):21-23.(in Chinese)
[10]黄凤娟.均匀时相低轨卫星星座的设计与仿真[D].北京:北京邮电大学,2008:40-56.HUANG Fengjuan.Design and simulation based on low-orbit constellations with even temporal phases[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,2008:40-56.(in Chinese)
[11]郦苏丹,朱江,李广侠.采用遗传算法的低轨区域通信星座优化设计[J].通信学报,2005,26(8):122-128.LI Sudan,ZHU Jiang,LI Guangxia.Optimization of LEO regional communication satellite constellation with GA algorithm[J].Journal on Communications,2005,26(8):122-128.(in Chinese)
[12]罗大成,刘岩,刘延飞,等.星间链路技术的研究现状与发展趋势[J].电讯技术,2014,54(7):1016-1024.LUO Dacheng,LIU Yan,LIU Yanfei,et al.Present status and development trends of inter-satellite link[J].Telecommunication Engineering,2014,54(7):1016-1024.(in Chinese)
[13]范丽.卫星星座一体化优化设计研究[D].长沙:国防科学技术大学,2006:4-8.FAN Li.Study on integrated design optimization of satellite constellation[D].Changsha:National University of Defense Technology,2006:4-8.(in Chinese)
[14]王振永,王平,顾学迈,等.卫星网络中永久星间链路的设计方法研究[J].通信学报,2006,27(8):129-133.WANG Zhenyong,WANG Ping,GU Xuemai,et al.Research on design of permanent inter-satellite-links in satellite networks[J].Journal on Communications,2006,27(8):129-133.(in Chinese)
[15]SHAH N H.Automated station-keeping for satellite constellations[D].Massachusetts:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1997.
[16]范丽,张育林.Walker星座星间链路构建准则及优化设计研究[J].飞行力学,2007,25(2):93-96.FAN Li,ZHANG Yulin.Construction rules and design optimization of ISLs in Walker constellations[J].Flight Dynamics,2007,25(2):93-96.(in Chinese)
[17]王沈泽,晏坚,陈翔,等.多层卫星网络构型优化中的永久星间链路可视条件[J].兵工学报,2014,35(S1):115-121.WANG Shenze,YAN Jian,CHEN Xiang,et al.Visual conditions of permanent inter-satellite links in the design of multi-layered satellite networks[J].Acta Armamentarii,2014,35(S1):115-121.(in Chinese)
[18]陈琪峰.飞行器分布式协同进化多学科设计优化方法研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2007:23-40.CHEN Qifeng.Distributed coevolutionary multidisciplinary design optimization methods for flying vehicles[D].Changsha:National University of Defense Technology,2007:23-40.(in Chinese)
[19]谢恺,薛模根,韩裕生,等.基于遗传算法的低轨天基雷达星座设计[J].信号处理,2008,24(2):233-236.XIE Kai,XUE Mogen,HAN Yusheng,et al.LEO space-based radar constellation design based on a genetic algorithm[J].Signal Processing,2008,24(2):233-236.(in Chinese)
[20]JENNINGS A L,DINIZ H.Global navigation satellite system design exploration using a multi-objective genetic algorithm[C]//Proceedings of 2013 Space Conferences and Exposition.Pasadena:AIAA,2013:1-5.
[21]刘欣,路辉,陈晓.基于分解思想的导航星座多目标优化[J].微计算机信息,2012,28(9):214-216.LIU Xin,LU Hui,CHEN Xiao.Optimization of navigation constellation by a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition[J].Microcomputer Information,2012,28(9):214-216.(in Chinese)
[22]CLIFFORD K,MAGED D.Minimizing the cost of availability of coverage from a constellation of satellites:evaluation of optimization methods[J].Systems Engineering,2004,7(2):113-122.
[23]常辉.卫星星座协同优化设计研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2012:32-42.CHANG Hui.Study on collaborative optimization design of satellite constellation[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology,2012:32-42.(in Chinese)
[24]SRINIVAS N,DEB K.Multiobjective optimization using nondominated sorting in genetic algorithms[J].Evolutionary Computation,1994,2(3):221-248.
[25]DEB K,PRATAP A,AGARWAL S,et al.A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm:NSGA-II[J].IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation,2002,6(2):182-197.
[26]曾喻江.基于遗传算法的卫星星座设计[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2007:83-98.ZENG Yujiang.Satellite constellation design based on genetic algorithm[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology,2007:83-98.(in Chinese)
[27]KENNEDY J,KENNEDY J F,EBERHART R C,et al.Swarm intelligence[M].San Francisco:Morgan Kaufmann,2001:8-35.
[28]MATTHEW P F,DAVID B S.Satellite constellation design tradeoffs using multiple-objective evolutionary computation[J].Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,2006,43(6):1404-1411.
[29]FERRINGER M P,CLIFTON R S,THOMPSON T G.Efficient and accurate evolutionary multi-objective optimization paradigms for satellite constellation design[J].Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,2007,44(3):682-691.
[30]王励,王炎娟,张辉,等.基于NSGA-II算法的区域覆盖卫星星座优化[J].计算机仿真,2009,26(4):80-84.WANG Li,WANG Yanjuan,ZHANG Hui,et al.Optimization of regional coverage reconnaissance satellite constellations by NSGA-Ⅱalgorithm[J].Computer Simulation,2009,26(4):80-84.(in Chinese)
[31]肖宝秋,刘洋,戴光明.改进的NSGA-II算法及其在星座优化设计中的应用[J].计算机工程与应用,2012,48(10):47-53.XIAO Baoqiu,LIU Yang,DAI Guangming.Improved NSGA-II algorithm and its application in optimization of satellite constellation[J].Computer Engineering and Applications,2012,48(10):47-53.(in Chinese)
[32]蒙波,伊成俊,韩潮.基于多目标粒子群算法的导航星座优化设计[J].航空学报,2009,30(7):1285-1291.MENG Bo,YI Chengjun,HAN Chao.Optimization of navigation satellite constellation by multi-objective particle swarm algorithm[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2009,30(7):1285-1291.(in Chinese)
[33]蒙波,韩潮.基于改进粒子群算法的混合卫星星座优化设计[J].上海航天,2010,27(1):36-39.MENG Bo,HAN Chao.Optimization of hybrid constellation by modified particle swarm algorithm[J].Aerospace Shanghai,2010,27(1):36-39.(in Chinese)
[34]王瑞,马兴瑞,李明.采用遗传算法进行区域覆盖卫星星座优化设计[J].宇航学报,2002,23(3):24-28.WANG Rui,MA Xingrui,LI Ming.Optimization of regional coverage satellite constellations by genetic algorithm[J].Journal of Astronautics,2002,23(3):24-28.(in Chinese)
[35]刘文,张育林,刘昆.基于多目标进化算法的卫星通信星座优化设计[J].宇航学报,2008,29(1):95-99.LIU Wen,ZHANG Yulin,LIU Kun.Optimization of multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based communication satellite constellation[J].Journal of Astronautics,2008,29(1):95-99.(in Chinese)作者简介:莫宇(1992—),男,四川成都人,2014年于电子科技大学获硕士学位,现为国防科学技术大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为卫星通信与星座设计;MO Yu was born in Chengdu,Sichuan Province,in 1992.He received the B.S.degree from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China in 2014.He is now a graduate student.His research concerns satellite communication and constellation design.Email:405070026@qq.com闫大伟(1986—),男,陕西西安人,2010年于空军工程大学获硕士学位,现为国防科学技术大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为卫星通信与星座设计;YAN Dawei was born in Xi'an,Shaanxi Province,in 1986.He received the M.S.degree from Air Force Engineering University in2010.He is currently working toward the Ph.D.degree.His research concerns satellite communication and constellation design.Email:yandawei_1986@163.com游鹏(1983—),男,江西丰城人,2014年获博士学位,现为讲师,主要研究方向为卫星通信与网络;YOU Peng was born in Fengcheng,Jiangxi Province,in 1983.He received the Ph.D.degree in 2014.He is now a lecturer.His research concerns satellite communication and network.Email:ysw_nudt@vip.126.com雍少为(1965—),男,重庆人,1997年获博士学位,现为研究员。YONG Shaowei was born in Chongqing,in 1965.He received the Ph.D.degee in 1997.He is now a senior engineer of professor.
[2]WHITTECAR W R,FERRINGER M P.Global coverage constellation design exploration using evolutionary algorithms[C]//Proceedings of 2014 AIAA/AAS Astrodynamics Specialist Conference.San Diego:AIAA,2014:107-113.
[3]魏蛟龙,岑朝辉.基于蚁群算法的区域覆盖卫星星座优化设计[J].通信学报,2006,27(8):62-66.WEI Jiaolong,CEN Chaohui.Optimization of regional coverage satellite constellations based on ant colony algorithm[J].Journal on Communications,2006,27(8):62-66.(in Chinese)
[4]DANIELE M,MAURO D S,MARCO L.Design of flower constellations for telecommunication services[J].Proceedings of the IEEE,2011,99(11):2008-2019.
[5]姜兴龙,姜泉江,刘会杰,等.采用改进非支配近邻免疫算法的低轨混合星座设计优化[J].宇航学报,2014,35(9):1007-1014.JIANG Xinglong,JIANG Quanjiang,LIU Huijie,et al.Design optimization of hybrid LEO constellation using modified non-dominated neighbor immune algorithm[J].Journal of Astronautics,2014,35(9):1007-1014.(in Chinese)
[6]MA D M,HONG Z C,LEE T H,et al.Design of a micro-satellite constellation for communication[J].Acta Astronautica,2013(1):54-59.
[7]李赞,张乃通.卫星移动通信系统星间链路空间参数分析[J].通信学报,2000,21(6):92-96.LI Zan,ZHANG Naitong.ISL spacial paremeters analysis of mobile satellite communication system[J].Journal on Communications,2000,21(6):92-96.(in Chinese)
[8]RIDER L.Analytic design of satellite constellations for zonal earth coverage using inclined circular orbits[J].Journal of the Astronautical Sciences,1986,34(1):31-64.
[9]韩潮,邓丽,徐嘉.星座覆盖性能评估的改进网格点仿真法[J].计算机仿真,2005,22(12):21-23.HAN Chao,DENG Li,XU Jia.Improved grid simulation for constellation coverage performance evaluation[J].Computer Simulation,2005,22(12):21-23.(in Chinese)
[10]黄凤娟.均匀时相低轨卫星星座的设计与仿真[D].北京:北京邮电大学,2008:40-56.HUANG Fengjuan.Design and simulation based on low-orbit constellations with even temporal phases[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications,2008:40-56.(in Chinese)
[11]郦苏丹,朱江,李广侠.采用遗传算法的低轨区域通信星座优化设计[J].通信学报,2005,26(8):122-128.LI Sudan,ZHU Jiang,LI Guangxia.Optimization of LEO regional communication satellite constellation with GA algorithm[J].Journal on Communications,2005,26(8):122-128.(in Chinese)
[12]罗大成,刘岩,刘延飞,等.星间链路技术的研究现状与发展趋势[J].电讯技术,2014,54(7):1016-1024.LUO Dacheng,LIU Yan,LIU Yanfei,et al.Present status and development trends of inter-satellite link[J].Telecommunication Engineering,2014,54(7):1016-1024.(in Chinese)
[13]范丽.卫星星座一体化优化设计研究[D].长沙:国防科学技术大学,2006:4-8.FAN Li.Study on integrated design optimization of satellite constellation[D].Changsha:National University of Defense Technology,2006:4-8.(in Chinese)
[14]王振永,王平,顾学迈,等.卫星网络中永久星间链路的设计方法研究[J].通信学报,2006,27(8):129-133.WANG Zhenyong,WANG Ping,GU Xuemai,et al.Research on design of permanent inter-satellite-links in satellite networks[J].Journal on Communications,2006,27(8):129-133.(in Chinese)
[15]SHAH N H.Automated station-keeping for satellite constellations[D].Massachusetts:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,1997.
[16]范丽,张育林.Walker星座星间链路构建准则及优化设计研究[J].飞行力学,2007,25(2):93-96.FAN Li,ZHANG Yulin.Construction rules and design optimization of ISLs in Walker constellations[J].Flight Dynamics,2007,25(2):93-96.(in Chinese)
[17]王沈泽,晏坚,陈翔,等.多层卫星网络构型优化中的永久星间链路可视条件[J].兵工学报,2014,35(S1):115-121.WANG Shenze,YAN Jian,CHEN Xiang,et al.Visual conditions of permanent inter-satellite links in the design of multi-layered satellite networks[J].Acta Armamentarii,2014,35(S1):115-121.(in Chinese)
[18]陈琪峰.飞行器分布式协同进化多学科设计优化方法研究[D].长沙:国防科技大学,2007:23-40.CHEN Qifeng.Distributed coevolutionary multidisciplinary design optimization methods for flying vehicles[D].Changsha:National University of Defense Technology,2007:23-40.(in Chinese)
[19]谢恺,薛模根,韩裕生,等.基于遗传算法的低轨天基雷达星座设计[J].信号处理,2008,24(2):233-236.XIE Kai,XUE Mogen,HAN Yusheng,et al.LEO space-based radar constellation design based on a genetic algorithm[J].Signal Processing,2008,24(2):233-236.(in Chinese)
[20]JENNINGS A L,DINIZ H.Global navigation satellite system design exploration using a multi-objective genetic algorithm[C]//Proceedings of 2013 Space Conferences and Exposition.Pasadena:AIAA,2013:1-5.
[21]刘欣,路辉,陈晓.基于分解思想的导航星座多目标优化[J].微计算机信息,2012,28(9):214-216.LIU Xin,LU Hui,CHEN Xiao.Optimization of navigation constellation by a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition[J].Microcomputer Information,2012,28(9):214-216.(in Chinese)
[22]CLIFFORD K,MAGED D.Minimizing the cost of availability of coverage from a constellation of satellites:evaluation of optimization methods[J].Systems Engineering,2004,7(2):113-122.
[23]常辉.卫星星座协同优化设计研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2012:32-42.CHANG Hui.Study on collaborative optimization design of satellite constellation[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology,2012:32-42.(in Chinese)
[24]SRINIVAS N,DEB K.Multiobjective optimization using nondominated sorting in genetic algorithms[J].Evolutionary Computation,1994,2(3):221-248.
[25]DEB K,PRATAP A,AGARWAL S,et al.A fast and elitist multiobjective genetic algorithm:NSGA-II[J].IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation,2002,6(2):182-197.
[26]曾喻江.基于遗传算法的卫星星座设计[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2007:83-98.ZENG Yujiang.Satellite constellation design based on genetic algorithm[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology,2007:83-98.(in Chinese)
[27]KENNEDY J,KENNEDY J F,EBERHART R C,et al.Swarm intelligence[M].San Francisco:Morgan Kaufmann,2001:8-35.
[28]MATTHEW P F,DAVID B S.Satellite constellation design tradeoffs using multiple-objective evolutionary computation[J].Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,2006,43(6):1404-1411.
[29]FERRINGER M P,CLIFTON R S,THOMPSON T G.Efficient and accurate evolutionary multi-objective optimization paradigms for satellite constellation design[J].Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets,2007,44(3):682-691.
[30]王励,王炎娟,张辉,等.基于NSGA-II算法的区域覆盖卫星星座优化[J].计算机仿真,2009,26(4):80-84.WANG Li,WANG Yanjuan,ZHANG Hui,et al.Optimization of regional coverage reconnaissance satellite constellations by NSGA-Ⅱalgorithm[J].Computer Simulation,2009,26(4):80-84.(in Chinese)
[31]肖宝秋,刘洋,戴光明.改进的NSGA-II算法及其在星座优化设计中的应用[J].计算机工程与应用,2012,48(10):47-53.XIAO Baoqiu,LIU Yang,DAI Guangming.Improved NSGA-II algorithm and its application in optimization of satellite constellation[J].Computer Engineering and Applications,2012,48(10):47-53.(in Chinese)
[32]蒙波,伊成俊,韩潮.基于多目标粒子群算法的导航星座优化设计[J].航空学报,2009,30(7):1285-1291.MENG Bo,YI Chengjun,HAN Chao.Optimization of navigation satellite constellation by multi-objective particle swarm algorithm[J].Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica,2009,30(7):1285-1291.(in Chinese)
[33]蒙波,韩潮.基于改进粒子群算法的混合卫星星座优化设计[J].上海航天,2010,27(1):36-39.MENG Bo,HAN Chao.Optimization of hybrid constellation by modified particle swarm algorithm[J].Aerospace Shanghai,2010,27(1):36-39.(in Chinese)
[34]王瑞,马兴瑞,李明.采用遗传算法进行区域覆盖卫星星座优化设计[J].宇航学报,2002,23(3):24-28.WANG Rui,MA Xingrui,LI Ming.Optimization of regional coverage satellite constellations by genetic algorithm[J].Journal of Astronautics,2002,23(3):24-28.(in Chinese)
[35]刘文,张育林,刘昆.基于多目标进化算法的卫星通信星座优化设计[J].宇航学报,2008,29(1):95-99.LIU Wen,ZHANG Yulin,LIU Kun.Optimization of multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based communication satellite constellation[J].Journal of Astronautics,2008,29(1):95-99.(in Chinese)作者简介:莫宇(1992—),男,四川成都人,2014年于电子科技大学获硕士学位,现为国防科学技术大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为卫星通信与星座设计;MO Yu was born in Chengdu,Sichuan Province,in 1992.He received the B.S.degree from University of Electronic Science and Technology of China in 2014.He is now a graduate student.His research concerns satellite communication and constellation design.Email:405070026@qq.com闫大伟(1986—),男,陕西西安人,2010年于空军工程大学获硕士学位,现为国防科学技术大学博士研究生,主要研究方向为卫星通信与星座设计;YAN Dawei was born in Xi'an,Shaanxi Province,in 1986.He received the M.S.degree from Air Force Engineering University in2010.He is currently working toward the Ph.D.degree.His research concerns satellite communication and constellation design.Email:yandawei_1986@163.com游鹏(1983—),男,江西丰城人,2014年获博士学位,现为讲师,主要研究方向为卫星通信与网络;YOU Peng was born in Fengcheng,Jiangxi Province,in 1983.He received the Ph.D.degree in 2014.He is now a lecturer.His research concerns satellite communication and network.Email:ysw_nudt@vip.126.com雍少为(1965—),男,重庆人,1997年获博士学位,现为研究员。YONG Shaowei was born in Chongqing,in 1965.He received the Ph.D.degee in 1997.He is now a senior engineer of professor.