断奶日龄和日粮营养水平对4～6月龄陕北白绒山羊消化代谢的影响
|
摘要
旨在研究断奶日龄和日粮营养水平对4～6月龄陕北白绒山羊主要营养物质消化代谢的影响。本研究选取54日龄左右的陕北白绒山羊羔羊54只(平均体重(10.73±1.03)kg),随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复3只羊。试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组山羊饲喂标准日粮,断奶日龄分别为90、75、60d。试验Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组山羊的断奶日龄均为60d,分别饲喂消化能和粗蛋白水平为标准日粮85%、115%、130%的试验日粮。试验期180d,饲养试验测定羔羊体重和采食量。分别于114～120、144～150、174～180日龄从每个重复中随机挑选1只羊(共18只羊),进行3期消化代谢试验,采集饲料和粪尿样品,测定主要营养物质表观消化率、能量和氮的利用率。结果表明:1)Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组断奶羔羊平均日增重分别为95.97、104.58、108.75g·d-1,Ⅲ组显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅱ和Ⅲ组的干物质采食量显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.01)。2)Ⅴ组4～6月龄断奶羔羊的食入能、消化能、代谢能、消化氮、沉积氮和氮表观沉积率显著提高(P<0.05)。3)4～6月龄断奶羔羊的日增重和干物质采食量随日粮营养水平的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势(P<0.05)。4)日粮营养水平显著影响DM、EE、NDF、ADF、Ca、P、N、能量的消化代谢率(P<0.05)。5)除干物质外,EE、NDF、ADF、Ca、P、N、能量的消化代谢率随着月龄的增加呈上升趋势。本试验条件下,就陕北白绒山羊断奶羔羊生长性能而言,60日龄断奶最佳;就4～6月龄断奶羔羊整体营养平衡和消化代谢而言,日粮能蛋水平按现行饲养标准的1.15倍设置为宜。
This study aimed to investigate the effects of weaning age and dietary nutrition levels on the digestion and metabolism of major nutrients of Shaanbei White Cashmere goats aged from 4 to 6 months old.In the experiment,fifty-four female Shaanbei White Cashmere goats aged 54 days old(average body weight was(10.73±1.03)kg) were selected and randomly assigned to 6 groups,with 3 replicates per group and 3 for each replicate.Goats in group Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲwere fed standard diets,and the weaning age was 90,75 and 60d,respectively.Goats in group Ⅳ,Ⅴ and Ⅵ were all weaned at 60 d,and the energy and protein levels of their diet were 85%,115%and130% of the standard diet,respectively.The experiment lasted for 180 days.Three digestion and metabolism trails were conducted at the age of 114-120,144-150,174-180 d,respectively.One goat(a total of 18 goats)was randomly selected from each replicate for a 3-phase digestion andmetabolism test.Samples of feed,feces and urine were collected for measuring the apparent digestibility of main nutrients and the utilization rate of energy and nitrogen.The results showed that:1)The average daily gain of weaned lambs in the group Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were 95.97,104.58and108.75g·d-1,respectively,and the value of group Ⅲwas significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ(P<0.05).The dry matter intake of goats in the group Ⅱ and Ⅲwas significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ(P<0.01).2)The intake energy,digestive energy,metabolic energy,digestible nitrogen,retention nitrogen and the apparent retention rate of nitrogen of 4-6months old weaned lambs were significantly increased in the group Ⅴ(P<0.05).3)The dry matter intake and the average daily gain of 4-6months old weaned lambs increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of dietary nutrient levels(P<0.05).4)The dietary nutrition levels significantly affected the digestion and metabolism of DM,EE,NDF,ADF,Ca,P,N and energy(P<0.05).5)Except for DM,the digestive and metabolic rates of EE,NDF,ADF,Ca,P,N and energy increased with the increasing age.In this study,lambs of Shaanbei White Cashmere goats weaning at 60 dhad the best growth performance.As for the overall nutritional balance and the digestion and metabolism levels of 4-6 months old weaned lambs,the optimal dietary energy and protein level is recommended to be 1.15 times higher than that of the current standard diet.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of weaning age and dietary nutrition levels on the digestion and metabolism of major nutrients of Shaanbei White Cashmere goats aged from 4 to 6 months old.In the experiment,fifty-four female Shaanbei White Cashmere goats aged 54 days old(average body weight was(10.73±1.03)kg) were selected and randomly assigned to 6 groups,with 3 replicates per group and 3 for each replicate.Goats in group Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲwere fed standard diets,and the weaning age was 90,75 and 60d,respectively.Goats in group Ⅳ,Ⅴ and Ⅵ were all weaned at 60 d,and the energy and protein levels of their diet were 85%,115%and130% of the standard diet,respectively.The experiment lasted for 180 days.Three digestion and metabolism trails were conducted at the age of 114-120,144-150,174-180 d,respectively.One goat(a total of 18 goats)was randomly selected from each replicate for a 3-phase digestion andmetabolism test.Samples of feed,feces and urine were collected for measuring the apparent digestibility of main nutrients and the utilization rate of energy and nitrogen.The results showed that:1)The average daily gain of weaned lambs in the group Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were 95.97,104.58and108.75g·d-1,respectively,and the value of group Ⅲwas significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ(P<0.05).The dry matter intake of goats in the group Ⅱ and Ⅲwas significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ(P<0.01).2)The intake energy,digestive energy,metabolic energy,digestible nitrogen,retention nitrogen and the apparent retention rate of nitrogen of 4-6months old weaned lambs were significantly increased in the group Ⅴ(P<0.05).3)The dry matter intake and the average daily gain of 4-6months old weaned lambs increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of dietary nutrient levels(P<0.05).4)The dietary nutrition levels significantly affected the digestion and metabolism of DM,EE,NDF,ADF,Ca,P,N and energy(P<0.05).5)Except for DM,the digestive and metabolic rates of EE,NDF,ADF,Ca,P,N and energy increased with the increasing age.In this study,lambs of Shaanbei White Cashmere goats weaning at 60 dhad the best growth performance.As for the overall nutritional balance and the digestion and metabolism levels of 4-6 months old weaned lambs,the optimal dietary energy and protein level is recommended to be 1.15 times higher than that of the current standard diet.
引文
[1]包斯琴高娃,荷花,闫素梅.舍饲与放牧育肥对绒山羊成年母羊育肥和屠宰性能的影响[J].饲料工业,2018,39(1):41-45.BAO S Q G W,HE H,YAN S M.Effects of house feeding and grazing feeding on fattening performance and slaughter performance of adult female cashmere goats[J].Feed Industry,2018,39(1):41-45.(in Chinese)
[2]YUSUF A L,ADEYEMI K D,SAMSUDIN A A,et al.Effects of dietary supplementation of leaves and whole plant of Andrographis paniculata on rumen fermentation,fatty acid composition and microbiota in goats[J].BMC Vet Res,2017,13:349.
[3]王尧悦,赵钊艳,王兴涛,等.日粮营养水平对150~180日龄滩羊瘤胃相关微生物菌群数量、pH和VFA含量的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2016,47(10):2060-2070.WANG Y Y,ZHAO Z Y,WANG X T,et al.Effect of dietary nutrient levels on the number of related microbes,pH and VFA levels in rumen of Tan sheep aged from 150to 180days[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2016,47(10):2060-2070.(in Chinese)
[4]孙杰.羊实施早期断奶的意义和方法[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2018(1):63-64.SUN J.The significance and methods of Lambs'early weaning[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2018(1):63-64.(in Chinese)
[5]高晔,李碧波,黄帅,等.陕北白绒山羊羯羊能量和蛋白质需要量[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(3):720-730.GAO Y,LI B B,HUANG S,et al.Energy and protein requirements of Shanbei white cashmere wether goats[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2016,28(3):720-730.(in Chinese)
[6]黄帅,朱海鲸,史雷,等.能量水平对生长期陕北白绒山羊生长性能及营养物质消化代谢的影响[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(12):3931-3939.HUANG S,ZHU H J,SHI L,et al.Effects of energy level on growth performance and nutrient digestion and metabolism of Shanbei white cashmere goats during growth period[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015,27(12):3931-3939.(in Chinese)
[7]National Research Council.Nutrient requirements of small ruminants:sheep,goats,cervids,and new world camelids[M].Washington,DC:National Academies Press,2007.
[8]唐鹏,王尧悦,王国军,等.饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对陕北白绒山羊生长性能、血清生化指标、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(6):2194-2201.TANG P,WANG Y Y,WANG G J,et al.Effects of dietary energy and protein levels on growth performance,serum biochemical indices,slaughter performance and meat quality of Shanbei white cashmere goats[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2018,30(6):2194-2201.(in Chinese)
[9]BLAXTER K L,CLAPPERTOW J L.Prediction of the amount of methane produced by ruminants[J].Br J Nutr,1965,19:511-522.
[10]李思敏,张磊,郭春华,等.早期断奶对羔羊生产性能和母羊繁殖性能的影响[J].饲料工业,2014,35(11):47-50.LI S M,ZHANG L,GUO C H,et al.Effects of early weaning performance of lambs and ewes on reproductive performance[J].Feed Industry,2014,35(11):47-50.(in Chinese)
[11]王彩莲,宫旭胤,潘发明,等.断奶日龄对羔羊生长发育的影响[J].中国草食动物科学,2018,38(3):24-29.WANG C L,GONG X Y,PAN F M,et al.Effect of weaning age on growth and development of lambs[J].China Herbivore Science,2018,38(3):24-29.(in Chinese)
[12]崔祥,刁其玉,张乃锋,等.日粮能量水平对断奶犊牛生长性能及营养物质消化代谢的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2014,45(11):1815-1823.CUI X,DIAO Q Y,ZHANG N F,et al.Effects of dietary energy levels on growth performance,digestion and metabolism of nutrients of weaned heifers[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2014,45(11):1815-1823.(in Chinese)
[13]柴建民,王海超,刁其玉,等.断奶时间对羔羊生长性能和器官发育及血清学指标的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(24):4979-4988.CHAI J M,WANG H C,DIAO Q Y,et al.Effects of weaning stress on growth performance,organ development and serological parameters in lambs[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(24):4979-4988.(in Chinese)
[14]ZHONG R Z,SUN H X,LI G D,et al.Effects of inoculation with rumen fluid on nutrient digestibility,growth performance and rumen fermentation of early weaned lambs[J].Livest Sci,2014,162:154-158.
[15]郭江鹏,潘建忠,李发弟,等.不同早期断奶日龄对舍饲肉用羔羊胃组织形态发育变化的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2018,49(5):971-985.GUO J P,PAN J Z,LI F D,et al.Effect of different early weaned day on morphological development of stomach for housed lambs[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2018,49(5):971-985.(in Chinese)
[16]许贵善,刁其玉,纪守坤,等.不同饲喂水平对肉用绵羊能量与蛋白质消化代谢的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2012,48(17):40-44.XU G S,DIAO Q Y,JI S K,et al.Effects of different feeding levels on energy and protein digestion and metabolism of meat sheep[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2012,48(17):40-44.(in Chinese)
[17]张振伟,叶勇,闫宏.不同能量水平日粮对中卫山羊羯羊肥育效果的影响[J].中国草食动物科学,2013,33(5):76-77.ZHANG Z W,YE Y,YAN H.Effects of diets with different energy levels on fattening performance of Zhongwei wethers[J].China Herbivore Science,2013,33(5):76-77.(in Chinese)
[18]王惠.空怀期及妊娠期陕北白绒山羊能量需要量研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2012.WANG H.The research on energy requirements of Shanbei white cashmere goats in non-pregnancy and pregnancy[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2012.(in Chinese)
[19]WALZ L S,WHITE T W,FERNANDEZ J M,et al.Influence of energy and protein supplementation on growth rate,empty body composition and ruminal and blood metabolites of goat kids fed hay diets[J].Prof Anim Sci,2003,19(4):297-303.
[20]戈新,王建华,张宝珣,等.营养水平对崂山奶山羊羔羊生长性能的影响[J].饲料研究,2011(3):60-61.GE X,WANG J H,ZHANG B X,et al.Effect of nutrition level on lamb performance of laoshan dairy goats[J].Feed Research,2011(3):60-61.(in Chinese)
[21]YERRADODDI R R,KHAN A A,MALLAMPALLIS R,et al.Effect of protein and energy levels in sweet sorghum bagasse leaf residue-based diets on the performance of growing Deccani lambs[J].Trop Anim Health Prod,2015,47(4):743-749.
[22]岳喜新.蛋白水平及饲喂量对早期断奶羔羊生长性能及消化代谢的影响[D].阿拉尔:塔里木大学,2011.YUE X X.Effects of protein levels and feeding levels of a milk replacer on growth performance and nutrient utilization in early-weaned lambs[D].Alar:Tarim University,2011.(in Chinese)
[23]崔娜.日粮营养水平和粗饲料加工对绒山羊主要养分摄入量以及生产性能的影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.CUI N.Effect of nutrition levels and roughage processing on main nutrient intake and growth performance of Shaanbei white cashmere goats[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2015.(in Chinese)
[24]GOUET P,NEBOUT J M,FONTY G,et al.Cellulolytic bacteria establishment and rumen digestion in lambs isolated after birth[J].Can J Anim Sci,1984,64(5):163-164.
[25]RSKOV E R.Starch digestion and utilization in ruminants[J].J Anim Sci,1986,63(5):1624-1633.
[26]MABJEESH S J,ARIELI A,BRUCKENTAL I,et al.Effect of ruminal degradability of crude protein and nonstructural carbohydrates on the efficiency of bacterial crude protein synthesis and amino acid flow to the abomasum of dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,1997,80(11):2939-2949.
[27]TOVAR-LUNA I,GOETSCH A L,PUCHALA R,et al.Effects of moderate feed restriction on energy expenditure by 2-year-old crossbred Boer goats[J].Small Rumin Res,2007,72(1):25-32.
[28]陈存霞,刘月琴,温肖肖,等.能量水平对20~30kg羔羊生长性能、能量和氮表观消化率的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2018,54(1):69-72.CHEN C X,LIU Y X,WEN X X,et al.Influence of energy level on growth performance and apparent digestibility of energy and protein of 20-30kg lambs[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2018,54(1):69-72.(in Chinese)
[29]冯昕炜,周艳,马绍楠,等.饲喂水平对多浪羊主要营养物质消化代谢的影响[J].粮食与饲料工业,2017(4):49-52.FENG X W,ZHOU Y,MA S N,et al.Effect of different feeding levels on the main nutrients of Duolang sheep[J].Cereal&Feed Industry,2017(4):49-52.(in Chinese)
[30]占今舜,霍俊宏,胡利珍,等.反刍动物日粮蛋白质能量比的研究进展[J].饲料博览,2018(2):9-11,15.ZHAN J S,HUO J H,HU L Z,et al.Progress on ratio of protein to energy in diet of ruminant[J].Feed Review,2018(2):9-11,15.(in Chinese)
[31]DESILVA S S,PERERA M K.Digestibility in Sarotherodon niloticus fry:effect of dietary protein level and salinity with further observations on variability in daily digestibility[J].Aquaculture,1984,38(4):293-306.
[32]李志静,眭丹,周玉香.不同蛋白水平对舍饲滩羊消化代谢及血液生化指标的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2014,50(17):39-43.LI Z J,XU D,ZHOU Y X.Effect of dietary protein level on nutrient digestion metabolism and serum biochemical indexes in tan sheep[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2014,50(17):39-43.(in Chinese)
[33]朱文涛,雒秋江,徐新文,等.4种日粮条件下30~150日龄期间羔羊采食、消化与体增重的变化[J].新疆农业大学学报,2004,27(2):1-7.ZHU W T,LUO Q J,XU X W,et al.The development of intake,digestion and body weight gain of 30-150day's lambs fed with 4diets[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2004,27(2):1-7.(in Chinese)
[34]楼灿,姜成钢,马涛,等.饲养水平对肉用绵羊妊娠期消化代谢的影响[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(1):134-143.LOU C,JIANG C G,MA T,et al.Effects of feeding level on digestion and metabolism of meat ewes during pregnancy[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2014,26(1):134-143.(in Chinese)
[2]YUSUF A L,ADEYEMI K D,SAMSUDIN A A,et al.Effects of dietary supplementation of leaves and whole plant of Andrographis paniculata on rumen fermentation,fatty acid composition and microbiota in goats[J].BMC Vet Res,2017,13:349.
[3]王尧悦,赵钊艳,王兴涛,等.日粮营养水平对150~180日龄滩羊瘤胃相关微生物菌群数量、pH和VFA含量的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2016,47(10):2060-2070.WANG Y Y,ZHAO Z Y,WANG X T,et al.Effect of dietary nutrient levels on the number of related microbes,pH and VFA levels in rumen of Tan sheep aged from 150to 180days[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2016,47(10):2060-2070.(in Chinese)
[4]孙杰.羊实施早期断奶的意义和方法[J].畜牧兽医科技信息,2018(1):63-64.SUN J.The significance and methods of Lambs'early weaning[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2018(1):63-64.(in Chinese)
[5]高晔,李碧波,黄帅,等.陕北白绒山羊羯羊能量和蛋白质需要量[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(3):720-730.GAO Y,LI B B,HUANG S,et al.Energy and protein requirements of Shanbei white cashmere wether goats[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2016,28(3):720-730.(in Chinese)
[6]黄帅,朱海鲸,史雷,等.能量水平对生长期陕北白绒山羊生长性能及营养物质消化代谢的影响[J].动物营养学报,2015,27(12):3931-3939.HUANG S,ZHU H J,SHI L,et al.Effects of energy level on growth performance and nutrient digestion and metabolism of Shanbei white cashmere goats during growth period[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2015,27(12):3931-3939.(in Chinese)
[7]National Research Council.Nutrient requirements of small ruminants:sheep,goats,cervids,and new world camelids[M].Washington,DC:National Academies Press,2007.
[8]唐鹏,王尧悦,王国军,等.饲粮能量和蛋白质水平对陕北白绒山羊生长性能、血清生化指标、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(6):2194-2201.TANG P,WANG Y Y,WANG G J,et al.Effects of dietary energy and protein levels on growth performance,serum biochemical indices,slaughter performance and meat quality of Shanbei white cashmere goats[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2018,30(6):2194-2201.(in Chinese)
[9]BLAXTER K L,CLAPPERTOW J L.Prediction of the amount of methane produced by ruminants[J].Br J Nutr,1965,19:511-522.
[10]李思敏,张磊,郭春华,等.早期断奶对羔羊生产性能和母羊繁殖性能的影响[J].饲料工业,2014,35(11):47-50.LI S M,ZHANG L,GUO C H,et al.Effects of early weaning performance of lambs and ewes on reproductive performance[J].Feed Industry,2014,35(11):47-50.(in Chinese)
[11]王彩莲,宫旭胤,潘发明,等.断奶日龄对羔羊生长发育的影响[J].中国草食动物科学,2018,38(3):24-29.WANG C L,GONG X Y,PAN F M,et al.Effect of weaning age on growth and development of lambs[J].China Herbivore Science,2018,38(3):24-29.(in Chinese)
[12]崔祥,刁其玉,张乃锋,等.日粮能量水平对断奶犊牛生长性能及营养物质消化代谢的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2014,45(11):1815-1823.CUI X,DIAO Q Y,ZHANG N F,et al.Effects of dietary energy levels on growth performance,digestion and metabolism of nutrients of weaned heifers[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2014,45(11):1815-1823.(in Chinese)
[13]柴建民,王海超,刁其玉,等.断奶时间对羔羊生长性能和器官发育及血清学指标的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(24):4979-4988.CHAI J M,WANG H C,DIAO Q Y,et al.Effects of weaning stress on growth performance,organ development and serological parameters in lambs[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(24):4979-4988.(in Chinese)
[14]ZHONG R Z,SUN H X,LI G D,et al.Effects of inoculation with rumen fluid on nutrient digestibility,growth performance and rumen fermentation of early weaned lambs[J].Livest Sci,2014,162:154-158.
[15]郭江鹏,潘建忠,李发弟,等.不同早期断奶日龄对舍饲肉用羔羊胃组织形态发育变化的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2018,49(5):971-985.GUO J P,PAN J Z,LI F D,et al.Effect of different early weaned day on morphological development of stomach for housed lambs[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2018,49(5):971-985.(in Chinese)
[16]许贵善,刁其玉,纪守坤,等.不同饲喂水平对肉用绵羊能量与蛋白质消化代谢的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2012,48(17):40-44.XU G S,DIAO Q Y,JI S K,et al.Effects of different feeding levels on energy and protein digestion and metabolism of meat sheep[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2012,48(17):40-44.(in Chinese)
[17]张振伟,叶勇,闫宏.不同能量水平日粮对中卫山羊羯羊肥育效果的影响[J].中国草食动物科学,2013,33(5):76-77.ZHANG Z W,YE Y,YAN H.Effects of diets with different energy levels on fattening performance of Zhongwei wethers[J].China Herbivore Science,2013,33(5):76-77.(in Chinese)
[18]王惠.空怀期及妊娠期陕北白绒山羊能量需要量研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2012.WANG H.The research on energy requirements of Shanbei white cashmere goats in non-pregnancy and pregnancy[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2012.(in Chinese)
[19]WALZ L S,WHITE T W,FERNANDEZ J M,et al.Influence of energy and protein supplementation on growth rate,empty body composition and ruminal and blood metabolites of goat kids fed hay diets[J].Prof Anim Sci,2003,19(4):297-303.
[20]戈新,王建华,张宝珣,等.营养水平对崂山奶山羊羔羊生长性能的影响[J].饲料研究,2011(3):60-61.GE X,WANG J H,ZHANG B X,et al.Effect of nutrition level on lamb performance of laoshan dairy goats[J].Feed Research,2011(3):60-61.(in Chinese)
[21]YERRADODDI R R,KHAN A A,MALLAMPALLIS R,et al.Effect of protein and energy levels in sweet sorghum bagasse leaf residue-based diets on the performance of growing Deccani lambs[J].Trop Anim Health Prod,2015,47(4):743-749.
[22]岳喜新.蛋白水平及饲喂量对早期断奶羔羊生长性能及消化代谢的影响[D].阿拉尔:塔里木大学,2011.YUE X X.Effects of protein levels and feeding levels of a milk replacer on growth performance and nutrient utilization in early-weaned lambs[D].Alar:Tarim University,2011.(in Chinese)
[23]崔娜.日粮营养水平和粗饲料加工对绒山羊主要养分摄入量以及生产性能的影响研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.CUI N.Effect of nutrition levels and roughage processing on main nutrient intake and growth performance of Shaanbei white cashmere goats[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2015.(in Chinese)
[24]GOUET P,NEBOUT J M,FONTY G,et al.Cellulolytic bacteria establishment and rumen digestion in lambs isolated after birth[J].Can J Anim Sci,1984,64(5):163-164.
[25]RSKOV E R.Starch digestion and utilization in ruminants[J].J Anim Sci,1986,63(5):1624-1633.
[26]MABJEESH S J,ARIELI A,BRUCKENTAL I,et al.Effect of ruminal degradability of crude protein and nonstructural carbohydrates on the efficiency of bacterial crude protein synthesis and amino acid flow to the abomasum of dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,1997,80(11):2939-2949.
[27]TOVAR-LUNA I,GOETSCH A L,PUCHALA R,et al.Effects of moderate feed restriction on energy expenditure by 2-year-old crossbred Boer goats[J].Small Rumin Res,2007,72(1):25-32.
[28]陈存霞,刘月琴,温肖肖,等.能量水平对20~30kg羔羊生长性能、能量和氮表观消化率的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2018,54(1):69-72.CHEN C X,LIU Y X,WEN X X,et al.Influence of energy level on growth performance and apparent digestibility of energy and protein of 20-30kg lambs[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2018,54(1):69-72.(in Chinese)
[29]冯昕炜,周艳,马绍楠,等.饲喂水平对多浪羊主要营养物质消化代谢的影响[J].粮食与饲料工业,2017(4):49-52.FENG X W,ZHOU Y,MA S N,et al.Effect of different feeding levels on the main nutrients of Duolang sheep[J].Cereal&Feed Industry,2017(4):49-52.(in Chinese)
[30]占今舜,霍俊宏,胡利珍,等.反刍动物日粮蛋白质能量比的研究进展[J].饲料博览,2018(2):9-11,15.ZHAN J S,HUO J H,HU L Z,et al.Progress on ratio of protein to energy in diet of ruminant[J].Feed Review,2018(2):9-11,15.(in Chinese)
[31]DESILVA S S,PERERA M K.Digestibility in Sarotherodon niloticus fry:effect of dietary protein level and salinity with further observations on variability in daily digestibility[J].Aquaculture,1984,38(4):293-306.
[32]李志静,眭丹,周玉香.不同蛋白水平对舍饲滩羊消化代谢及血液生化指标的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2014,50(17):39-43.LI Z J,XU D,ZHOU Y X.Effect of dietary protein level on nutrient digestion metabolism and serum biochemical indexes in tan sheep[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2014,50(17):39-43.(in Chinese)
[33]朱文涛,雒秋江,徐新文,等.4种日粮条件下30~150日龄期间羔羊采食、消化与体增重的变化[J].新疆农业大学学报,2004,27(2):1-7.ZHU W T,LUO Q J,XU X W,et al.The development of intake,digestion and body weight gain of 30-150day's lambs fed with 4diets[J].Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2004,27(2):1-7.(in Chinese)
[34]楼灿,姜成钢,马涛,等.饲养水平对肉用绵羊妊娠期消化代谢的影响[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(1):134-143.LOU C,JIANG C G,MA T,et al.Effects of feeding level on digestion and metabolism of meat ewes during pregnancy[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2014,26(1):134-143.(in Chinese)