阿尔泰语系核心成分与从属成分标记的类型学考察
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摘要
核心成分与从属成分的标记是语法关系表现手段之一,阿尔泰语系诸语言核心成分与从属成分在短语、小句和句子等不同层面的标记类型既有共性,又存在差异性,其中领属结构包含三个蕴含等级,附从标记类型:第三人称?第二人称?第一人称,单数?复数;双标记类型:非人称代词?人称代词。
The markers of head components and dependent components is one of the means of grammatical relationship.The mark types of the head and dependent components of different languages such as phrases,clauses and sentences in the Altaic language are examined,the commonalities and differences of marks are summarized,and the differences are analyzed as well.We found that three levels of implication of the subordinate structure,including the dependent-marking type: 3?2?1,SG?PL; double-marking type: non-personal pronoun?personal pronoun.
The markers of head components and dependent components is one of the means of grammatical relationship.The mark types of the head and dependent components of different languages such as phrases,clauses and sentences in the Altaic language are examined,the commonalities and differences of marks are summarized,and the differences are analyzed as well.We found that three levels of implication of the subordinate structure,including the dependent-marking type: 3?2?1,SG?PL; double-marking type: non-personal pronoun?personal pronoun.
引文
[1] Nichols,J.Head-Marking and Dependent-Marking Grammar[J].Language,1986(62).
[2] Comrie.Language Universals and Linguistic Typology[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1989.
[3] Croft. William. Modern Syntactic Typology[A]. Masayoshi Shibatani,Theodora Bynon. Approaches to Language Typology:Past and Present[C].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995.
[4] Haspelmath M.Frequency vs.Iconicity in Explaining Grammatical Asymmetries[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2008(19).
[5] Aissen J.D.Differential Object Marking:Iconicity vs.Economy[J].Natural Language and Linguistic Theory,2003(21).
[6] Comrie,Bernard.Ergativity and Grammatical Relations in Kalaw Lagaw Ya[J].Australian Journal of Linguistics,1981(1).
[7]陆丙甫.从宾格标记的分布看语言类型学的功能分析[J].当代语言学,2001(4).
[8]戴庆厦,汪锋.语言类型学的基本方法与理论框架[M].北京:商务印书馆,2014.
(1)Vennemann(1973)、Lehmann(1973,1978)所提出的“统辖语和被统辖语”理论,也有人翻译为“核心-从属语”。统辖语和被统辖语存在于诸多结构中。
(2)文中考察的阿尔泰语系语言主要包括:突厥语族——维吾尔语、哈萨克语、柯尔克孜语、乌兹别克语、塔塔尔语、撒拉语、西部裕固语、图瓦语和土尔克语;蒙古语族——蒙古语、土族语、达斡尔语、东乡语、保安语、东部裕固语和康家语;满-通古斯语族——满语、锡伯语、鄂温克语、鄂伦春语、赫哲语和朝鲜语。文中所引语料谨遵原文记录,未对之进行国际音标转写。文中例句的标注和缩略语参考了莱比锡(Leipzig)标注系统。
(1)H核心标记,D附从标记,H/D双标记,O无标记。
[2] Comrie.Language Universals and Linguistic Typology[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1989.
[3] Croft. William. Modern Syntactic Typology[A]. Masayoshi Shibatani,Theodora Bynon. Approaches to Language Typology:Past and Present[C].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995.
[4] Haspelmath M.Frequency vs.Iconicity in Explaining Grammatical Asymmetries[J].Cognitive Linguistics,2008(19).
[5] Aissen J.D.Differential Object Marking:Iconicity vs.Economy[J].Natural Language and Linguistic Theory,2003(21).
[6] Comrie,Bernard.Ergativity and Grammatical Relations in Kalaw Lagaw Ya[J].Australian Journal of Linguistics,1981(1).
[7]陆丙甫.从宾格标记的分布看语言类型学的功能分析[J].当代语言学,2001(4).
[8]戴庆厦,汪锋.语言类型学的基本方法与理论框架[M].北京:商务印书馆,2014.
(1)Vennemann(1973)、Lehmann(1973,1978)所提出的“统辖语和被统辖语”理论,也有人翻译为“核心-从属语”。统辖语和被统辖语存在于诸多结构中。
(2)文中考察的阿尔泰语系语言主要包括:突厥语族——维吾尔语、哈萨克语、柯尔克孜语、乌兹别克语、塔塔尔语、撒拉语、西部裕固语、图瓦语和土尔克语;蒙古语族——蒙古语、土族语、达斡尔语、东乡语、保安语、东部裕固语和康家语;满-通古斯语族——满语、锡伯语、鄂温克语、鄂伦春语、赫哲语和朝鲜语。文中所引语料谨遵原文记录,未对之进行国际音标转写。文中例句的标注和缩略语参考了莱比锡(Leipzig)标注系统。
(1)H核心标记,D附从标记,H/D双标记,O无标记。