2000-2010年陕西北部不同类型草地面积及其覆盖度变化
|
摘要
利用生态系统分类及生态参量数据产品,运用植被覆盖度年际变异系数、趋势斜率和退化指数等草地覆盖度变化状况评价指标,对陕西北部重大生态建设工程实施关键年份(2000-2010年)内各类型草地植被覆盖度的演替状况进行研究。结果显示:(1)延安市和榆林市的黄土沟壑区草地生态系统面积明显增加,年均植被覆盖度由2000年的27.94%增长到2010年的40.50%,草地覆盖度整体由低覆盖向中覆盖等级转变,其中温带草原和温性草丛覆盖度呈明显上升趋势。(2)陕西北部大部分草地覆盖度波动变化明显,延河以北温带草原稳定性低,延河以南温性草丛稳定性较高、波动变化较小;93.98%的草地区域覆盖度呈上升趋势,其中极显著上升区域主要分布在黄土沟壑区;3.23%的降低区域集中于榆林市西北部的温带荒漠草原分布区。(3)11年间,陕西北部退化草地得到改善恢复的面积由2000-2005年期间的9594.44 km~2增加到2005-2010年期间的26 544.39 km~2,远大于退化区域,草地极重度退化程度得到扭转。本研究表明陕西北部不同类型草地覆盖度均不同程度得到了缓解和改善。
We investigated variability of vegetation coverage across different grassland types in key years( 2000-2010) of major ecological construction projects in northern Shaanxi Province.Products of ecosystem classification and ecological parameter data were utilized to systematically elaborate succession processes,combined with several evaluation indexes,including inter-annual variation coefficient,trending slope,and degradation index. Our results showed that:( 1) There was an obvious increase in area of grassland ecosystem in the loess gully region in Yanan and Yulin City with annual average vegetation coverage from 27.94% in 2000 to 40.50% in 2010. Grassland coverage increased from a low to moderate level,accompanied with a significant uptrend in temperate steppe and warm-temperate tussock coverage.( 2) Most of the grassland coverage in the northern Shaanxi regions changedobviously( increasing grassland accounted for 93.98%). The grassland ecosystem showed relatively significant fluctuations in the north of Yanhe River,but remained relatively steady in the south of the river. The significant increase in grassland vegetation coverage was mainly in the hilly loess regions,with the main decrease area located in the temperate desert steppe region of the northwest of Yulin.( 3) Over the 11 years,the degree of severe degradation of grassland has been reversed in northern Shaanxi( from 9594. 44 km~2 during 2000-2005 to 26 544.39 km~2 during 2005-2010). This study suggests that grassland coverage across different grassland types in northern Shaanxi have improved to varying degrees.
We investigated variability of vegetation coverage across different grassland types in key years( 2000-2010) of major ecological construction projects in northern Shaanxi Province.Products of ecosystem classification and ecological parameter data were utilized to systematically elaborate succession processes,combined with several evaluation indexes,including inter-annual variation coefficient,trending slope,and degradation index. Our results showed that:( 1) There was an obvious increase in area of grassland ecosystem in the loess gully region in Yanan and Yulin City with annual average vegetation coverage from 27.94% in 2000 to 40.50% in 2010. Grassland coverage increased from a low to moderate level,accompanied with a significant uptrend in temperate steppe and warm-temperate tussock coverage.( 2) Most of the grassland coverage in the northern Shaanxi regions changedobviously( increasing grassland accounted for 93.98%). The grassland ecosystem showed relatively significant fluctuations in the north of Yanhe River,but remained relatively steady in the south of the river. The significant increase in grassland vegetation coverage was mainly in the hilly loess regions,with the main decrease area located in the temperate desert steppe region of the northwest of Yulin.( 3) Over the 11 years,the degree of severe degradation of grassland has been reversed in northern Shaanxi( from 9594. 44 km~2 during 2000-2005 to 26 544.39 km~2 during 2005-2010). This study suggests that grassland coverage across different grassland types in northern Shaanxi have improved to varying degrees.
引文
[1]赵同谦,欧阳志云,郑华,王效科,苗鸿.草地生态系统服务功能分析及其评价指标体系[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(6):155-160.Zhao TQ,Ouyang ZY,Zheng H,Wang XK,Miao H.Analyses on grassland ecosystem services and its indexes for assessment[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2004,23(6):155-160.
[2]甘娟,葛继稳,刘奕伶,王自业,吴先,丁少华.三峡大老岭自然保护区森林生态系统10年(2000-2010)质量变化[J].植物科学学报,2015,33(6),766-774.Gan J,Ge JW,Liu YL,Wang ZY,Wu X,Ding SH.Forest ecosystem quality change over ten years(2000-2010)in the Three Gorges Dalaoling Nature Reserve[J].Plant Science Journal,2015,33(6):766-774.
[3]邱丽氚,柳涛,常虹,吴晓湲.中国壳斗科植物空间多样性格局研究[J].植物科学学报,2017,35(2):234-242.Qiu LC,Liu T,Chang H,Wu XY.Study on the spatial diversity pattern of Fagaceae in China[J].Plant Science Journal,2017,35(2):234-243.
[4]张妹婷,翟永洪,张志军,唐文家,马燕,聂学敏,丁玲玲.三江源区草地生态系统质量及其动态变化[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(1):75-81.Zhang MT,Zhai YH,Zhang ZJ,Tang WJ,Ma Y,Nie XM,Ding LL.Quality and dynamic changes of grassland ecosystems in the Three-River Headwater Region[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(1):75-81.
[5]李登科,范建忠,权文婷.陕西省植被退化及其驱动因素分析[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(10):2907-2913.Li DK,Fan JZ,Quan JZ.Analysis of vegetation degradation and its driving factors in Shaanxi province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(10):2907-2913.
[6]范建忠,李登科,董金芳.陕西省重点生态建设工程区植被恢复状况遥感监测[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(7):228-234.Fan JZ,Li DK,Dong JF.Remote sensing analysis of vegetation restoration in key ecological construction areas of Shaanxi province[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(7):228-234.
[7]赵安周,张安兵,刘海新,刘焱序,王贺封,王冬利.退耕还林(草)工程实施前后黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化分析[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(3):449-460.Zhao AZ,Zhang AB,Liu HX,Liu YX,Wang HF,Wang DL.Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage before and after implementation of grain for green project in the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(3):449-460.
[8]贺振,贺俊平.近32年黄河流域植被覆盖时空演化遥感监测[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(2):179-185.He Z,He JP.Remote sensing on spatio-temporal evolution of vegetation cover in the Yellow River basin during1982-2013[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(2):179-185.
[9]肖强,陶建平,肖洋.黄土高原近10年植被覆盖的动态变化及驱动力[J].生态学报,2016,36(23):7594-7602.Xiao Q,Tao JP,Xiao Y.Dynamic vegetation cover change over the past 10 years on the Loess Plateau,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(23):7594-7602.
[10]张琨,吕一河,傅伯杰.黄土高原典型区植被恢复及其对生态系统服务的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(1):23-31.Zhang K,LüYH,Fu BJ.Vegetation restoration and its influences on ecosystem services in areas typical of the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(1):23-31.
[11]Jia XQ,Fu BJ,Feng XM,Hou GH,Liu Y,Wang XF.The tradeoff and synergy between ecosystem services in the grain-for-green areas in northern Shaanxi,China[J].Ecol Indic,2014,43:103-113.
[12]Ouyang ZY,Zheng H,Xiao Y,Polasky S,Liu JG,Xu WH,et al.Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital[J].Science,2016,352(6292):1455-1459.
[13]Fu BJ,Liu Y,LüYH,He CS,Zeng Y,Wu BF.Assessing the soil erosion control service of ecosystems change in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Ecol Complex,2011,8(4):284-293.
[14]谢宝妮.黄土高原近30年植被覆盖变化及其对气候变化的响应[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016:41-42.
[15]张君,延军平.1982-2013年陕西不同植被类型NDVI变化特征分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(4):86-92.Zhang J,Yan JP.Characteristics of NDVI changes under the different vegetation types in Shaanxi province from1982 to 2013[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(4):86-92.
[16]刘哲,邱炳文,王壮壮,齐文.2001-2014年间黄土高原植被覆盖状态时空演变分析[J].国土资源遥感,2017,29(1):192-198.Liu Z,Qiu BW,Wang ZZ,Qi W.Temporal and spatial variation analysis of vegetation cover in the Loess Plateau from 2001 to 2014[J].Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,2017,29(1):192-198.
[17]欧阳志云,张路,吴炳方,李晓松,徐卫华,肖燚,郑华.基于遥感技术的全国生态系统分类体系[J].生态学报,2015,35(2):219-226.Ouyang ZY,Zhang L,Wu BF,Li XS,Xu WH,Xiao Y,Zheng H.An ecosystem classification system hosed on remote sensor information in China[J].Aota Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(2):219-226.
[18]殷世杰,闵乐园,王友荣,等.陕西草场资源[M].西安:陕西人民出版社,1989:7-14.
[19]欧阳志云,王桥,郑华,张峰,侯鹏.全国生态环境十年变化(2000-2010年)遥感调查评估[J].中国科学院院刊,2014,29(4):462-466.Ouyang ZY,Wang Q,Zheng H,Zhang F,Hou P.National ecosystem survey and assessment of China(2000-2010)[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2014,29(4):462-466.
[20]张海燕,樊江文,邵全琴,张雅娴.2000-2010年中国退牧还草工程区生态系统宏观结构和质量及其动态变化[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):1-15.Zhang HY,Fan JW,Shao QQ,Zhang YX.Ecosystem dynamics in the‘Returning Rangeland to Grassland’programs,China[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(4):1-15.
[21]周伟,刚成诚,李建龙,张超斌,穆少杰,孙政国.1982-2010年中国草地覆盖度的时空动态及其对气候变化的响应[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):15-30.Zhou W,Gang CC,Li JL,Zhang CB,Mu SJ,Sun ZG.Patial-temporal dynamics of grassland coverage and its response to climate change in China during 1982-2010[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):15-30.
[22]元志辉,包刚,银山,雷军,包玉海,萨楚拉.2000-2014年浑善达克沙地植被覆盖变化研究[J].草业学报,2016,25(1):33-46.Yuan ZH,Bao G,Yin S,Lei J,Bao YH,Sa CL.Vegetation changes in Otindag sand country during 2000-2014[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(1):33-46.
[23]丁明军,张镱锂,刘林山,王兆锋.1982-2009年青藏高原草地覆盖度时空变化特征[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(12):2114-2122.Ding MJ,Zhang YL,Liu LS,Wang ZF.Temproal and spatial distribution of grassland coverage change in Tibetan Plateau since 1982[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(12):2114-2122.
[24]李登科,郭铌,何慧娟.陕北长城沿线风沙区植被指数变化及其与气候的关系[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4620-4629.Li DK,Guo N,He HJ.Vegetation change and its relationship with climate in the region along the Great Wall in northern Shaanxi[J].Aota Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(11):4620-4629.
[25]Feng XM,Fu BJ,Lu N,Zeng Y,Wu BF.How ecological restoration alters ecosystem services:an analysis of carbon sequestration in China’s Loess Plateau[J].Sci Rep-UK,2013,3(3 pt 1):2846.
[26]李登科,范建忠,王娟.陕西省植被覆盖度变化特征及其成因[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(11):2896-2903.Li DK,Fan JZ,Wang J.Change characteristics and their causes of fractional vegetation coverage(FVC)in Shaanxi province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(11):2896-2903.
[2]甘娟,葛继稳,刘奕伶,王自业,吴先,丁少华.三峡大老岭自然保护区森林生态系统10年(2000-2010)质量变化[J].植物科学学报,2015,33(6),766-774.Gan J,Ge JW,Liu YL,Wang ZY,Wu X,Ding SH.Forest ecosystem quality change over ten years(2000-2010)in the Three Gorges Dalaoling Nature Reserve[J].Plant Science Journal,2015,33(6):766-774.
[3]邱丽氚,柳涛,常虹,吴晓湲.中国壳斗科植物空间多样性格局研究[J].植物科学学报,2017,35(2):234-242.Qiu LC,Liu T,Chang H,Wu XY.Study on the spatial diversity pattern of Fagaceae in China[J].Plant Science Journal,2017,35(2):234-243.
[4]张妹婷,翟永洪,张志军,唐文家,马燕,聂学敏,丁玲玲.三江源区草地生态系统质量及其动态变化[J].环境科学研究,2017,30(1):75-81.Zhang MT,Zhai YH,Zhang ZJ,Tang WJ,Ma Y,Nie XM,Ding LL.Quality and dynamic changes of grassland ecosystems in the Three-River Headwater Region[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2017,30(1):75-81.
[5]李登科,范建忠,权文婷.陕西省植被退化及其驱动因素分析[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(10):2907-2913.Li DK,Fan JZ,Quan JZ.Analysis of vegetation degradation and its driving factors in Shaanxi province[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(10):2907-2913.
[6]范建忠,李登科,董金芳.陕西省重点生态建设工程区植被恢复状况遥感监测[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(7):228-234.Fan JZ,Li DK,Dong JF.Remote sensing analysis of vegetation restoration in key ecological construction areas of Shaanxi province[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(7):228-234.
[7]赵安周,张安兵,刘海新,刘焱序,王贺封,王冬利.退耕还林(草)工程实施前后黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化分析[J].自然资源学报,2017,32(3):449-460.Zhao AZ,Zhang AB,Liu HX,Liu YX,Wang HF,Wang DL.Spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage before and after implementation of grain for green project in the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(3):449-460.
[8]贺振,贺俊平.近32年黄河流域植被覆盖时空演化遥感监测[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(2):179-185.He Z,He JP.Remote sensing on spatio-temporal evolution of vegetation cover in the Yellow River basin during1982-2013[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(2):179-185.
[9]肖强,陶建平,肖洋.黄土高原近10年植被覆盖的动态变化及驱动力[J].生态学报,2016,36(23):7594-7602.Xiao Q,Tao JP,Xiao Y.Dynamic vegetation cover change over the past 10 years on the Loess Plateau,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(23):7594-7602.
[10]张琨,吕一河,傅伯杰.黄土高原典型区植被恢复及其对生态系统服务的影响[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(1):23-31.Zhang K,LüYH,Fu BJ.Vegetation restoration and its influences on ecosystem services in areas typical of the Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(1):23-31.
[11]Jia XQ,Fu BJ,Feng XM,Hou GH,Liu Y,Wang XF.The tradeoff and synergy between ecosystem services in the grain-for-green areas in northern Shaanxi,China[J].Ecol Indic,2014,43:103-113.
[12]Ouyang ZY,Zheng H,Xiao Y,Polasky S,Liu JG,Xu WH,et al.Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital[J].Science,2016,352(6292):1455-1459.
[13]Fu BJ,Liu Y,LüYH,He CS,Zeng Y,Wu BF.Assessing the soil erosion control service of ecosystems change in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Ecol Complex,2011,8(4):284-293.
[14]谢宝妮.黄土高原近30年植被覆盖变化及其对气候变化的响应[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016:41-42.
[15]张君,延军平.1982-2013年陕西不同植被类型NDVI变化特征分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(4):86-92.Zhang J,Yan JP.Characteristics of NDVI changes under the different vegetation types in Shaanxi province from1982 to 2013[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(4):86-92.
[16]刘哲,邱炳文,王壮壮,齐文.2001-2014年间黄土高原植被覆盖状态时空演变分析[J].国土资源遥感,2017,29(1):192-198.Liu Z,Qiu BW,Wang ZZ,Qi W.Temporal and spatial variation analysis of vegetation cover in the Loess Plateau from 2001 to 2014[J].Remote Sensing for Land and Resources,2017,29(1):192-198.
[17]欧阳志云,张路,吴炳方,李晓松,徐卫华,肖燚,郑华.基于遥感技术的全国生态系统分类体系[J].生态学报,2015,35(2):219-226.Ouyang ZY,Zhang L,Wu BF,Li XS,Xu WH,Xiao Y,Zheng H.An ecosystem classification system hosed on remote sensor information in China[J].Aota Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(2):219-226.
[18]殷世杰,闵乐园,王友荣,等.陕西草场资源[M].西安:陕西人民出版社,1989:7-14.
[19]欧阳志云,王桥,郑华,张峰,侯鹏.全国生态环境十年变化(2000-2010年)遥感调查评估[J].中国科学院院刊,2014,29(4):462-466.Ouyang ZY,Wang Q,Zheng H,Zhang F,Hou P.National ecosystem survey and assessment of China(2000-2010)[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2014,29(4):462-466.
[20]张海燕,樊江文,邵全琴,张雅娴.2000-2010年中国退牧还草工程区生态系统宏观结构和质量及其动态变化[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):1-15.Zhang HY,Fan JW,Shao QQ,Zhang YX.Ecosystem dynamics in the‘Returning Rangeland to Grassland’programs,China[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(4):1-15.
[21]周伟,刚成诚,李建龙,张超斌,穆少杰,孙政国.1982-2010年中国草地覆盖度的时空动态及其对气候变化的响应[J].地理学报,2014,69(1):15-30.Zhou W,Gang CC,Li JL,Zhang CB,Mu SJ,Sun ZG.Patial-temporal dynamics of grassland coverage and its response to climate change in China during 1982-2010[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2014,69(1):15-30.
[22]元志辉,包刚,银山,雷军,包玉海,萨楚拉.2000-2014年浑善达克沙地植被覆盖变化研究[J].草业学报,2016,25(1):33-46.Yuan ZH,Bao G,Yin S,Lei J,Bao YH,Sa CL.Vegetation changes in Otindag sand country during 2000-2014[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(1):33-46.
[23]丁明军,张镱锂,刘林山,王兆锋.1982-2009年青藏高原草地覆盖度时空变化特征[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(12):2114-2122.Ding MJ,Zhang YL,Liu LS,Wang ZF.Temproal and spatial distribution of grassland coverage change in Tibetan Plateau since 1982[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(12):2114-2122.
[24]李登科,郭铌,何慧娟.陕北长城沿线风沙区植被指数变化及其与气候的关系[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4620-4629.Li DK,Guo N,He HJ.Vegetation change and its relationship with climate in the region along the Great Wall in northern Shaanxi[J].Aota Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(11):4620-4629.
[25]Feng XM,Fu BJ,Lu N,Zeng Y,Wu BF.How ecological restoration alters ecosystem services:an analysis of carbon sequestration in China’s Loess Plateau[J].Sci Rep-UK,2013,3(3 pt 1):2846.
[26]李登科,范建忠,王娟.陕西省植被覆盖度变化特征及其成因[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(11):2896-2903.Li DK,Fan JZ,Wang J.Change characteristics and their causes of fractional vegetation coverage(FVC)in Shaanxi province[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(11):2896-2903.