英语中缀三分法:词汇—构式语用学路径
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摘要
鉴于英语中缀存在悬而未决的问题,在梳理前人观点的基础上,本文从词汇—构式语用学视角共时地论述英语中缀的存在、标记性分类、劳务分工理据以及中缀的"四性",即语境性、关联性、标记性和功效性。无标记中缀是语音中缀,有标记中缀是语法中缀和语用中缀。中缀是一种构式,无标记中缀构式的运作受语用制约,有标记尤其是强标记中缀构式受语用制约和语用压制。不同的语音中缀在英语词汇系统中互补分布于不同的音位构式语境中,以产生和美的音韵。语法中缀突显语法关系或语法意义,兼有表音功能。至于语用中缀,其音韵之效让位于语义—语用之效,即其表意性或表情性。
Due to the unsolved problems about English infix(es), this paper chronologically addresses the infix issue from the perspective of lexico-constructional pragmatics based on previous researchers' views. The paper elaborates the occurrence of English infixes, their markedness and pragmatic labour division with its motivation, in particular, contextuality, relevance, markedness and functionality of infixes. It is pointed out that unmarked infixes refer to phonetic ones, and marked infixes refer to grammatical and pragmatic ones. An infix is a construction, and the operation of an unmarked infix undergoes pragmatic constraints while that of a marked infix undergoes pragmatic coercion as well as pragmatic constraints. In the lexical system of English, various phonetic infixes occur in complementary distribution according to various phono-construction contexts so as to achieve a pleasing phonetic prosody. Grammatical infixes highlight grammatical relations or meanings while connecting sounds. For pragmatic infixes, the phonetic prosody gives way to their semantic-pragmatic effect(iveness), namely, semanticity or attitudinality.
Due to the unsolved problems about English infix(es), this paper chronologically addresses the infix issue from the perspective of lexico-constructional pragmatics based on previous researchers' views. The paper elaborates the occurrence of English infixes, their markedness and pragmatic labour division with its motivation, in particular, contextuality, relevance, markedness and functionality of infixes. It is pointed out that unmarked infixes refer to phonetic ones, and marked infixes refer to grammatical and pragmatic ones. An infix is a construction, and the operation of an unmarked infix undergoes pragmatic constraints while that of a marked infix undergoes pragmatic coercion as well as pragmatic constraints. In the lexical system of English, various phonetic infixes occur in complementary distribution according to various phono-construction contexts so as to achieve a pleasing phonetic prosody. Grammatical infixes highlight grammatical relations or meanings while connecting sounds. For pragmatic infixes, the phonetic prosody gives way to their semantic-pragmatic effect(iveness), namely, semanticity or attitudinality.
引文
何学德.英语中的中缀 [J].前沿,2012(12).‖He,X.-D.Infixes in English[J].Forward Position,2012(12).
侯国金.语用制约/压制假说[J].外语教学与研究,2015a(3).‖Hou,G.-J.Pragma-constraint/Coercion Hypothesis[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2015a(3).
侯国金.词汇—构式语用学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2015b.‖Hou,G.-J.Lexico-constructional Pragmatics[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2015b.
侯国金.词汇学和构式语法的语用性及其三个学科过渡[J].外语研究,2015c(5).‖Hou,G.-J.The Pragmaticity of Lexicology and Construction Grammar and the Three Disciplinary Transitions[J].Foreign Languages Research,2015c(5).
侯国金.辞格花径和花径辞格[J].中国外语,2016(1).‖Hou,G.-J.Rhetorical Garden Path Phenomena and GPP-rhetorical Devices[J].Foreign Languages in China,2016(1).
胡壮麟.语言学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011.‖Hu,Z.-L.Linguistics:A Course Book[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2011.
李平武.英语词缀与英语派生词 [Z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003.‖Li,P.-W.English Affixes and How to Use Them to Decipher English Derivatives[Z].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2003.
汪榕培卢晓娟.英语词汇学教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2005.‖Wang,R.-P.,Lu,X.-J.A Survey of English Lexicology[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Fo-reign Language Education Press,2005.
王文斌.也谈英语的中缀问题[J].外语与外语教学,2001(9).‖Wang,W.-B.Infix Issues Revisited[J].Foreign Languages and Their Teaching,2001(9).
王文斌.英语词法概论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2005.‖Wang,W.-B.An Introduction to English Morphology[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2005.
武焕丽.从Phonetic中的-et-看英语中缀[J].四川教育学院学报,2010(3).‖Wu,H.-L.Discussion of English Infix from -et in Phonetic[J].Journal of Sichuan College of Education,2010(3).
张吉生.英语中缀[J].外语与外语教学,1998(4).‖Zhang,J.-S.An Analysis of English Infixation[J].Foreign Languages and Their Teaching,1998(4).
张吉生.再谈英语中缀[J].外语与外语教学,2000(5).‖Zhang,J.-S.A Reanalysis of English Infixation[J].Foreign Languages and Their Teaching,2000(5).
章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2013.‖Zhang,Z.-B.A New English Grammar Coursebook[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2013.
赵彦春.英语中缀?[J].外语与外语教学,1999(3).‖Zhao,Y.-C.Reanalysis of English Infixation[J].Fo-reign Languages and Their Teaching,1999(3).
赵彦春.英语中缀问题的再研究[J].山东外语教学,2003(1).‖Zhao,Y.-C.Further Inquiry into “English Infixation”[J].Shandong Foreign Language Teaching,2003(1).
Aronoff,M.Word Formation in Generative Grammar[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,1976.
Bauer,A.English Word-formation[M].Cambridge:CUP,1983.
Booij,G.The Grammar of Words:An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology[M].Beijing:OUP & Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2014.
Crystal,D.A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics[Z].Oxford:Blackwell,2008.
Givón,T.The Diachrony of Grammar[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2015.
Hou,G.J.,Feng,M.Garden-Path Phenomena from the Perspective of Lexico-constructional Pragmatics[J].Language Sciences,2017(59).
Jespersen,O.A Modern English Grammar:On Historical Principles[M].Copenhagen:Ejnar Munksgaard,1942.
Katamba,F.,Stonham,J.Morphology[M].New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2006.
McMillan,J.B.Infixing and Interposing in English[J].American Speech,1980(3).
Plag,I.Word-formation in English [M].Cambridge:CUP,2003.
Quirk,R.,Greenbaum,S.,Leech,G.,Svartvik,J.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985.
Robins,R.H.General Linguistics:An Introductory Survey[M].London:Longman,1989.
①下文例词中的英语(等西语)中缀都以斜体加粗的方式呈现。
②这也许是逆生法(back-formation)推理。根据Longman Dictionary of the English Language(1984),先源于希腊语的phoneticus,后者派生于phonetikos或phōnētikos,其中的phōnē就是“声音”。根据New Webster's Dictionary of the English Language(1971),phonetics这个名词派生于其形容词phonetic(只是转写希腊语词时phōnētikos 的“ē”写成了“e”)。
③如binocular(双筒望远镜)的[ai,?],diplomatic(外交的)[?,i]。
④根据概念的复杂性,其中的“词根+中缀+词根”具有延宕性,如cyst+o+ureter+o+pyel+o+nephr+itis(膀胱输尿管肾盂肾炎),hepat+o+cholangi+o+enter+o+stomy(肝管小肠吻合术)。
⑤也可以看成“词根”,参见5.2。
⑥相当于英语不完全爆破前的短顿,我们还是沿用日语的促音符号“っ”。
侯国金.语用制约/压制假说[J].外语教学与研究,2015a(3).‖Hou,G.-J.Pragma-constraint/Coercion Hypothesis[J].Foreign Language Teaching and Research,2015a(3).
侯国金.词汇—构式语用学[M].北京:国防工业出版社,2015b.‖Hou,G.-J.Lexico-constructional Pragmatics[M].Beijing:National Defense Industry Press,2015b.
侯国金.词汇学和构式语法的语用性及其三个学科过渡[J].外语研究,2015c(5).‖Hou,G.-J.The Pragmaticity of Lexicology and Construction Grammar and the Three Disciplinary Transitions[J].Foreign Languages Research,2015c(5).
侯国金.辞格花径和花径辞格[J].中国外语,2016(1).‖Hou,G.-J.Rhetorical Garden Path Phenomena and GPP-rhetorical Devices[J].Foreign Languages in China,2016(1).
胡壮麟.语言学教程[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2011.‖Hu,Z.-L.Linguistics:A Course Book[M].Beijing:Peking University Press,2011.
李平武.英语词缀与英语派生词 [Z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003.‖Li,P.-W.English Affixes and How to Use Them to Decipher English Derivatives[Z].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2003.
汪榕培卢晓娟.英语词汇学教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2005.‖Wang,R.-P.,Lu,X.-J.A Survey of English Lexicology[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Fo-reign Language Education Press,2005.
王文斌.也谈英语的中缀问题[J].外语与外语教学,2001(9).‖Wang,W.-B.Infix Issues Revisited[J].Foreign Languages and Their Teaching,2001(9).
王文斌.英语词法概论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2005.‖Wang,W.-B.An Introduction to English Morphology[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2005.
武焕丽.从Phonetic中的-et-看英语中缀[J].四川教育学院学报,2010(3).‖Wu,H.-L.Discussion of English Infix from -et in Phonetic[J].Journal of Sichuan College of Education,2010(3).
张吉生.英语中缀[J].外语与外语教学,1998(4).‖Zhang,J.-S.An Analysis of English Infixation[J].Foreign Languages and Their Teaching,1998(4).
张吉生.再谈英语中缀[J].外语与外语教学,2000(5).‖Zhang,J.-S.A Reanalysis of English Infixation[J].Foreign Languages and Their Teaching,2000(5).
章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2013.‖Zhang,Z.-B.A New English Grammar Coursebook[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2013.
赵彦春.英语中缀?[J].外语与外语教学,1999(3).‖Zhao,Y.-C.Reanalysis of English Infixation[J].Fo-reign Languages and Their Teaching,1999(3).
赵彦春.英语中缀问题的再研究[J].山东外语教学,2003(1).‖Zhao,Y.-C.Further Inquiry into “English Infixation”[J].Shandong Foreign Language Teaching,2003(1).
Aronoff,M.Word Formation in Generative Grammar[M].Cambridge:The MIT Press,1976.
Bauer,A.English Word-formation[M].Cambridge:CUP,1983.
Booij,G.The Grammar of Words:An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology[M].Beijing:OUP & Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,2014.
Crystal,D.A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics[Z].Oxford:Blackwell,2008.
Givón,T.The Diachrony of Grammar[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2015.
Hou,G.J.,Feng,M.Garden-Path Phenomena from the Perspective of Lexico-constructional Pragmatics[J].Language Sciences,2017(59).
Jespersen,O.A Modern English Grammar:On Historical Principles[M].Copenhagen:Ejnar Munksgaard,1942.
Katamba,F.,Stonham,J.Morphology[M].New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2006.
McMillan,J.B.Infixing and Interposing in English[J].American Speech,1980(3).
Plag,I.Word-formation in English [M].Cambridge:CUP,2003.
Quirk,R.,Greenbaum,S.,Leech,G.,Svartvik,J.A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language[M].London:Longman,1985.
Robins,R.H.General Linguistics:An Introductory Survey[M].London:Longman,1989.
①下文例词中的英语(等西语)中缀都以斜体加粗的方式呈现。
②这也许是逆生法(back-formation)推理。根据Longman Dictionary of the English Language(1984),先源于希腊语的phoneticus,后者派生于phonetikos或phōnētikos,其中的phōnē就是“声音”。根据New Webster's Dictionary of the English Language(1971),phonetics这个名词派生于其形容词phonetic(只是转写希腊语词时phōnētikos 的“ē”写成了“e”)。
③如binocular(双筒望远镜)的[ai,?],diplomatic(外交的)[?,i]。
④根据概念的复杂性,其中的“词根+中缀+词根”具有延宕性,如cyst+o+ureter+o+pyel+o+nephr+itis(膀胱输尿管肾盂肾炎),hepat+o+cholangi+o+enter+o+stomy(肝管小肠吻合术)。
⑤也可以看成“词根”,参见5.2。
⑥相当于英语不完全爆破前的短顿,我们还是沿用日语的促音符号“っ”。