基于CSLE模型的贵州省水土流失规律分析
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摘要
应用第一次全国水利普查水土保持专项数据,分析了喀斯特地区实际土地利用单元地块空间统计特征及相应侵蚀规律。结果表明:喀斯特地区土地利用类型以林地、耕地为主,共占调查总面积的86.2%。由于地形破碎,地势陡峭,土地表现出破碎化特征,地块面积、坡长、坡度均值分别为3.45hm~2,45.3 m,21.7°。坡度对土壤侵蚀的影响大于坡长,陡坡耕作是导致耕地土壤侵蚀严重的主要原因,68.6%的耕地位于陡坡,其侵蚀量占总侵蚀量的65.6%。贵州省土壤侵蚀程度由西向东递减,以黔西南地区侵蚀最为严重。工程措施能够有效防治土壤侵蚀,减沙效益在75%以上,但随坡度增大而减小,林草地减沙效益优于工程措施。在区域水土保持规划时,应重点考虑土壤侵蚀强烈地区,减少陡坡耕作,推广还林还草。
To explore the characteristics of soil and water loss in the Karst region,we analyzed the spatial statistic features and soil erosion characteristics of blocks.According to the First National Water Census,field surveys were carried out using blocks as the minimum survey units.A block is an area in which land use,soil and water conservation measures and coverage are identical.Soil erosion modulus was calculated using the CSLE(Chinese Soil Loss Equation)model.The results showed that farmland and forest were dominated in the Karst region,accounting for 86.2% of the total area.Because of cracked terrain and steep slopes,the landscape showed fragmentation characteristics.The average area,slope length,slope gradient of blocks were 3.45hm~2,45.3 m,and 21.7°,respectively.Analysis of the erosion modulus showed that68.6% of farmland blocks had steep gradients and accounted for 65.6% of the total sediment yield.About50% of farmland suffered severe erosion.The effects of slope gradient on soil erosion were significantly greater than that of slope length.Engineering measures reduced soil erosion by 75%.With the increase of slope gradient,the efficiency of engineering measures in reducing soil erosion decreased and became smaller than that of the forest and grassland.The most serious soil erosion occurred in southwest of Guizhou Province,and the degree of soil erosion decreased from west to east.When planning for regional soil and water conservation,the most seriously eroded area should be given the primary consideration,and reducing cultivation on steep slopes and returning farmland to forest should become the first choice.
To explore the characteristics of soil and water loss in the Karst region,we analyzed the spatial statistic features and soil erosion characteristics of blocks.According to the First National Water Census,field surveys were carried out using blocks as the minimum survey units.A block is an area in which land use,soil and water conservation measures and coverage are identical.Soil erosion modulus was calculated using the CSLE(Chinese Soil Loss Equation)model.The results showed that farmland and forest were dominated in the Karst region,accounting for 86.2% of the total area.Because of cracked terrain and steep slopes,the landscape showed fragmentation characteristics.The average area,slope length,slope gradient of blocks were 3.45hm~2,45.3 m,and 21.7°,respectively.Analysis of the erosion modulus showed that68.6% of farmland blocks had steep gradients and accounted for 65.6% of the total sediment yield.About50% of farmland suffered severe erosion.The effects of slope gradient on soil erosion were significantly greater than that of slope length.Engineering measures reduced soil erosion by 75%.With the increase of slope gradient,the efficiency of engineering measures in reducing soil erosion decreased and became smaller than that of the forest and grassland.The most serious soil erosion occurred in southwest of Guizhou Province,and the degree of soil erosion decreased from west to east.When planning for regional soil and water conservation,the most seriously eroded area should be given the primary consideration,and reducing cultivation on steep slopes and returning farmland to forest should become the first choice.
引文
[1]吕明辉,王红亚,蔡运龙.西南喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀研究综述[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(2):87-96.
[2]顾礼彬,张兴奇,杨光檄,等.黔西高原坡面次降雨产流产沙特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(1):23-28.
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[6]刘发勇,熊康宁,兰安军,等.贵州省喀斯特石漠化与水土流失空间相关分析[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(6):60-64,71.
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[8]袁应飞,戴全厚,李昌兰,等.喀斯特典型坡耕地模拟降雨条件下的土壤侵蚀响应[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(3):24-28.
[9]郭继成,张科利,董建志,等.西南地区黄壤坡面径流冲刷过程研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(6):1102-1108.
[10]张明阳,王克林,陈洪松.基于RS和GIS的喀斯特区域水土流失动态监测与分析:以广西环江县为例[J].资源科学,2007,29(3):124-131.
[11]陈洪松,杨静,傅伟,等.桂西北喀斯特峰丛不同土地利用方式坡面产流产沙特征[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(16):121-126.
[12]熊康宁,盈斌,罗娅,等.喀斯特石漠化的演变趋势与综合治理:以贵州省为例[J].世界林业研究,2009,22(特刊):18-23.
[13]国务院第一次全国水利普查领导小组办公室.第一次全国水利普查培训教材之六:水土保持情况普查[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2011.
[14]Liu B Y,Zhang K L,Xie Y.An empirical soil loss equation[C]//Jiao Yuren.Proceedings of the 12th international soil conservation organization conference.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2002:21-25.
[15]张宏鸣,杨勤科,李锐,等.流域分布式侵蚀学坡长的估算方法研究[J].水利学报,2012,43(4):437-444.
[16]李凤英,何小武,周春火.坡度影响土壤侵蚀研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(6):229-231.
[17]李凤英,何小武,肖青亮,等.急陡坡土壤侵蚀试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(6):38-40,44.
[2]顾礼彬,张兴奇,杨光檄,等.黔西高原坡面次降雨产流产沙特征[J].中国水土保持科学,2015,13(1):23-28.
[3]张信宝,王世杰,贺秀彬,等.碳酸盐岩风化壳中的土壤蠕滑与岩溶坡地的土壤地下漏失[J].地球与环境,2007,35(3):202-206.
[4]唐益群,张晓晖,周洁,等.喀斯特石漠化地区土壤地下漏失的机理研究:贵州普定县陈旗小流域为例[J].中国岩溶,2010,29(2):121-127.
[5]类延忠,冯颖,周宝同,等.岩溶地区水土流失强度的等级划分研究:以毕节岩溶区为例[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(2):221-225.
[6]刘发勇,熊康宁,兰安军,等.贵州省喀斯特石漠化与水土流失空间相关分析[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(6):60-64,71.
[7]凡非得,王克林,熊鹰,等.西南喀斯特区域水土流失敏感性评价及其空间分异特征[J].生态学报,2011,31(21):6353-6362.
[8]袁应飞,戴全厚,李昌兰,等.喀斯特典型坡耕地模拟降雨条件下的土壤侵蚀响应[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(3):24-28.
[9]郭继成,张科利,董建志,等.西南地区黄壤坡面径流冲刷过程研究[J].土壤学报,2013,50(6):1102-1108.
[10]张明阳,王克林,陈洪松.基于RS和GIS的喀斯特区域水土流失动态监测与分析:以广西环江县为例[J].资源科学,2007,29(3):124-131.
[11]陈洪松,杨静,傅伟,等.桂西北喀斯特峰丛不同土地利用方式坡面产流产沙特征[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(16):121-126.
[12]熊康宁,盈斌,罗娅,等.喀斯特石漠化的演变趋势与综合治理:以贵州省为例[J].世界林业研究,2009,22(特刊):18-23.
[13]国务院第一次全国水利普查领导小组办公室.第一次全国水利普查培训教材之六:水土保持情况普查[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2011.
[14]Liu B Y,Zhang K L,Xie Y.An empirical soil loss equation[C]//Jiao Yuren.Proceedings of the 12th international soil conservation organization conference.Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2002:21-25.
[15]张宏鸣,杨勤科,李锐,等.流域分布式侵蚀学坡长的估算方法研究[J].水利学报,2012,43(4):437-444.
[16]李凤英,何小武,周春火.坡度影响土壤侵蚀研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(6):229-231.
[17]李凤英,何小武,肖青亮,等.急陡坡土壤侵蚀试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(6):38-40,44.