苏南马尾松林分冠层水文过程对降雨的响应特征
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摘要
【目的】探究不同雨量级、雨强下马尾松林冠截留、树干径流、穿透雨变化的特征与联系,为苏南丘陵区马尾松林的可持续经营管理提供科学依据。【方法】2012年9月到2013年8月,选取34年生马尾松林,使用RG3-M翻斗式自记雨量计、自制树干径流收集装置、集水槽收集降雨、树干径流、穿透雨数据,定位监测马尾松林外降雨、林冠截留量、树干径流、穿透雨,建立并验证Gash模型的适用性。【结果】(1)降雨主要集中在5—8月,林冠截留量、树干径流量、穿透雨量对降雨量有良好的响应,树干径流率和穿透雨率随着降雨强度和降雨等级的增加呈现上升趋势,截留率呈现下降趋势。(2)马尾松林冠截留率最大值出现在最小雨量(<1.0 mm)和<1.0 mm/h雨强范围内,树干径流率最大值出现在中等雨量(≥50 mm)和1.5～2.0 mm/h雨强范围内,穿透雨量最大值出现在最大雨量级(≥50.0 mm)和1.5～2.0 mm/h雨强范围内,结果显示马尾松林林冠水文过程对降雨有较好的响应,降雨强度是影响马尾松林内水文过程的关键因子。(3)通过Gash模型定量分析降雨再分配规律,经过推导和计算相关参数,得到的模拟值与实测值有较好的一致性。【结论】马尾松林林冠部分和树干的持水能力分别为1.21、0.1 mm,形成树干径流的最小降雨量为4.86 mm。本研究可以为马尾松林的截留过程提供较明确和科学的参考。
[Objective] From September 2012 to August 2013, through the monitoring of Pinus massoniana forest by rainfall, canopy interception, trunk runoff, and penetrating rain, exploring the different rainfall levels, rain tightness, masson pine canopy interception, trunk runoff, and the characteristics and linkages of the changes in the rain. This paper aims to provide a scientific basis for the sustainable management of the masson pine forest in the hilly area of southern Jiangsu Province of eastern China. [Method] The 34-yearold Pinus massoniana forest was selected, and the applicability of the Gash model was established and verified using the RG3-M tipping bucket self-recording rain gauge, self-made trunk runoff collection device,collecting sump to collect rainfall, trunk runoff, and penetrating rain data. [Result](1) Rainfall is mainly concentrated in May–August, and there was a significant linear correlation between canopy interception,trunk runoff, penetrating rainfall and rainfall, and trunk flow rate and penetration rate with rainfall intensity and rainfall level. The increase was on the rise, but the interception rate was reversed.(2) The maximum interception rate of Pinus massoniana forest appeared at the minimum rainfall level(< 1.0 mm), the rain intensity was < 1.0 mm/h, and the maximum trunk runoff rate appeared in moderate rainfall(≥ 50 mm) and rain intensity of 1.5-2.0 mm/h and the maximum rainfall penetration occurred in the maximum rainfall level(≥ 50.0 mm) and the rain intensity range of 1.5-2.0 mm/h. The results showed that the hydrological process of Pinus massoniana forest had good response to rainfall and rainfall intensity was a key factor affecting the hydrological process in Pinus massoniana forest.(3) Quantitative analysis of rainfall redistribution law by Gash mode by calculating relevant parameters, the obtained simulated values were in good agreement with the measured values. [Conclusion] The water holding capacity of the canopy part and trunk of Masson pine forest was 1.21 and 0.1 mm, respectively, and the minimum rainfall of trunk runoff was 4.86 mm. This study can provide a clear and scientific reference for the interception process of Pinus massoniana forest, and provide reliable data and theoretical basis for forest ecological hydrological function in the hilly area of southern Jiangsu Province of eastern China.
[Objective] From September 2012 to August 2013, through the monitoring of Pinus massoniana forest by rainfall, canopy interception, trunk runoff, and penetrating rain, exploring the different rainfall levels, rain tightness, masson pine canopy interception, trunk runoff, and the characteristics and linkages of the changes in the rain. This paper aims to provide a scientific basis for the sustainable management of the masson pine forest in the hilly area of southern Jiangsu Province of eastern China. [Method] The 34-yearold Pinus massoniana forest was selected, and the applicability of the Gash model was established and verified using the RG3-M tipping bucket self-recording rain gauge, self-made trunk runoff collection device,collecting sump to collect rainfall, trunk runoff, and penetrating rain data. [Result](1) Rainfall is mainly concentrated in May–August, and there was a significant linear correlation between canopy interception,trunk runoff, penetrating rainfall and rainfall, and trunk flow rate and penetration rate with rainfall intensity and rainfall level. The increase was on the rise, but the interception rate was reversed.(2) The maximum interception rate of Pinus massoniana forest appeared at the minimum rainfall level(< 1.0 mm), the rain intensity was < 1.0 mm/h, and the maximum trunk runoff rate appeared in moderate rainfall(≥ 50 mm) and rain intensity of 1.5-2.0 mm/h and the maximum rainfall penetration occurred in the maximum rainfall level(≥ 50.0 mm) and the rain intensity range of 1.5-2.0 mm/h. The results showed that the hydrological process of Pinus massoniana forest had good response to rainfall and rainfall intensity was a key factor affecting the hydrological process in Pinus massoniana forest.(3) Quantitative analysis of rainfall redistribution law by Gash mode by calculating relevant parameters, the obtained simulated values were in good agreement with the measured values. [Conclusion] The water holding capacity of the canopy part and trunk of Masson pine forest was 1.21 and 0.1 mm, respectively, and the minimum rainfall of trunk runoff was 4.86 mm. This study can provide a clear and scientific reference for the interception process of Pinus massoniana forest, and provide reliable data and theoretical basis for forest ecological hydrological function in the hilly area of southern Jiangsu Province of eastern China.
引文
[1]林海礼.钱塘江源头不同森林林分的水文功能研究[D].临安:浙江林学院,2008.Lin H L.The study on hydrological function of different forest types at the headwaters of QianTang River[D].Lin’an:Zhejiang Forestry University,2008.
[2]陈书军,陈存根,曹田健,等.降雨量级和强度对秦岭油松林林冠截留的影响[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2015,23(1):41-55.Chen S J,Chen C G,Cao T J,et al.Effects of rainfall size class and intensity on canopy interception of Pinus tabulaeformis forest in the Qinling Mountains,China[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2015,23(1):41-55.
[3]李国华,梁文俊.森林对降水再分配研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(15):8568-8569,8586.Li G H,Liang W J.Research progress in the redistribution of rainfall by forest[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(15):8568-8569,8586.
[4]孙忠林,王传宽,王兴昌,等.两种温带落叶阔叶林降雨再分配格局及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2014,34(14):3978-3986.Sun Z L,Wang C K,Wang X C,et al.Rainfall redistribution patterns and their influencing factors of two temperate deciduous forests[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(14):3978-3986.
[5]石磊,盛后财,满秀玲,等.兴安落叶松林降雨再分配及其穿透雨的空间异质性[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,41(2):90-96.Shi L,Sheng H C,Man X L,et al.Rainfall redistribution and the spatial heterogeneity of throughfall in Larix gmelinii forest,northeast China[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2017,41(2):90-96.
[6]赵明扬,孙长忠,康磊.黄土高原油松人工林水文效应的人工神经网络模型[J].西南林业大学学报,2013,33(3):52-55,86.Zhao M Y,Sun C Z,Kang L.Artificial neural network model of the hydrological effects of the Pinus tabulaeformis plantations in Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Southwest Forestry College,2013,33(3):52-55,86.
[7]黄修麟.马尾松细柄阿丁枫异龄复层混交林的水源涵养功能[J].福建林业科技,2011,38(2):22-24.Huang X L.Study on water conservation function of uneven-aged irregular mixed forest of Pinus massoniana[J].Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technoligy,2011,38(2):22-24.
[8]杨丹,杨静,张金池,等.南京城郊毛竹林内外气温及土壤温度特征[J].东北林业大学学报,2017,45(3):68-73.Yan D,Yang J,Zhang J C,et al.Regulating air and soil temperature characteristics of inside and outside Phyllostachys edulis forest Stands in Nanjing Suburbs[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2017,45(3):68-73.
[9]凡国华,韩城,孙永涛,等.长三角地区马尾松林降雨再分配特征[J].西南农业学报,2019,32(2):422-428.Fan G H,Han C,Sun Y T,et al.Rainfall redistribution in Pinus massoniana forest of Yangtze River Delta[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2019,32(2):422-428.
[10]Gash J C.An analytical model of rainfall interception by forests[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1979,105:43-55.
[11]曹云,黄志刚,欧阳志云,等.湖南省张家界马尾松林冠生态水文效应及其影响因素分析[J].林业科学,2006,42(12):13-20.Cao Y,Huang Z G,Ouyang Z Y,et al.Eco-hydrological effect of Pinus massoniana canopy and its influence factors in Zhangjiajie of Hunan Province[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2006,42(12):13-20.
[12]裴承敏,王云琦,张守红,等.重庆缙云山毛竹林次降雨再分配特征及穿透雨的空间异质性[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(05):202-207.Pei X M,Wang Y Q,Zhang S H,et al.Rainfall redistribution and spatial variability of throughfall of a phyllostachys edulis stand in the Jinyun Mountain national nature reserve at Chongqing[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(05):202-207.
[13]Dijk A I J M V,Gash J H,Gorsel E V,et al.Rainfall interception and the coupled surface water and energy balance[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,214-215:402-415.
[14]张学伍,陈云明,王铁梅,等.黄土丘陵区中龄至成熟油松人工林的水文效应动[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(1):93-100.Zhang X W,Chen Y M,Wang T M,et al.Trends of hydrological effects of Pinus tabulaeformis forest from middle age to mature in the loess hilly region[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edtion),2012,40(1):93-100.
[15]Deguchi A,Hattori S,Park H.The influence of seasonal changes in canopy structure on interception loss:application of the revised Gash model[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,318:80-102.
[16]Hewlett J D,Bosch J M.The dependence of storm flows on rainfall intensity and vegetal cover in South Africa[J].Journal of Hydrology,1984,75:365-381.
[17]Llorens P,Poch R,Latron J,et al.Rainfall interception by a Pinus sylventris forest patch overgrown in a Mediterranean mountainous abandoned area.(I):monitoring design and results down to the event scale[J].Journal of Hydrology,1997,199(3/4):331-345.
[18]王艳萍,王力,卫三平.Gash模型在黄土区人工刺槐林冠降雨截留研究中的应用[J].生态学报,2012,32(17):5445-5453.Wang Y P,Wang L,Wei S P.Modeling canopy rainfall interception of a replanted Robinia pseudoacacia forest in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(17):5445-5453.
[19]王馨,张一平,刘文杰.Gash模型在热带季节雨林林冠截留研究中的应用[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):722-729.Wang X,Zhang Y P,Liu W J.Modeling canopy rainfall interception of a tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(3):722-729.
[20]张一平,王馨,王玉杰,等.西双版纳地区热带季节雨林与橡胶林林冠水文效应比较研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2653-2665.Zhang Y P,Wang X,Wang Y J,et al.Comparison research on hydrological effect of the canopy of the tropical seasonal rainforest and rubber forest in Xishuangbanna,Yunnan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(12):2653-2665.
[21]贾永正,胡海波,张家洋.苏南丘陵区毛竹林冠截留降雨分布格局[J].生态学报,2011,31(12):3537-3542.Jia Y Z,Hu H B,Zhang J Y.Canopy interception of rainfall by bamboo plantations growing in the hill areas of southern Jiangsu Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(12):3537-3542.
[22]巩合德,王开运,杨万勤,等.川西亚高山原始云杉林内降雨分配研究[J].林业科学,2005,41(1):198-201.Gong H D,Wang K Y,Yang W Q,et al.Throughfall and stemflow in a primary spruce forest in the subalpine of western Sichuan[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(1):198-201.
[23]何常清,薛建辉,吴永波,等.应用修正的Gash解析模型对岷江上游亚高山川滇高山栎林林冠截留的模拟[J].生态学报,2010,30(5):1125-1132.He C Q,Xue J H,Wu Y B,et al.Rainfall redistribution in subalpine Quercus aquifolioides forest in upper reaches of Minjiang River[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,30(5):1125-1132.
[24]Schellekens J,Scatena F N.Modelling rainfall interction by a lowland tropical rainforest in northeast Puerto Rico[J].Journal of Hydrology,1999,225:168-184.
[25]盛雪娇,王曙光,关德新,等.辽宁东部山区落叶松人工林林冠降雨截留观测及模拟[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(12):3021-3028.Sheng X J,Wang S G,Guan D X,et al.Canopy interception in larch plantations:measurement and modeling in eastern Liaoning mountainous region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(12):3021-3028.
[26]王欢欢.空青山次生栎林生态系统水文特征研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2017.Wang H H.Study on hydrological characteristics of secondary oak forest ecosystem on Kongqing Mountain[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2017.
[2]陈书军,陈存根,曹田健,等.降雨量级和强度对秦岭油松林林冠截留的影响[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2015,23(1):41-55.Chen S J,Chen C G,Cao T J,et al.Effects of rainfall size class and intensity on canopy interception of Pinus tabulaeformis forest in the Qinling Mountains,China[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2015,23(1):41-55.
[3]李国华,梁文俊.森林对降水再分配研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(15):8568-8569,8586.Li G H,Liang W J.Research progress in the redistribution of rainfall by forest[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(15):8568-8569,8586.
[4]孙忠林,王传宽,王兴昌,等.两种温带落叶阔叶林降雨再分配格局及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2014,34(14):3978-3986.Sun Z L,Wang C K,Wang X C,et al.Rainfall redistribution patterns and their influencing factors of two temperate deciduous forests[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(14):3978-3986.
[5]石磊,盛后财,满秀玲,等.兴安落叶松林降雨再分配及其穿透雨的空间异质性[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,41(2):90-96.Shi L,Sheng H C,Man X L,et al.Rainfall redistribution and the spatial heterogeneity of throughfall in Larix gmelinii forest,northeast China[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University(Natural Sciences Edition),2017,41(2):90-96.
[6]赵明扬,孙长忠,康磊.黄土高原油松人工林水文效应的人工神经网络模型[J].西南林业大学学报,2013,33(3):52-55,86.Zhao M Y,Sun C Z,Kang L.Artificial neural network model of the hydrological effects of the Pinus tabulaeformis plantations in Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Southwest Forestry College,2013,33(3):52-55,86.
[7]黄修麟.马尾松细柄阿丁枫异龄复层混交林的水源涵养功能[J].福建林业科技,2011,38(2):22-24.Huang X L.Study on water conservation function of uneven-aged irregular mixed forest of Pinus massoniana[J].Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technoligy,2011,38(2):22-24.
[8]杨丹,杨静,张金池,等.南京城郊毛竹林内外气温及土壤温度特征[J].东北林业大学学报,2017,45(3):68-73.Yan D,Yang J,Zhang J C,et al.Regulating air and soil temperature characteristics of inside and outside Phyllostachys edulis forest Stands in Nanjing Suburbs[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2017,45(3):68-73.
[9]凡国华,韩城,孙永涛,等.长三角地区马尾松林降雨再分配特征[J].西南农业学报,2019,32(2):422-428.Fan G H,Han C,Sun Y T,et al.Rainfall redistribution in Pinus massoniana forest of Yangtze River Delta[J].Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2019,32(2):422-428.
[10]Gash J C.An analytical model of rainfall interception by forests[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1979,105:43-55.
[11]曹云,黄志刚,欧阳志云,等.湖南省张家界马尾松林冠生态水文效应及其影响因素分析[J].林业科学,2006,42(12):13-20.Cao Y,Huang Z G,Ouyang Z Y,et al.Eco-hydrological effect of Pinus massoniana canopy and its influence factors in Zhangjiajie of Hunan Province[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2006,42(12):13-20.
[12]裴承敏,王云琦,张守红,等.重庆缙云山毛竹林次降雨再分配特征及穿透雨的空间异质性[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(05):202-207.Pei X M,Wang Y Q,Zhang S H,et al.Rainfall redistribution and spatial variability of throughfall of a phyllostachys edulis stand in the Jinyun Mountain national nature reserve at Chongqing[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(05):202-207.
[13]Dijk A I J M V,Gash J H,Gorsel E V,et al.Rainfall interception and the coupled surface water and energy balance[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,214-215:402-415.
[14]张学伍,陈云明,王铁梅,等.黄土丘陵区中龄至成熟油松人工林的水文效应动[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(1):93-100.Zhang X W,Chen Y M,Wang T M,et al.Trends of hydrological effects of Pinus tabulaeformis forest from middle age to mature in the loess hilly region[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University(Natural Science Edtion),2012,40(1):93-100.
[15]Deguchi A,Hattori S,Park H.The influence of seasonal changes in canopy structure on interception loss:application of the revised Gash model[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,318:80-102.
[16]Hewlett J D,Bosch J M.The dependence of storm flows on rainfall intensity and vegetal cover in South Africa[J].Journal of Hydrology,1984,75:365-381.
[17]Llorens P,Poch R,Latron J,et al.Rainfall interception by a Pinus sylventris forest patch overgrown in a Mediterranean mountainous abandoned area.(I):monitoring design and results down to the event scale[J].Journal of Hydrology,1997,199(3/4):331-345.
[18]王艳萍,王力,卫三平.Gash模型在黄土区人工刺槐林冠降雨截留研究中的应用[J].生态学报,2012,32(17):5445-5453.Wang Y P,Wang L,Wei S P.Modeling canopy rainfall interception of a replanted Robinia pseudoacacia forest in the Loess Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(17):5445-5453.
[19]王馨,张一平,刘文杰.Gash模型在热带季节雨林林冠截留研究中的应用[J].生态学报,2006,26(3):722-729.Wang X,Zhang Y P,Liu W J.Modeling canopy rainfall interception of a tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(3):722-729.
[20]张一平,王馨,王玉杰,等.西双版纳地区热带季节雨林与橡胶林林冠水文效应比较研究[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2653-2665.Zhang Y P,Wang X,Wang Y J,et al.Comparison research on hydrological effect of the canopy of the tropical seasonal rainforest and rubber forest in Xishuangbanna,Yunnan[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(12):2653-2665.
[21]贾永正,胡海波,张家洋.苏南丘陵区毛竹林冠截留降雨分布格局[J].生态学报,2011,31(12):3537-3542.Jia Y Z,Hu H B,Zhang J Y.Canopy interception of rainfall by bamboo plantations growing in the hill areas of southern Jiangsu Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(12):3537-3542.
[22]巩合德,王开运,杨万勤,等.川西亚高山原始云杉林内降雨分配研究[J].林业科学,2005,41(1):198-201.Gong H D,Wang K Y,Yang W Q,et al.Throughfall and stemflow in a primary spruce forest in the subalpine of western Sichuan[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(1):198-201.
[23]何常清,薛建辉,吴永波,等.应用修正的Gash解析模型对岷江上游亚高山川滇高山栎林林冠截留的模拟[J].生态学报,2010,30(5):1125-1132.He C Q,Xue J H,Wu Y B,et al.Rainfall redistribution in subalpine Quercus aquifolioides forest in upper reaches of Minjiang River[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,30(5):1125-1132.
[24]Schellekens J,Scatena F N.Modelling rainfall interction by a lowland tropical rainforest in northeast Puerto Rico[J].Journal of Hydrology,1999,225:168-184.
[25]盛雪娇,王曙光,关德新,等.辽宁东部山区落叶松人工林林冠降雨截留观测及模拟[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(12):3021-3028.Sheng X J,Wang S G,Guan D X,et al.Canopy interception in larch plantations:measurement and modeling in eastern Liaoning mountainous region[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(12):3021-3028.
[26]王欢欢.空青山次生栎林生态系统水文特征研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2017.Wang H H.Study on hydrological characteristics of secondary oak forest ecosystem on Kongqing Mountain[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2017.