太湖流域稻田对3种低污染水氮的消纳利用及化肥减量效果
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摘要
为探讨稻田对不同低污染水氮的消纳利用效果以及化肥减量潜力,选用生活污水处理尾水、沼液和富营养化河塘水3种来源的低污染水,采用盆栽试验研究稻田直接回用对水稻生长和产量、氮养分吸收、田面水氮径流风险、氨挥发和土壤养分的影响及对化肥减量的贡献。结果表明:(1)3种污染水回用均可保证水稻的正常生长,提高了氮肥利用率,对产量则无显著影响。(2)与清水灌溉相比,3种低污染水回用的田面水总氮浓度在基肥期降低21.6%~48.2%,蘖肥期基本持平,穗肥期及灌浆期则明显提高。(3)3种低污染水回用降低了基肥期和穗肥期的日均氨挥发量,增加了蘖肥期和灌浆期的日均氨挥发量,但稻季氨挥发总量(以N计)差异不明显,为41.58~45.45 kg·hm~(-2)。(4)3种低污染水回用均增加了土壤碱解氮、总磷、有效磷和有机碳含量,以生活污水处理尾水回用最为明显。(5)整个生育期稻田可消纳生活污水处理尾水、富营养化河塘水和沼液4 858~5 441 m~3·hm~(-2),回用的氮量分别为107.1、31.4和132.9 kg·hm~(-2),分别替代化肥用量44.41%、12.83%和55.11%。综合产量以及环境效益,生活污水尾水回用显著提高了氮肥利用率,降低了生育前期的径流损失风险,并具有提升土壤肥力的功效。
A pot experiment was designed to study the potential capacity of paddy fields in reducing fertilizer application rates with the irrigation of 3 kinds of low-polluted wastewater: eutrophied river water( RW),tail water from a domestic sewage treatment plant( DS) and biogas slurry( BS),as well as the effects on the growth and yield of Oryza sativa,N uptake,N loss in field runoff,ammonia volatilization,soil nutrients. Results show that 1) in Treatments BS,DS and RW,the plants all grew normally and yield of the crop was not affected with a higher N uptake efficiency. 2) Compared to Treatment SF( irrigated with tap water),Treatments BS,DS and RW were 21.6%-48.2% lower in concentration of total N in the overlaying surface water during the peiord before tillering. N concentration was more or less the same during the tillering period,and much higher during the panicle fertilization period and the milking period. 3) Treatments BS,DS and RW reduced the daily mean N volatilization during the basal and panicle fertilization periods,but increased the rate during the tillering and milking periods. However,the total ammonia volatilization of the whole growing season did not vary much between treatments and ranged from 41.58 to 45.45 kg·hm~(-2). 4) Soil available N,P,K and organic carbon after harvesting was a bit higher in Treatments BS,DS and RW than in Treatment SF,especially in Treatment DS. 5) Throughout the whole rice growing season,the paddy field could accommodate 4 858-5 441 m~3·hm~(-2)for low polluted water. Treatment DS,RW,and BS removed 107.1,31.4 and 132.9 kg·hm~(-2),respectively,and could reduce the use of chemical N fertilizer by 44.41%,12.83% and 55.11%,respectively. In terms of integrated yield and environmental benefits,Treatment DS significantly increased N fertilizer utilization rate and minimize the risk of N loss with runoff during the early rice growing season,and improved effectiveness of soil fertility of the paddy fields in the Tai Lake Region.
A pot experiment was designed to study the potential capacity of paddy fields in reducing fertilizer application rates with the irrigation of 3 kinds of low-polluted wastewater: eutrophied river water( RW),tail water from a domestic sewage treatment plant( DS) and biogas slurry( BS),as well as the effects on the growth and yield of Oryza sativa,N uptake,N loss in field runoff,ammonia volatilization,soil nutrients. Results show that 1) in Treatments BS,DS and RW,the plants all grew normally and yield of the crop was not affected with a higher N uptake efficiency. 2) Compared to Treatment SF( irrigated with tap water),Treatments BS,DS and RW were 21.6%-48.2% lower in concentration of total N in the overlaying surface water during the peiord before tillering. N concentration was more or less the same during the tillering period,and much higher during the panicle fertilization period and the milking period. 3) Treatments BS,DS and RW reduced the daily mean N volatilization during the basal and panicle fertilization periods,but increased the rate during the tillering and milking periods. However,the total ammonia volatilization of the whole growing season did not vary much between treatments and ranged from 41.58 to 45.45 kg·hm~(-2). 4) Soil available N,P,K and organic carbon after harvesting was a bit higher in Treatments BS,DS and RW than in Treatment SF,especially in Treatment DS. 5) Throughout the whole rice growing season,the paddy field could accommodate 4 858-5 441 m~3·hm~(-2)for low polluted water. Treatment DS,RW,and BS removed 107.1,31.4 and 132.9 kg·hm~(-2),respectively,and could reduce the use of chemical N fertilizer by 44.41%,12.83% and 55.11%,respectively. In terms of integrated yield and environmental benefits,Treatment DS significantly increased N fertilizer utilization rate and minimize the risk of N loss with runoff during the early rice growing season,and improved effectiveness of soil fertility of the paddy fields in the Tai Lake Region.
引文
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[9]薛利红,杨林章.太湖流域稻田湿地对低污染水中氮磷的净化[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(1):117-124.
[10]谢迎新,熊正琴,赵旭,等.富营养化河水灌溉对稻田土壤氮磷养分贡献的影响:以太湖地区黄泥土为例[J].生态学报,2008,28(8):3618-3625.
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[12]TADEDA I,FUKUSHIMA A,TANAKA R.Non-Point Pollutant Reduction in a Paddy-Field Watershed Using a Circular Irrigation System[J].Water Research,1997,31(11):2685-2692.
[13]姜丽娜,王强,陈丁江,等.沼液稻田消解对水稻生产、土壤与环境安全影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(7):1328-1336.
[14]黄红英,曹金留,常志州,等.猪粪沼液施用对稻、麦产量和氮磷吸收的影响[J].土壤,2013,45(3):412-418.
[15]巨晓棠.理论施氮量的改进及验证:兼论确定作物氮肥推荐量的方法[J].土壤学报,2015,52(2):249-261.
[16]苏成国,尹斌,朱兆良,等.稻田氮肥的氨挥发损失与稻季大气氮的湿沉降[J].应用生态学报,2004,14(11):1884-1888.
[17]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[18]李龙山,倪细炉,李志刚,等.5种湿地植物生理生长特性变化及其对污水净化效果的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(8):1625-1632.
[19]袁翠枝,刘经荣,张美良.沼肥配施化肥对稻田生态系统的效应[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(4):236-240.
[20]KWUN S K,YOON C G,CHUNG I M.Feasibility Study of Treated Sewage Irrigation on Paddy Rice Culture[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health(Part A),2001,36(5):807-818.
[21]王文博,陈长青,仇忠启,等.不同沼液施灌量对水稻生长及土壤氮磷平衡的影响[J].作物杂志,2014(3):85-91.
[22]王辉,董元华,张绪美,等.集约化养殖畜禽粪便农用对土壤次生盐渍化的影响评估[J].环境科学,2008,29(1):183-188.
[23]陈黛慈,王继华,关健飞,等.再生水灌溉对土壤理化性质和可培养微生物群落的影响[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(5):1304-1311.
[24]HUBNER U,MIEHE U,JEKEL M.Optimized Removal of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Trace Organic Contaminants During Combined Ozonation and Artificial Groundwater Recharge[J].Water Research,2012,46(18):6059-6068.
[25]陈春瑜,和树庄,胡斌,等.土地利用方式对滇池流域土壤养分时空分布的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(10):2677-2684.
[26]袁俊吉,马永玉,周鑫斌,等.稻田生态系统对污水中无机态氮的消纳[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2009(9):7-14.
[27]CAO Y,TIAN Y,YIN B,et al.Assessment of Ammonia Volatilization From Paddy Fields Under Crop Management Practices Aimed to Increase Grain Yield and N Efficiency[J].Field Crops Research,2013,147:23-31.
[28]乔小珊,张馨蔚,陈玉成,等.沼液灌溉对稻田水环境影响分析[J].中国沼气,2013,31(4):21-26.
[29]俞巧钢,叶静,杨梢娜,等.不同施氮量对单季稻养分吸收及氨挥发损失的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2012,26(4):487-494.
[30]俞映倞,薛利红,杨林章.太湖地区稻田不同氮肥管理模式下氨挥发特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(8):1682-1689.
[31]XU J,PENG S,YANG S,et al.Ammonia Volatilization Losses From a Rice Paddy With Different Irrigation and Nitrogen Managements[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,104:184-192.
[32]曹金留,田光明,任立涛,等.江苏南部地区稻麦两熟土壤中尿素的氨挥发损失[J].南京农业大学学报,2000,23(4):51-54.
[2]常志州,黄红英,靳红梅,等.农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践:氮磷养分循环利用技术[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(10):1901-1907.
[3]杨林章,薛利红,施卫明,等.农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践:案例分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(12):2309-2315.
[4]江苏省人民政府.2010年江苏省环境状况公报[R]∥南京:江苏省人民政府公报,2011:18-32.
[5]孟祥海,张俊飚,李鹏,等.畜牧业环境污染形势与环境治理政策综述[J].生态与农村环境学报,2014,30(1):1-8.
[6]盛婧,孙国峰,郑建初.典型粪污处理模式下规模养猪场农牧结合规模配置研究Ⅰ:固液分离-液体厌氧发酵模式[J].中国生态农业学报,2015(2):199-206.
[7]刘福兴,宋祥甫,邹国燕,等.农村面源污染治理的“4R”理论与工程实践:水环境生态修复技术[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(11):2105-2111.
[8]薛利红,俞映倞,杨林章.太湖流域稻田不同氮肥管理模式下的氮素平衡特征及环境效应评价[J].环境科学,2011,32(4):1133-1138.
[9]薛利红,杨林章.太湖流域稻田湿地对低污染水中氮磷的净化[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(1):117-124.
[10]谢迎新,熊正琴,赵旭,等.富营养化河水灌溉对稻田土壤氮磷养分贡献的影响:以太湖地区黄泥土为例[J].生态学报,2008,28(8):3618-3625.
[11]LI S,LI H,LIANG X,et al.Phosphorus Removal of Rural Wastewater by the Paddy-Rice-Wetland System in Tai Lake Basin[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,171(1):301-308.
[12]TADEDA I,FUKUSHIMA A,TANAKA R.Non-Point Pollutant Reduction in a Paddy-Field Watershed Using a Circular Irrigation System[J].Water Research,1997,31(11):2685-2692.
[13]姜丽娜,王强,陈丁江,等.沼液稻田消解对水稻生产、土壤与环境安全影响研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(7):1328-1336.
[14]黄红英,曹金留,常志州,等.猪粪沼液施用对稻、麦产量和氮磷吸收的影响[J].土壤,2013,45(3):412-418.
[15]巨晓棠.理论施氮量的改进及验证:兼论确定作物氮肥推荐量的方法[J].土壤学报,2015,52(2):249-261.
[16]苏成国,尹斌,朱兆良,等.稻田氮肥的氨挥发损失与稻季大气氮的湿沉降[J].应用生态学报,2004,14(11):1884-1888.
[17]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[18]李龙山,倪细炉,李志刚,等.5种湿地植物生理生长特性变化及其对污水净化效果的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(8):1625-1632.
[19]袁翠枝,刘经荣,张美良.沼肥配施化肥对稻田生态系统的效应[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(4):236-240.
[20]KWUN S K,YOON C G,CHUNG I M.Feasibility Study of Treated Sewage Irrigation on Paddy Rice Culture[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health(Part A),2001,36(5):807-818.
[21]王文博,陈长青,仇忠启,等.不同沼液施灌量对水稻生长及土壤氮磷平衡的影响[J].作物杂志,2014(3):85-91.
[22]王辉,董元华,张绪美,等.集约化养殖畜禽粪便农用对土壤次生盐渍化的影响评估[J].环境科学,2008,29(1):183-188.
[23]陈黛慈,王继华,关健飞,等.再生水灌溉对土壤理化性质和可培养微生物群落的影响[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(5):1304-1311.
[24]HUBNER U,MIEHE U,JEKEL M.Optimized Removal of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Trace Organic Contaminants During Combined Ozonation and Artificial Groundwater Recharge[J].Water Research,2012,46(18):6059-6068.
[25]陈春瑜,和树庄,胡斌,等.土地利用方式对滇池流域土壤养分时空分布的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(10):2677-2684.
[26]袁俊吉,马永玉,周鑫斌,等.稻田生态系统对污水中无机态氮的消纳[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2009(9):7-14.
[27]CAO Y,TIAN Y,YIN B,et al.Assessment of Ammonia Volatilization From Paddy Fields Under Crop Management Practices Aimed to Increase Grain Yield and N Efficiency[J].Field Crops Research,2013,147:23-31.
[28]乔小珊,张馨蔚,陈玉成,等.沼液灌溉对稻田水环境影响分析[J].中国沼气,2013,31(4):21-26.
[29]俞巧钢,叶静,杨梢娜,等.不同施氮量对单季稻养分吸收及氨挥发损失的影响[J].中国水稻科学,2012,26(4):487-494.
[30]俞映倞,薛利红,杨林章.太湖地区稻田不同氮肥管理模式下氨挥发特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(8):1682-1689.
[31]XU J,PENG S,YANG S,et al.Ammonia Volatilization Losses From a Rice Paddy With Different Irrigation and Nitrogen Managements[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,104:184-192.
[32]曹金留,田光明,任立涛,等.江苏南部地区稻麦两熟土壤中尿素的氨挥发损失[J].南京农业大学学报,2000,23(4):51-54.