滴灌施肥对红地球葡萄产量、品质及土体氮磷钾分布的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究滴灌施肥对‘红地球’葡萄产量、品质与土体氮磷钾分布的影响,为科学合理制定河北省葡萄水肥管理策略提供理论及技术依据。【方法】以河北省怀来县15年生‘红地球’葡萄为试材,设置5个不同水肥投入水平,分别为传统灌溉施肥(CK)、传统施肥+滴灌(FCK+D)、滴灌施肥Ⅰ(F1+D)、滴灌施肥Ⅱ(F2+D)、滴灌施肥Ⅲ(F3+D)。滴灌用水量为传统灌溉用水量的55%,CK与FCK+D施肥总量相同(N、P_2O_5、K_2O总施入量分别为2708.7、2615.45、1315.2 kg/hm~2),与CK相比,F1+D总N、P_2O_5、K_2O施入量分别降低了68.32%、87.61%、40.47%;F2+D较F1+D减少17.31%的磷和12.54%钾肥量,F3+D又降低了18.53%的氮肥量。对葡萄的产量与品质和氮、磷、钾等养分在0—100 cm土体中的分布进行了分析,并计算了养分利用效率及成本收益。【结果】2012年和2013年CK处理葡萄产量分别为24115 kg/hm~2和23020 kg/hm~2,F1+D处理显著高于CK,分别为28830、27272 kg/hm~2,平均提高了19.0%,而F2+D、F3+D和FCK+D与CK处理间差异不显著。品质方面,F3+D的千粒重显著高于CK,在2012与2013年分别为11.39、11.47 kg,平均提高了7.2%,而F1+D、F2+D和FCK+D与CK处理间差异不显著。2012年和2013年CK处理果实Vc含量分别为14.36、14.42 mg/100 g,F1+D、F2+D和F3+D显著高于CK,分别平均提高了16.7%、15.2%和15.6%。在土体养分分布方面,土体中上层(0—60 cm)滴灌施肥处理养分含量与传统水肥处理不存在显著差异,但60—100 cm土层中,F1+D的硝态氮、速效磷含量最低,分别为21.37、28.56 mg/kg,F1+D、F2+D和F3+D的速效钾含量分别为126.11、117.75、139.00 mg/kg,均显著低于CK,但三者间无显著差异。滴灌施肥各处理的灌溉水利用效率和肥料偏生产力最高可比CK高出209.1%和266.3%;F1+D、F2+D、F3+D在水肥投入及用工成本上较传统管理分别平均节省了17857.5、18547.5、17752.5元/hm~2,实现了增产增效。【结论】葡萄生产中采用滴灌施肥技术,并根据葡萄生育期养分需求(前期补充氮磷,膨大期后适当增施钾肥),能够显著提高葡萄产量,改善果实品质,降低养分淋失,增加农民经济收益。综合比较,以不降低氮磷钾施肥量、以滴灌施肥代替土施的F1+D在产量、品质及节本增效等方面综合表现最优,氮、磷向60 cm以下的土层淋洗量也大大减少,比CK增收47145～51024元/hm~2。
【Objectives】Drip fertigation has been proved to be effective in increasing yields and quality of Red Globe and decreasing the leaching loss of fertilizer nutrients. The proper fertilizer dosage in drip irrigation in grape production was studied.【Methods】A field trail was conducted in Huailai County, Hebei Province, 15-year-old grape cultivar of ‘Red Globe' was used as test materials. The experiment was subjected to 5 fertilizer supply ways and levels, including traditional irrigation and fertilization(CK), traditional fertilization + drip irrigation(FCK + D), fertigation Ⅰ(F1+D), fertigation Ⅱ(F2+D) and fertigation Ⅲ(F3+D). The water consumption in drip irrigation is 55% of traditional irrigation, and the total amount of fertilization in CK and FCK+ D were the same(N, P_2O_5 and K_2O: 2708.7, 2615.45 and 1315.2 kg/hm~2). Compared with CK, F1+D's N, P_2O_5 and K_2O were decreased by 68.32%, 87.61% and 40.47%, respectively, and 17.31% of P and 12.54% of K were reduced in F2+D and 18.53% of N was further reduced in F3+D. The N, P and K contents in 0-100 cm depth of soil profile were measured during the grape growing season, the yield, thousand-grain mass, soluble solid content,pH, titratable acidity, Vc content of fresh fruits were analyzed. The water utilization efficiency and partial fertilizer productivity were calculated after the final harvest.【Results】In 2012 and 2013 the grape yields of the CK were 24115 kg/hm~2 and 23020 kg/hm~2, and those of the F1+D were 28830 kg/hm~2 and 27272 kg/hm~2, which were higher than those of the CK, and increased by 19.0% in average. The thousand-grain mass of the F3+D were 11.39 and 11.47 kg, and increased by 7.2% in average. The Vc contents of the F1+D, F2+D and F3+D were higher than that of the CK, and increased by 16.7%, 15.2% and 15.6%. On the other hand, the fertilizer and irrigation amount during the whole growth stage had a significant effect on the distribution of soil NPK, there was no significant difference between fertigation and CK in the soil layer of 0-60 cm, but the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in 60-100 cm soil layer of the F1+D were the lowest, and were 21.37 and 28.56 mg/kg respectively, the accumulation amounts of potassium of the F1+D, F2+D and F3+D were lower than CK,however, there was no difference among F1+D, F2+D and F3+D, which were 126.11, 117.75 and 139.00 mg/kg. In addition, their maximum water utilization ratio and PFP were higher than CK, which were increased by209.1% and 266.3% respectively. Compared with the traditional management, the water and fertilizer input and labor cost were saved by 17857.5, 18547.5, 17752.5 yuan/hm~2, respectively.【Conclusions】Using drip fertigation technology could greatly improve yields and quality of grapes, reduce N and P leaching, and increase farmers' income. And the best comprehensive performance of these treatments in production, quality and efficiency was the F1+D, which increased by 47145-51024 yuan/hm~2 compared with the CK.
【Objectives】Drip fertigation has been proved to be effective in increasing yields and quality of Red Globe and decreasing the leaching loss of fertilizer nutrients. The proper fertilizer dosage in drip irrigation in grape production was studied.【Methods】A field trail was conducted in Huailai County, Hebei Province, 15-year-old grape cultivar of ‘Red Globe' was used as test materials. The experiment was subjected to 5 fertilizer supply ways and levels, including traditional irrigation and fertilization(CK), traditional fertilization + drip irrigation(FCK + D), fertigation Ⅰ(F1+D), fertigation Ⅱ(F2+D) and fertigation Ⅲ(F3+D). The water consumption in drip irrigation is 55% of traditional irrigation, and the total amount of fertilization in CK and FCK+ D were the same(N, P_2O_5 and K_2O: 2708.7, 2615.45 and 1315.2 kg/hm~2). Compared with CK, F1+D's N, P_2O_5 and K_2O were decreased by 68.32%, 87.61% and 40.47%, respectively, and 17.31% of P and 12.54% of K were reduced in F2+D and 18.53% of N was further reduced in F3+D. The N, P and K contents in 0-100 cm depth of soil profile were measured during the grape growing season, the yield, thousand-grain mass, soluble solid content,pH, titratable acidity, Vc content of fresh fruits were analyzed. The water utilization efficiency and partial fertilizer productivity were calculated after the final harvest.【Results】In 2012 and 2013 the grape yields of the CK were 24115 kg/hm~2 and 23020 kg/hm~2, and those of the F1+D were 28830 kg/hm~2 and 27272 kg/hm~2, which were higher than those of the CK, and increased by 19.0% in average. The thousand-grain mass of the F3+D were 11.39 and 11.47 kg, and increased by 7.2% in average. The Vc contents of the F1+D, F2+D and F3+D were higher than that of the CK, and increased by 16.7%, 15.2% and 15.6%. On the other hand, the fertilizer and irrigation amount during the whole growth stage had a significant effect on the distribution of soil NPK, there was no significant difference between fertigation and CK in the soil layer of 0-60 cm, but the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus in 60-100 cm soil layer of the F1+D were the lowest, and were 21.37 and 28.56 mg/kg respectively, the accumulation amounts of potassium of the F1+D, F2+D and F3+D were lower than CK,however, there was no difference among F1+D, F2+D and F3+D, which were 126.11, 117.75 and 139.00 mg/kg. In addition, their maximum water utilization ratio and PFP were higher than CK, which were increased by209.1% and 266.3% respectively. Compared with the traditional management, the water and fertilizer input and labor cost were saved by 17857.5, 18547.5, 17752.5 yuan/hm~2, respectively.【Conclusions】Using drip fertigation technology could greatly improve yields and quality of grapes, reduce N and P leaching, and increase farmers' income. And the best comprehensive performance of these treatments in production, quality and efficiency was the F1+D, which increased by 47145-51024 yuan/hm~2 compared with the CK.
引文
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