德国不限速高速公路路面平整度评价方法综述
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摘要
平整度是衡量路面质量、评价行车舒适度的重要指标。德国拥有12.993万km的高速公路,其中约2/3的路段没有速度限制,因此德国交通管理部门对路面的功能性和安全性提出了极高的要求。针对上述课题,首先介绍中国"超级公路"的建设背景和需求,强调德国路面的平整度指标对中国道路建设的重要借鉴意义;然后回顾国内外道路平整度的评价和预测等研究手段与方法,介绍德国基于功率谱密度曲线的平均不平整指数(AUN),分析将功率谱密度曲线转化为高度-波长曲线的优点,叙述考虑人车振动反应的有效平整度指数(LWI),简述加权纵断面评价方法(WLP)的思路和步骤;最后总结德国路面平整度评价体系的发展趋势和对于中国道路平整度研究的借鉴与应用前景。
Pavement evenness is a vital indicator for evaluating pavement performance. An excellent pavement surface can contribute to vehicle comfort, extending the life of both the vehicle and pavement. The traffic mileage of Germany has increased to 120993 km, ranking at the fourth place globally. Two-thirds of the pavement system in Germany has no driving speed limitations, owing to strict norms from German transportation department on pavement performance and traffic security. This paper first discusses the concept of "Super Highway", giving its background and the need for it. Then, different aspects of the indicator academic research and the methodology of predicting and evaluating pavement roughness are summarized. Next the pavement roughness indicators are systematically introduced, including Average Unevenness Index(AUN) with target value, warning value, and threshold value. The advantages of transferring the Power Spectral Density(PSD) into Height-Wavelength Index are also analyzed. Considering the dynamic effects of passengers and vehicles, the Effective Evenness Index(LWI) and Weighted Longitudinal Profile(WLP) are also presented along with their design intensions and associated procedures. Finally, the potential values of pavement roughness indicators from Germany are summarized to stimulate the development of pavement roughness research in China.
Pavement evenness is a vital indicator for evaluating pavement performance. An excellent pavement surface can contribute to vehicle comfort, extending the life of both the vehicle and pavement. The traffic mileage of Germany has increased to 120993 km, ranking at the fourth place globally. Two-thirds of the pavement system in Germany has no driving speed limitations, owing to strict norms from German transportation department on pavement performance and traffic security. This paper first discusses the concept of "Super Highway", giving its background and the need for it. Then, different aspects of the indicator academic research and the methodology of predicting and evaluating pavement roughness are summarized. Next the pavement roughness indicators are systematically introduced, including Average Unevenness Index(AUN) with target value, warning value, and threshold value. The advantages of transferring the Power Spectral Density(PSD) into Height-Wavelength Index are also analyzed. Considering the dynamic effects of passengers and vehicles, the Effective Evenness Index(LWI) and Weighted Longitudinal Profile(WLP) are also presented along with their design intensions and associated procedures. Finally, the potential values of pavement roughness indicators from Germany are summarized to stimulate the development of pavement roughness research in China.
引文
[1] 刘云,钱振东.路面平整度及车辆振动模型的研究综述[J].公路交通科技,2008,25(1):51-57.LIU Yun,QIAN Zhen-dong.Summary of Research on Pavement Flatness and Vehicle Vibration Model [J].Highway Transportation Technology,2008,25 (1):51-57.
[2] 盛灿花.路面平整度特性研究[D].长沙:湖南大学,2005.SHENG Can-hua.Research on Pavement Flatness Characteristics [D].Changsha:Hunan University,2005.
[3] PRASAD J R,KANUGANTI S,BHANEGAONKAR P N,et al.Development of Relationship Between Roughness (IRI) and Visible Surface Distresses:A Study on PMGSY Roads [J].Procedia - Social and Behavioral Science,2013,104:322-331.
[4] SANDRA A K,SARKAR A K.Development of Model for Estimating International Roughness Index from Pavement Distresses [J].International Journal of Pavement Engineering,2013,14 (8):715-724.
[5] 马蓉蓉.基于加权纵断面的路面平整度评价方法研究[D].南京:东南大学,2015.MA Rong-rong.Research on Pavement Flatness Evaluation Method Based on Weighted Longitudinal Section [D].Nanjing:Southeast University,2015.
[6] 苏世毅.考虑路面平整度因素的车辆-道路耦合系统动力特性分析[D].重庆:重庆交通大学,2008.SU Shi-yi.Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Vehicle-road Coupling System Considering Road Surface Flatness Factor [D].Chongqing:Chongqing Jiaotong University,2008.
[7] 王永良,张永平,张洪亮,等.沥青路面平整度评价指标研究综述[J].市政技术,2014,32(2):26-29.WANG Yong-liang,ZHANG Yong-ping,ZHANG Hong-liang,et al.Summary of Research on Evaluation Index of Asphalt Pavement Flatness [J].Municipal Technology,2014,32 (2):26-29.
[8] German Federal State Government Statistics.Transport and Traffic [DB/OL] (2018-08-01) [2019-03-25].http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/de_jb16_jahrtab36.asp.
[9] 史亭诺爱尔B.路面平整度评价体系及其工程应用研究报告[R].南京:东南大学,2005.STEINAUER B.Pavement Flatness Evaluation System and Its Engineering Application Research Report [R].Nanjing:Southeast University,2005.
[10] 梁学荣.基于真实路形的行车舒适性分析[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.LIANG Xue-rong.Analysis of Driving Comfort Based on Real Road Shape [D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2007.
[11] 张金喜,苏蕊葳.路面平整度与驾驶速度关系的试验研究[J].武汉理工大学学报,2011,33(10):59-63.ZHANG Jin-xi,SU Rui-wei.Experimental Research on Relationship Between Pavement Smoothness and Driving Speed [J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology,2011,33 (10):59-63.
[12] ZHANG J,DU Y,SU R.Investigating the Relationship Between Pavement Roughness and Heart-rate Variability by Road Driving Test [C] // TRB.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Road Safety and Simulation.Washington DC:TRB,2011,14-16.
[13] 张金喜,杜艳花.基于乘客感受的沥青路面平整度评价方法[J].北京工业大学学报,2013,39(2):257-262.ZHANG Jin-xi,DU Yan-hua.Evaluation Method of Asphalt Pavement Flatness Based on Passengers’ Feelings [J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2013,39 (2):257-262.
[14] WANG S,ZHANG J,YANG Z.Experiment on Asphalt Pavement Roughness Evaluation Based on Passengers’ Physiological and Psychological Reaction [C] // Chinese Overseas Transportation Association.International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals.Nanjing:Chinese Overseas Transportation Association,2010:3852-3863.
[15] 吴庆雄,陈宝春,奚灵智.路面平整度PSD和IRI评价方法比较[J].交通运输工程学报,2008,8(1):36-41.WU Qing-xiong,CHEN Bao-chun,XI Ling-zhi.Comparison of PSD and IRI Evaluation Methods for Pavement Flatness [J].Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2008,8 (1):36-41.
[16] 宋一凡,陈榕峰.基于路面不平整度的车辆振动响应分析方法[J].交通运输工程学报,2007,7(4):39-43.SONG Yi-fan,CHEN Rong-feng.Vehicle Vibration Response Analysis Method Based on Road Surface Roughness [J].Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2007,7 (4):39-43.
[17] STEINAUER B.Approaches for a Three-dimensional Assessment of Road Evenness Data Based on Three-dimensional Vehicle [C] // University of Science and Technology Beijing.Proceedings of the Transportation Research Congress 2017.Beijing:University of Science and Technology Beijing,2017:1-36.
[18] UECKERMANN A,STEINAUER B.The Weighted Longitudinal Profile [J].Road Materials and Pavement Design,2008,9 (2):135-157.
[19] 张峰.公路工程中的平整度评价指标[J].公路与汽运,2004(2):42-44.ZHANG Feng.Evaluation Index of Flatness in Highway Engineering [J].Highway and Motor Transport,2004 (2):42-44.
[20] UECKERMANN A,OESER M.Approaches for a 3D Assessment of Pavement Evenness Data Based on 3D Vehicle Models [J].Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2015,2 (2):68-80.
[21] TERZI S.Modeling for Pavement Roughness Using the ANFIS Approach [J].Advances in Engineering Software,2013,57:59-64.
[22] 李志刚,邓学钧.高速公路行驶质量评价指标FRN的探讨[J].公路交通科技,2000,17(4):13-14.LI Zhi-gang,DENG Xue-jun.Discussion on the Evaluation Index of Expressway Driving Quality FRN [J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2000,17 (4):13-14.
[23] 王超逸.基于多重分型特征的道路平整度评价研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2012.WANG Chao-yi.Research on Road Flatness Evaluation Based on Multi-typing Characteristics [D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2012.
[24] 单丽岩,侯相深,马松林.行车舒适度路面不平度评价标准[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2008,40(6):935-938.SHAN Li-yan,HOU Xiang-shen,MA Song-lin.Evaluation Criteria for Road Roughness in Driving Comfort [J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2008,40 (6):935-938.
[25] 刘刚.数字路面模型的建立及其任意轨迹特征参数的提取[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2010.LIU Gang.The Establishment of Digital Pavement Model and the Extraction of Arbitrary Trajectory Feature Parameters [D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2010.
[26] 赵济海,王哲人,王朝雳.路面不平度的测量分析与应用[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2000.ZHAO Ji-hai,WANG Zhe-ren,WANG Chao-li.Measurement and Application of Road Roughness [M].Beijing:Beijing Institute of Technology Press,2000
[27] KARGAH-OSTADI N,STOFFELS S M,TABATABAEE N.Network-level Pavement Roughness Prediction Model for Rehabilitation Recommendations [J].Transportation Research Record,2010,2155 (1):124-133.
[28] 马荣贵,宋宏勋,来旭光.激光路面平整度检测系统[J].长安大学学报:自然科学版,2006,26(2):38-41.MA Rong-gui,SONG Hong-xun,LAI Xu-guang.Laser Pavement Flatness Detection System [J].Journal of Chang’an University:Natural Science Edition,2006,26 (2):38-41.
[29] 于仁杰.路面平整度评价与分析技术研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.YU Ren-jie.Research on Pavement Flatness Evaluation and Analysis Technology [D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2007.
[30] CHEN X H,WANG D W.Fractural and Spectral Analysis of Aggregates Surface Profile in Polishing Process [J].Wear,2011,271 (11/12):2746-2750.
[31] 杜二鹏,马松林,景海民.基于灰色系统理论的沥青路面使用性能预测[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2010,38(8):1161-1164.DU Er-peng,MA Song-lin,JING Hai-min.Prediction of Asphalt Pavement Performance Based on Grey System Theory [J].Journal of Tongji University:Natural Science,2010,38 (8):1161-1164.
[32] 李莉娟.基于预防性养护的山区高等级公路路面使用性能预测和养护决策研究[D].重庆:重庆交通大学,2012.LI Li-juan.Research on Usability Prediction and Maintenance Decision of the High Grade Highway Pavement in the Mountainous Area Based on Preventive Maintenance [D].Chongqing:Chongqing Jiaotong University,2012.
[33] 周文献,孙立军.基于遗传神经网络的水泥混凝土路面使用性能预测[J].计算机应用,2005,25:280-281.ZHOU Wen-xian,SUN Li-jun.Prediction of Performance of Cement Concrete Pavement Based on Genetic Neural Network [J].Journal of Computer Applications,2005,25:280-281.
[34] 倪富健,方昱,薛志敏.时间序列在路面平整度预测中的应用[J].东南大学学报:自然科学版.2006,34(4):634-637.NI Fu-jian,FANG Yu,XUE Zhi-min.Application of Time Series in Prediction of Road Surface Flatness [J].Journal of Southeast University:Natural Science Edition.2006,34 (4):634-637.
[35] BANDARA N,GUNARATNE M.Current and Future Pavement Maintenance Prioritization Based on Rapid Visual Condition Evaluation [J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,2001,127 (2):116-123.
[36] 王爽,黄晓明,朱湘.应用神经网络-时间序列预测路面平整度[J].现代交通技术,2007,4(3):8-11.WANG Shuang,HUANG Xiao-ming,ZHU Xiang.Application of Neural Network-time Series to Predict Road Surface Flatness [J].Modern Transportation Technology,2007,4 (3):8-11.
[37] 杨亮.遗传算法在路面管理系统中的应用研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2008.YANG Liang.Application of Genetic Algorithm in Pavement Management System [D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2008.
[38] STEINAUER B.Methods Developed at the ISAC in the Past Decade [C] // LENG Z,WANG Y.Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Road and Airfield Pavement Technology.Hong Kong:Hong Kong Polytechnic University,2017:708-742.
[39] SUN L.Simulation of Pavement Roughness and IRI Based on Power Spectral Density [J].Mathematics and Computers in Simulation,2003,61 (2):77-88.
[2] 盛灿花.路面平整度特性研究[D].长沙:湖南大学,2005.SHENG Can-hua.Research on Pavement Flatness Characteristics [D].Changsha:Hunan University,2005.
[3] PRASAD J R,KANUGANTI S,BHANEGAONKAR P N,et al.Development of Relationship Between Roughness (IRI) and Visible Surface Distresses:A Study on PMGSY Roads [J].Procedia - Social and Behavioral Science,2013,104:322-331.
[4] SANDRA A K,SARKAR A K.Development of Model for Estimating International Roughness Index from Pavement Distresses [J].International Journal of Pavement Engineering,2013,14 (8):715-724.
[5] 马蓉蓉.基于加权纵断面的路面平整度评价方法研究[D].南京:东南大学,2015.MA Rong-rong.Research on Pavement Flatness Evaluation Method Based on Weighted Longitudinal Section [D].Nanjing:Southeast University,2015.
[6] 苏世毅.考虑路面平整度因素的车辆-道路耦合系统动力特性分析[D].重庆:重庆交通大学,2008.SU Shi-yi.Dynamic Characteristics Analysis of Vehicle-road Coupling System Considering Road Surface Flatness Factor [D].Chongqing:Chongqing Jiaotong University,2008.
[7] 王永良,张永平,张洪亮,等.沥青路面平整度评价指标研究综述[J].市政技术,2014,32(2):26-29.WANG Yong-liang,ZHANG Yong-ping,ZHANG Hong-liang,et al.Summary of Research on Evaluation Index of Asphalt Pavement Flatness [J].Municipal Technology,2014,32 (2):26-29.
[8] German Federal State Government Statistics.Transport and Traffic [DB/OL] (2018-08-01) [2019-03-25].http://www.statistik-portal.de/Statistik-Portal/de_jb16_jahrtab36.asp.
[9] 史亭诺爱尔B.路面平整度评价体系及其工程应用研究报告[R].南京:东南大学,2005.STEINAUER B.Pavement Flatness Evaluation System and Its Engineering Application Research Report [R].Nanjing:Southeast University,2005.
[10] 梁学荣.基于真实路形的行车舒适性分析[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.LIANG Xue-rong.Analysis of Driving Comfort Based on Real Road Shape [D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2007.
[11] 张金喜,苏蕊葳.路面平整度与驾驶速度关系的试验研究[J].武汉理工大学学报,2011,33(10):59-63.ZHANG Jin-xi,SU Rui-wei.Experimental Research on Relationship Between Pavement Smoothness and Driving Speed [J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology,2011,33 (10):59-63.
[12] ZHANG J,DU Y,SU R.Investigating the Relationship Between Pavement Roughness and Heart-rate Variability by Road Driving Test [C] // TRB.Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Road Safety and Simulation.Washington DC:TRB,2011,14-16.
[13] 张金喜,杜艳花.基于乘客感受的沥青路面平整度评价方法[J].北京工业大学学报,2013,39(2):257-262.ZHANG Jin-xi,DU Yan-hua.Evaluation Method of Asphalt Pavement Flatness Based on Passengers’ Feelings [J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology,2013,39 (2):257-262.
[14] WANG S,ZHANG J,YANG Z.Experiment on Asphalt Pavement Roughness Evaluation Based on Passengers’ Physiological and Psychological Reaction [C] // Chinese Overseas Transportation Association.International Conference of Chinese Transportation Professionals.Nanjing:Chinese Overseas Transportation Association,2010:3852-3863.
[15] 吴庆雄,陈宝春,奚灵智.路面平整度PSD和IRI评价方法比较[J].交通运输工程学报,2008,8(1):36-41.WU Qing-xiong,CHEN Bao-chun,XI Ling-zhi.Comparison of PSD and IRI Evaluation Methods for Pavement Flatness [J].Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2008,8 (1):36-41.
[16] 宋一凡,陈榕峰.基于路面不平整度的车辆振动响应分析方法[J].交通运输工程学报,2007,7(4):39-43.SONG Yi-fan,CHEN Rong-feng.Vehicle Vibration Response Analysis Method Based on Road Surface Roughness [J].Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2007,7 (4):39-43.
[17] STEINAUER B.Approaches for a Three-dimensional Assessment of Road Evenness Data Based on Three-dimensional Vehicle [C] // University of Science and Technology Beijing.Proceedings of the Transportation Research Congress 2017.Beijing:University of Science and Technology Beijing,2017:1-36.
[18] UECKERMANN A,STEINAUER B.The Weighted Longitudinal Profile [J].Road Materials and Pavement Design,2008,9 (2):135-157.
[19] 张峰.公路工程中的平整度评价指标[J].公路与汽运,2004(2):42-44.ZHANG Feng.Evaluation Index of Flatness in Highway Engineering [J].Highway and Motor Transport,2004 (2):42-44.
[20] UECKERMANN A,OESER M.Approaches for a 3D Assessment of Pavement Evenness Data Based on 3D Vehicle Models [J].Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2015,2 (2):68-80.
[21] TERZI S.Modeling for Pavement Roughness Using the ANFIS Approach [J].Advances in Engineering Software,2013,57:59-64.
[22] 李志刚,邓学钧.高速公路行驶质量评价指标FRN的探讨[J].公路交通科技,2000,17(4):13-14.LI Zhi-gang,DENG Xue-jun.Discussion on the Evaluation Index of Expressway Driving Quality FRN [J].Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development,2000,17 (4):13-14.
[23] 王超逸.基于多重分型特征的道路平整度评价研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2012.WANG Chao-yi.Research on Road Flatness Evaluation Based on Multi-typing Characteristics [D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2012.
[24] 单丽岩,侯相深,马松林.行车舒适度路面不平度评价标准[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2008,40(6):935-938.SHAN Li-yan,HOU Xiang-shen,MA Song-lin.Evaluation Criteria for Road Roughness in Driving Comfort [J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2008,40 (6):935-938.
[25] 刘刚.数字路面模型的建立及其任意轨迹特征参数的提取[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2010.LIU Gang.The Establishment of Digital Pavement Model and the Extraction of Arbitrary Trajectory Feature Parameters [D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2010.
[26] 赵济海,王哲人,王朝雳.路面不平度的测量分析与应用[M].北京:北京理工大学出版社,2000.ZHAO Ji-hai,WANG Zhe-ren,WANG Chao-li.Measurement and Application of Road Roughness [M].Beijing:Beijing Institute of Technology Press,2000
[27] KARGAH-OSTADI N,STOFFELS S M,TABATABAEE N.Network-level Pavement Roughness Prediction Model for Rehabilitation Recommendations [J].Transportation Research Record,2010,2155 (1):124-133.
[28] 马荣贵,宋宏勋,来旭光.激光路面平整度检测系统[J].长安大学学报:自然科学版,2006,26(2):38-41.MA Rong-gui,SONG Hong-xun,LAI Xu-guang.Laser Pavement Flatness Detection System [J].Journal of Chang’an University:Natural Science Edition,2006,26 (2):38-41.
[29] 于仁杰.路面平整度评价与分析技术研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.YU Ren-jie.Research on Pavement Flatness Evaluation and Analysis Technology [D].Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2007.
[30] CHEN X H,WANG D W.Fractural and Spectral Analysis of Aggregates Surface Profile in Polishing Process [J].Wear,2011,271 (11/12):2746-2750.
[31] 杜二鹏,马松林,景海民.基于灰色系统理论的沥青路面使用性能预测[J].同济大学学报:自然科学版,2010,38(8):1161-1164.DU Er-peng,MA Song-lin,JING Hai-min.Prediction of Asphalt Pavement Performance Based on Grey System Theory [J].Journal of Tongji University:Natural Science,2010,38 (8):1161-1164.
[32] 李莉娟.基于预防性养护的山区高等级公路路面使用性能预测和养护决策研究[D].重庆:重庆交通大学,2012.LI Li-juan.Research on Usability Prediction and Maintenance Decision of the High Grade Highway Pavement in the Mountainous Area Based on Preventive Maintenance [D].Chongqing:Chongqing Jiaotong University,2012.
[33] 周文献,孙立军.基于遗传神经网络的水泥混凝土路面使用性能预测[J].计算机应用,2005,25:280-281.ZHOU Wen-xian,SUN Li-jun.Prediction of Performance of Cement Concrete Pavement Based on Genetic Neural Network [J].Journal of Computer Applications,2005,25:280-281.
[34] 倪富健,方昱,薛志敏.时间序列在路面平整度预测中的应用[J].东南大学学报:自然科学版.2006,34(4):634-637.NI Fu-jian,FANG Yu,XUE Zhi-min.Application of Time Series in Prediction of Road Surface Flatness [J].Journal of Southeast University:Natural Science Edition.2006,34 (4):634-637.
[35] BANDARA N,GUNARATNE M.Current and Future Pavement Maintenance Prioritization Based on Rapid Visual Condition Evaluation [J].Journal of Transportation Engineering,2001,127 (2):116-123.
[36] 王爽,黄晓明,朱湘.应用神经网络-时间序列预测路面平整度[J].现代交通技术,2007,4(3):8-11.WANG Shuang,HUANG Xiao-ming,ZHU Xiang.Application of Neural Network-time Series to Predict Road Surface Flatness [J].Modern Transportation Technology,2007,4 (3):8-11.
[37] 杨亮.遗传算法在路面管理系统中的应用研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2008.YANG Liang.Application of Genetic Algorithm in Pavement Management System [D].Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University,2008.
[38] STEINAUER B.Methods Developed at the ISAC in the Past Decade [C] // LENG Z,WANG Y.Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Road and Airfield Pavement Technology.Hong Kong:Hong Kong Polytechnic University,2017:708-742.
[39] SUN L.Simulation of Pavement Roughness and IRI Based on Power Spectral Density [J].Mathematics and Computers in Simulation,2003,61 (2):77-88.