江西武夷山南方铁杉原始林空间结构特征分析
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摘要
为明晰南方铁杉的龄组多样性、空间结构特征及其演替趋势,以传统林分因子及丰富度指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数4个多样性指数为基础,结合混交度、角尺度、大小比数、开敞度4个林分空间结构参数对江西武夷山南方铁杉原始林进行综合分析。结果表明,乔木层共包括62个树种,南方铁杉重要值高居首位,是乔木层的建群种和优势种;混交度均值为0.64,属强度混交;南方铁杉在空间结构单元中以优势木为主;角尺度均值为0.64,为较低程度的聚集分布;开敞度均值为0.11,生长空间严重不足。通过各样带间的比较,发现南方铁杉在1 790～1 810 m海拔范围内结构最为合理,其空间结构特征表现为混交度、大小比数、角尺度均较为稳定,龄组结构特征表现为各龄组比例合理且成熟林龄组株数达到最大。南方铁杉的龄组结构分布连续,在该原始林的林分空间结构中占据有利的生态位,种群更新能力因海拔差异而不同,可以预见,其分布有向中等海拔地区集中的趋势。
To investigate the age-group diversity,the spatial structure and the succession trend of Tsuga chinensis var.tchekiangensis in Jiangxi Wuyishan National Nature Reserve.Four spatial structure indices(i.e.mingling,angle index,neighborhood comparison and opening degree) together with several traditional indices(e.g.species composition,diameter at breast height) and four diversity indexes(i.e.species richness,Simpson index,Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index) of the forest were measured and analyzed.The results showed that:The forest was composed by 62 tree species and T.chinensis var.tchekiangensis was the major dominant species,whose importance value was the highest.The forest was highly mixed at whole stand level,manifested by an average mingling degree of 0.64.T.chinensis var.tchekiangensis composed the majority of dominant trees in the spatial structural units.The horizontal pattern of the stands displayed a low degree of aggregative distribution,with a uniform angle index of 0.64.The growing space for most trees in the forest was severely insufficient,indicated by an average opening degree of only 0.11.By comparing with all the belt transects,it showed that its age-group and spatial structure in the altitude of 1 790-1 810 m was the most reasonable.Its spatial structure characteristics showed that mingling,neighborhood comparison and angle index were more stable,and the structure characteristics of the age group was reasonable and the number of mature age-group reached the maximum.Age-group structure of T.chinensis var.tchekiangensis was continuous.It occupied a favorable niche in the stand space structure of the virgin forest and its ability to update was different due to various elevations,so there existed a tendency that its habitat offset to the middle elevation areas.
To investigate the age-group diversity,the spatial structure and the succession trend of Tsuga chinensis var.tchekiangensis in Jiangxi Wuyishan National Nature Reserve.Four spatial structure indices(i.e.mingling,angle index,neighborhood comparison and opening degree) together with several traditional indices(e.g.species composition,diameter at breast height) and four diversity indexes(i.e.species richness,Simpson index,Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index) of the forest were measured and analyzed.The results showed that:The forest was composed by 62 tree species and T.chinensis var.tchekiangensis was the major dominant species,whose importance value was the highest.The forest was highly mixed at whole stand level,manifested by an average mingling degree of 0.64.T.chinensis var.tchekiangensis composed the majority of dominant trees in the spatial structural units.The horizontal pattern of the stands displayed a low degree of aggregative distribution,with a uniform angle index of 0.64.The growing space for most trees in the forest was severely insufficient,indicated by an average opening degree of only 0.11.By comparing with all the belt transects,it showed that its age-group and spatial structure in the altitude of 1 790-1 810 m was the most reasonable.Its spatial structure characteristics showed that mingling,neighborhood comparison and angle index were more stable,and the structure characteristics of the age group was reasonable and the number of mature age-group reached the maximum.Age-group structure of T.chinensis var.tchekiangensis was continuous.It occupied a favorable niche in the stand space structure of the virgin forest and its ability to update was different due to various elevations,so there existed a tendency that its habitat offset to the middle elevation areas.
引文
[1] 陶晶,温庆忠,华朝朗.原始林研究现状与展望[J].林业调查规划,2016,41(2):38-42.
[2] HILBERT J,WIENSCZYK A.Old-growth difinitions and management:a literature review[J].BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management,2007,8(1):15-31.
[3] PRETZSCH H.Analysis and modeling of spatial stand structures,methodological considerations based on mixed beech-larch stands in Lower Saxony[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1997,97(3):237-253.
[4] BASKENT E Z,KELES S.Spatial forest planning:a review[J].Ecological Modelling,2005,188(2):145-173.
[5] 李林初.若干铁杉属植物核型的比较研究[J].广西植物,1988,8(4):324-328.
[6] 郭连金,洪森荣,夏华炎.武夷山自然保护区濒危植物南方铁杉种群数量动态分析 [J].上饶师范学院学报,2006,26(6):74-78.
[7] 祁红艳,金志农,杨清培,等.江西武夷山南方铁杉生长规律及更新困难的原因解释[J].江西农业大学学报,2014,36(1):137-143.QI H Y,JIN Z N,YANG Q P,et al.Growing law and cause of poor regeneration of Tsuga chinensis var.tchekiangensis in Jiangxi Wuyishan National Nature Reserve[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2014,36(1):137-143.(in Chinese)
[8] 袁荣斌,邹思成,兰文军,等.江西武夷山国家级自然保护区南方铁杉资源调查初报[J].江西林业科技,2012,39(4):37-39.
[9] 杨清培,钟安建,金志农,等.江西武夷山南方铁杉群落分类及更新能力评价[J].江西农业大学学报,2014,36(6):1275-1283.YANG Q P,ZHONG A J,JIN Z N,et al.A community classification of natural forest of Tsuga tchekiangensis and its regeneration capacity[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2014,36(6):1275-1283.(in Chinese)
[10] 刘信中,方福生.江西武夷山自然保护区科学考察集[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001.
[11] 杨清培,金志农,裘利洪,等.江西武夷山南方铁杉更新格局及代际关联性分析[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(4):939-945.
[12] 马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰα多样性的测度方法:上[J].生物多样性,1994,2(3):162-168.MA K P.A method of biodiversity-α diversity measurement:i[J].Chinese Biodiversity,1994,2(3):162-168.(in Chinese)
[13] 马克平,刘玉明.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰα多样性的测度方法:下[J].生物多样性,1994,2(4):231-239.MA K P.A method of biodiversity-α diversity measurement:ii[J].Chinese Biodiversity,1994,2(4):231-239.(in Chinese)
[14] 马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,等.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数[J].生态学报,1995,15(3):268-277.MA K P,HUANG J H,YU S L,et al.Plant community diversity in Dongling Mountain,Beijing,ChinaⅡ:species richness,evenness and species diversity[J].Acta Ecologica Snica,1995,15(3):268-277.(in Chinese)
[15] 汤孟平,唐守正,雷相东,等.两种混交度的比较分析[J].林业资源管理,2004(4):25-27.
[16] 惠刚盈,GADOW K V,ALBERT M.一个新的林分空间结构参数——大小比数[J].林业科学研究,1999,12(1):1-6.
[17] 惠刚盈,GADOW K V,ALBERT M.角尺度——一个描述林木个体分布格局的结构参数[J].林业科学,1999,35(1):37-42.HUI G Y,GADOW K V,ALBERT M.The neighbourhood pattern——a new structure parameter for describing distribution of forest tree position[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1999,35(1):37-42.(in Chinese)
[18] 惠刚盈,GADOW K V,胡艳波,等.林木分布格局类型的角尺度均值分析方法[J].生态学报,2004,24(6):1225-1229.HUI G Y,GADOW K V,HU Y B,et al.Characterizing forest spatial distribution pattern with the mean value of uniform angle index[J].Acta Ecologica Snica,2004,24(6):1225-1229.(in Chinese)
[19] 罗耀华,陈庆诚,张鹏云.兴隆山阴暗针叶林空间格局及其利用光能的对策[J].生态学报,1984,4(1):10-20.LUO Y H,CHEN Q C,ZHANG P Y.The spatial pattern of coniferous forest in Xinglong Shan Mountain and its strategies in using sun light energy[J].Acta Ecologica Snica,1984,4(1):10-20.(in Chinese)
[20] 丁巧玲,刘忠成,王蕾,等.湖南桃源洞国家级自然保护区南方铁杉种群结构与生存分析[J].西北植物学报,2016,36(6):1233-1244.DING Q L,LIU Z C,WANG L,et al.Structure and survival analysis of Tsuga chinensis populations in Taoyuandong National Nature Reserve,Hunan Province[J].Acta Bot.Boreal.-Occident.Sin.,2016,36(6):1233-1244.(in Chinese)
[21] 张志祥,刘鹏,刘春生,等.珍稀濒危植物南方铁杉种群结构与空间分布格局研究[J].浙江林业科技,2009,29(1):7-14.
[22] 冯祥麟,胡刚,刘正华.贵阳高坡南方铁杉群落特征及种群动态调查研究[J].贵州林业科技,2011,39(2):26-29.FENG Y X,HU G,LIU Z H.Research on the community characteristics and population dynamics of Tsuga chinensis var.tchekiangensis on Gaopo in Guiyang City[J].Guizhou Forestry Science and Technology,2011,39(2):26-29.(in Chinese)
[23] 李晓铁.猫儿山林区南方铁杉生长调查初报[J].广西林业科技,1992,21(1):24-26.LI X T.Report of growth investigation of Tsuga chinensis var.tchekiangensis in Maor Mountain[J].Guangxi Forest Science and Technology,1992,21(1):24-26.(in Chinese)
[24] 黄宪刚,谢强.猫儿山南方铁杉种群结构和动态的初步研究[J].广西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2000,18(2):86-90.HUANG X G,XIE Q.A Preliminary study on the structure and dynamics of the Tsuga chinensis population on Maorshan Mountain[J].Journal of Guangxi Normal University,2000,18(2):86-90.(in Chinese)
[25] 郭怀林,齐伟.秦岭中段华北落叶松人工林林分结构优化研究[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(5):144-149.GUO H L,QI W.Forest stand structure optimization of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation in the central area of Qinling Mountains[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2017,32(5):144-149.(in Chinese)
[26] 姜鹏,孟京辉,陆元昌,等.马尾松近自然改造初期的混交度与分布格局[J].西北林学院学报,2014,30(5):147-150.JIANG P,MENG J H,LU Y C,et al.Minglings and spatial distribution of Pinus massoniana plantation in the initial stage of near-nature transformation[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2014,30(5):147-150.(in Chinese)
[2] HILBERT J,WIENSCZYK A.Old-growth difinitions and management:a literature review[J].BC Journal of Ecosystems and Management,2007,8(1):15-31.
[3] PRETZSCH H.Analysis and modeling of spatial stand structures,methodological considerations based on mixed beech-larch stands in Lower Saxony[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1997,97(3):237-253.
[4] BASKENT E Z,KELES S.Spatial forest planning:a review[J].Ecological Modelling,2005,188(2):145-173.
[5] 李林初.若干铁杉属植物核型的比较研究[J].广西植物,1988,8(4):324-328.
[6] 郭连金,洪森荣,夏华炎.武夷山自然保护区濒危植物南方铁杉种群数量动态分析 [J].上饶师范学院学报,2006,26(6):74-78.
[7] 祁红艳,金志农,杨清培,等.江西武夷山南方铁杉生长规律及更新困难的原因解释[J].江西农业大学学报,2014,36(1):137-143.QI H Y,JIN Z N,YANG Q P,et al.Growing law and cause of poor regeneration of Tsuga chinensis var.tchekiangensis in Jiangxi Wuyishan National Nature Reserve[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2014,36(1):137-143.(in Chinese)
[8] 袁荣斌,邹思成,兰文军,等.江西武夷山国家级自然保护区南方铁杉资源调查初报[J].江西林业科技,2012,39(4):37-39.
[9] 杨清培,钟安建,金志农,等.江西武夷山南方铁杉群落分类及更新能力评价[J].江西农业大学学报,2014,36(6):1275-1283.YANG Q P,ZHONG A J,JIN Z N,et al.A community classification of natural forest of Tsuga tchekiangensis and its regeneration capacity[J].Acta Agriculturae Universitatis Jiangxiensis,2014,36(6):1275-1283.(in Chinese)
[10] 刘信中,方福生.江西武夷山自然保护区科学考察集[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001.
[11] 杨清培,金志农,裘利洪,等.江西武夷山南方铁杉更新格局及代际关联性分析[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(4):939-945.
[12] 马克平.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰα多样性的测度方法:上[J].生物多样性,1994,2(3):162-168.MA K P.A method of biodiversity-α diversity measurement:i[J].Chinese Biodiversity,1994,2(3):162-168.(in Chinese)
[13] 马克平,刘玉明.生物群落多样性的测度方法Ⅰα多样性的测度方法:下[J].生物多样性,1994,2(4):231-239.MA K P.A method of biodiversity-α diversity measurement:ii[J].Chinese Biodiversity,1994,2(4):231-239.(in Chinese)
[14] 马克平,黄建辉,于顺利,等.北京东灵山地区植物群落多样性的研究Ⅱ丰富度、均匀度和物种多样性指数[J].生态学报,1995,15(3):268-277.MA K P,HUANG J H,YU S L,et al.Plant community diversity in Dongling Mountain,Beijing,ChinaⅡ:species richness,evenness and species diversity[J].Acta Ecologica Snica,1995,15(3):268-277.(in Chinese)
[15] 汤孟平,唐守正,雷相东,等.两种混交度的比较分析[J].林业资源管理,2004(4):25-27.
[16] 惠刚盈,GADOW K V,ALBERT M.一个新的林分空间结构参数——大小比数[J].林业科学研究,1999,12(1):1-6.
[17] 惠刚盈,GADOW K V,ALBERT M.角尺度——一个描述林木个体分布格局的结构参数[J].林业科学,1999,35(1):37-42.HUI G Y,GADOW K V,ALBERT M.The neighbourhood pattern——a new structure parameter for describing distribution of forest tree position[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,1999,35(1):37-42.(in Chinese)
[18] 惠刚盈,GADOW K V,胡艳波,等.林木分布格局类型的角尺度均值分析方法[J].生态学报,2004,24(6):1225-1229.HUI G Y,GADOW K V,HU Y B,et al.Characterizing forest spatial distribution pattern with the mean value of uniform angle index[J].Acta Ecologica Snica,2004,24(6):1225-1229.(in Chinese)
[19] 罗耀华,陈庆诚,张鹏云.兴隆山阴暗针叶林空间格局及其利用光能的对策[J].生态学报,1984,4(1):10-20.LUO Y H,CHEN Q C,ZHANG P Y.The spatial pattern of coniferous forest in Xinglong Shan Mountain and its strategies in using sun light energy[J].Acta Ecologica Snica,1984,4(1):10-20.(in Chinese)
[20] 丁巧玲,刘忠成,王蕾,等.湖南桃源洞国家级自然保护区南方铁杉种群结构与生存分析[J].西北植物学报,2016,36(6):1233-1244.DING Q L,LIU Z C,WANG L,et al.Structure and survival analysis of Tsuga chinensis populations in Taoyuandong National Nature Reserve,Hunan Province[J].Acta Bot.Boreal.-Occident.Sin.,2016,36(6):1233-1244.(in Chinese)
[21] 张志祥,刘鹏,刘春生,等.珍稀濒危植物南方铁杉种群结构与空间分布格局研究[J].浙江林业科技,2009,29(1):7-14.
[22] 冯祥麟,胡刚,刘正华.贵阳高坡南方铁杉群落特征及种群动态调查研究[J].贵州林业科技,2011,39(2):26-29.FENG Y X,HU G,LIU Z H.Research on the community characteristics and population dynamics of Tsuga chinensis var.tchekiangensis on Gaopo in Guiyang City[J].Guizhou Forestry Science and Technology,2011,39(2):26-29.(in Chinese)
[23] 李晓铁.猫儿山林区南方铁杉生长调查初报[J].广西林业科技,1992,21(1):24-26.LI X T.Report of growth investigation of Tsuga chinensis var.tchekiangensis in Maor Mountain[J].Guangxi Forest Science and Technology,1992,21(1):24-26.(in Chinese)
[24] 黄宪刚,谢强.猫儿山南方铁杉种群结构和动态的初步研究[J].广西师范大学学报:自然科学版,2000,18(2):86-90.HUANG X G,XIE Q.A Preliminary study on the structure and dynamics of the Tsuga chinensis population on Maorshan Mountain[J].Journal of Guangxi Normal University,2000,18(2):86-90.(in Chinese)
[25] 郭怀林,齐伟.秦岭中段华北落叶松人工林林分结构优化研究[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(5):144-149.GUO H L,QI W.Forest stand structure optimization of Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation in the central area of Qinling Mountains[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2017,32(5):144-149.(in Chinese)
[26] 姜鹏,孟京辉,陆元昌,等.马尾松近自然改造初期的混交度与分布格局[J].西北林学院学报,2014,30(5):147-150.JIANG P,MENG J H,LU Y C,et al.Minglings and spatial distribution of Pinus massoniana plantation in the initial stage of near-nature transformation[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2014,30(5):147-150.(in Chinese)