断裂带土壤气高精度氢异常分析
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摘要
氢气作为1种灵敏的指标能够指示断裂活动过程。文中基于长期全时段的断裂带土壤气高精度氢观测资料,根据测量值的分布范围对资料的可靠性进行了评价,通过氢浓度映震评估,认为氢浓度与地震活动有一定的对应关系,给出了异常判定指标。并结合氢浓度异常特征对测点周围350km范围内的有感地震进行了分析,重点分析了2010年10月24日和2011年3月8日在河南太康分别发生M_S4.6和M_S4.1地震前1周左右震中距330km的山西夏县土壤高精度氢浓度观测到的相似异常变化,其变化特征表现为"突升—转折下降—地震—恢复背景值",变化幅度达正常背景值的20多倍。认为断层氢浓度异常变化与地震所处的构造位置有关,在同一地点发生的2次相似地震,断层氢浓度出现相似变化,异常重现性好。高精度断层氢浓度观测是短临预报的1种有效手段,可为地震重点危险区开展短临跟踪研究提供参考。
Hydrogen is recognized as one of the most useful gases to detect fault activities. Based on long-term high-accuracy soil hydrogen observation data in fault zones,the paper evaluates the reliability of data according to the distribution of measurements. Through the evaluation of earthquake- reflecting ability of hydrogen concentration,we consider that there is a certain corresponding relationship between hydrogen concentration and seismic activity and we present the judging index for this anomaly. Hydrogen concentration characteristics with the earthquakes within the range of 350 km around the station were analyzed,especially the two earthquakes,which occurred on October 24,2010 and March 8, 2011 in Taikang, Henan Province, with magnitude M_S4.6 and M_S4.1respectively. The observation station is located at Xiaxian in Shanxi Province,300 km away from the epicenter. In a week before the two earthquakes, high-accuracy soil hydrogen concentration measurements showed similar anomaly variation,which was increasing abruptly,then decreasing,and after the earthquakes it returned to background level. Overall,the changing scope was more than 20 times of the background value. We concluded that the anomaly was affected by tectonic setting of the earthquakes. The similar hydrogen distribution pattern recorded at the same station is attributed to the same tectonic position and focal mechanism solution. The hydrogen could be an effective tool for short-term and imminent earthquake prediction,which provides reference for short-term and imminent earthquake prediction in areas with high earthquake risk.
Hydrogen is recognized as one of the most useful gases to detect fault activities. Based on long-term high-accuracy soil hydrogen observation data in fault zones,the paper evaluates the reliability of data according to the distribution of measurements. Through the evaluation of earthquake- reflecting ability of hydrogen concentration,we consider that there is a certain corresponding relationship between hydrogen concentration and seismic activity and we present the judging index for this anomaly. Hydrogen concentration characteristics with the earthquakes within the range of 350 km around the station were analyzed,especially the two earthquakes,which occurred on October 24,2010 and March 8, 2011 in Taikang, Henan Province, with magnitude M_S4.6 and M_S4.1respectively. The observation station is located at Xiaxian in Shanxi Province,300 km away from the epicenter. In a week before the two earthquakes, high-accuracy soil hydrogen concentration measurements showed similar anomaly variation,which was increasing abruptly,then decreasing,and after the earthquakes it returned to background level. Overall,the changing scope was more than 20 times of the background value. We concluded that the anomaly was affected by tectonic setting of the earthquakes. The similar hydrogen distribution pattern recorded at the same station is attributed to the same tectonic position and focal mechanism solution. The hydrogen could be an effective tool for short-term and imminent earthquake prediction,which provides reference for short-term and imminent earthquake prediction in areas with high earthquake risk.
引文
车用太,刘耀炜,何钄.2015.断层带土壤气中H2观测:探索地震短临预报的新途径[J].地震,35(4):1-10.CHE Yong-tai,LIU Yao-wei,HE Lan.2015.Hydrogen monitoring in fault zone soil gas:A new approach to shor/immediate earthquake prediction[J].Earthquake,35(4):1-10(in Chinese).
车用太,张大维,鱼金子,等.1995.断层带土壤气的映震效能与地震短期预报[J].中国地震,11(4):374-380.CHE Yong-tai,ZHANG Da-wei,YU Jin-zi,et al.1995.Reflective capacity of soil gas in fault zone to earthquake an short-term prediction[J].Earthquake Research in China,11(4):374-380(in Chinese).
杜建国,康春丽.2000.地震地下流体发展概述[J].地震,20(增刊):107-113.DU Jian-guo,KANG Chun-li.2000.A brief review on study of earthquake-caused change of underground fluid[J]Earthquake,20(Suppl):107-113(in Chinese).
范雪芳,黄春玲,刘国俊,等.2012.山西夏县痕量氢观测资料的初步分析[J].山西地震,(3):7-12.FAN Xue-fang,HUANG Chun-ling,LIU Guo-jun,et al.2012.Primary analysis of observation data of trace hydrogen at Xiaxian,Shanxi[J].Earthquake Research in Shanxi,(3):7-12(in Chinese).
范雪芳,李自红,刘国俊,等.2014a.断层气氢浓度观测技术试验研究[J].中国地震,30(1):43-54.FAN Xue-fang,LI Zi-hong,LIU Guo-jun,et al.2014a.Test of observation methods on the concentration of hydrogen in fault gas[J].Earthquake Research in China,30(1):43-54(in Chinese).
范雪芳,刘国俊.2015.痕量氢连续观测仪稳定性分析[J].中国地震,31(1):36-44.FAN Xue-fang,LIU Guo-jun.2015.Stability analysis of trace hydrogen continuous observation instrument[J]Earthquake Research in China,31(1):36-44(in Chinese).
范雪芳,刘国俊,黄春玲,等.2014b.山西东郭断裂气氢浓度异常调查与研究[J].地震研究,37(2):171-177.FAN Xue-fang,LIU Guo-jun,HUANG Chun-ling,et al.2014b.Investigation and research of gas hydroge concentration anomaly of Dongguo Fault in Shanxi[J].Journal of Seismological Research,37(2):171-177(i Chinese).
范雪芳,张文男,刘国俊,等.2009.数字化气汞观测高值脉冲异常分析[J].地震地磁观测与研究,15(4)57-62.FAN Xue-fang,ZHANG Wen-nan,LIU Guo-jun,et al.2009.Analysis on the reason for abrupt change in high-valu pulsation of digital gas-mercury observation[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,1(4):57-62(in Chinese).
高清武.1992.地震前H2、Hg等断层气的异常变化[J].中国地震,8(3):53-59.GAO Qing-wu.1992.Anomalous change of fault soil gas H2,Hg etc.before earthquakes[J].Earthquake Research in China,8(3):53-59(in Chinese).
韩立波,蒋长胜,包丰.2012.2010年河南太康MS4.6地震序列震源参数的精确确定[J].地球物理学报,5(9):2973-2981.HAN Li-bo,JIANG Chang-sheng,BAO Feng.2012.Source parameter determination of 2010 Taikang MS4.earthquake sequences[J].Chinese J Geophys,55(9):2973-2981(in Chinese).
刘耀炜,陈华静,车用太.2006.中国地震地下流体观测研究40年发展与展望[J].国际地震动态,7:3-12.LIU Yao-wei,CHEN Hua-jing,CHE Yong-tai.2006.Retrospect and prospect of observation and study on seismi underground fluid in China[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,7:3-12(in Chinese).
山西省地质矿产局.1989.山西省区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版社.Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shanxi Province.1989.Regional Geology of Shanxi Province[M]Geological Publishing House,Beijing(in Chinese).
邵济安,赵谊,张福松,等.2010.黑龙江省中西部地球排气与地震活动的探讨[J].岩石学报,26(12)3651-3656.SHAO Ji-an,ZHAO Yi,ZHANG Fu-song,et al.2010.Discussions on earth degassing and seismic activities in centra west Heilongjiang Province[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,26(12):3651-3656(in Chinese).
粟启初.1992.沿断层逸出的氢气对地震的诱发作用[J].地震学报,14(2):229-235.SU Qi-chu.1992.The effect of hydrogen on earthquake induced by the escape from the fault[J].Acta Seismologic Sinica,14(2):229-235(in Chinese).
苏宗正,程新原,安卫平,等.2001.山西运城盆地的中条山断裂[M]∥中国地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(8).北京:地震出版社.120-130.SU Zong-zheng,CHENG Xin-yuan,AN Wei-ping,et al.2001.Study on Zhongtiaoshan active fault in Yuncheng Basin in Shanxi Province,China[M]∥Institute of Geology,CSB(ed).Research on Actve Fault(8).Seismologica Press,Beijing.120-130(in Chinese).
汪成民,李宣瑚.1991.中国断层气测量在地震科学研究中的应用现状[J].中国地震,7(2):19-30.WANG Cheng-min,LI Xuan-hu.1991.Applications of fracture-gas measurement to the earthquake studies in Chin[J].Earthquake Research in China,7(2):19-30(in Chinese).
张炜,罗光伟,邢玉安,等.1988.气体地球化学方法在探索活断层中的应用[J].中国地震,4(2):121-123ZHANG Wei,LUO Guang-wei,XING Yu-an,et al.1988.The application of gas geochemical method to explorin active fault[J].Earthquake Research in China,4(2):121-123(in Chinese).
Hernandez P,Pérez N,Salazar J,et al.2000.Soil gas CO2,CH4and H2distribution in and around Las Caňada caldera,Tenerife,Canary Islands,Spain[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,103:425-438
Hirose T,Kawagucci S,Suzuki K.2011.Mechanoradical H2generation during simulated faulting:Implications for a earthquake-driven subsurface biosphere[J].Geophysical Research Letters,doi:10.1029/2011GL048850.
Irwin W P,Barnes I.1980.Tectonic relations of carbon dioxide discharges and earthquakes[J].Journal o Geophysical Research,85(B6):3115-3121.
Ito T,Nagamine K,Yamamoto K,et al.1999.Preseismic hydrogen gas anomalies caused by stress-corrosion proces preceding earthquakes[J].Geophysical Research Letters,26(13):2009-2012.
King C Y,King B S,Evans W C,et al.1996.Spatial radon anomalies on active faults in California[J].Applied Geochemistry,11(4):497-510.
King C Y,Zhang W,Zhang Z C.2006.Earthquake-induced groundwater and gas changes[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,163(4):633-645.
Lombardi S,Voltattorni N.2010.Rn,He and CO2soll gas geochemistry for the study of active and inactive faults[J]ApD 1.Geochem.,25:1206-1220.
Wakita H,Nakamura Y,Kita I,et al.1980.Hydrogen release:New indicator of fault activity[J].Science,210188-190.
Walia V,Yang T F,Hong W L,et al.2009.Geochemical variation of soil-gas composition for fault trace an earthquake precursory studies along the Hsincheng Fault in NW Taiwan[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,67(10):1855-1863.
Whiticar M J.1999.Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane[J]Chemical Geology,161:291-314.
车用太,张大维,鱼金子,等.1995.断层带土壤气的映震效能与地震短期预报[J].中国地震,11(4):374-380.CHE Yong-tai,ZHANG Da-wei,YU Jin-zi,et al.1995.Reflective capacity of soil gas in fault zone to earthquake an short-term prediction[J].Earthquake Research in China,11(4):374-380(in Chinese).
杜建国,康春丽.2000.地震地下流体发展概述[J].地震,20(增刊):107-113.DU Jian-guo,KANG Chun-li.2000.A brief review on study of earthquake-caused change of underground fluid[J]Earthquake,20(Suppl):107-113(in Chinese).
范雪芳,黄春玲,刘国俊,等.2012.山西夏县痕量氢观测资料的初步分析[J].山西地震,(3):7-12.FAN Xue-fang,HUANG Chun-ling,LIU Guo-jun,et al.2012.Primary analysis of observation data of trace hydrogen at Xiaxian,Shanxi[J].Earthquake Research in Shanxi,(3):7-12(in Chinese).
范雪芳,李自红,刘国俊,等.2014a.断层气氢浓度观测技术试验研究[J].中国地震,30(1):43-54.FAN Xue-fang,LI Zi-hong,LIU Guo-jun,et al.2014a.Test of observation methods on the concentration of hydrogen in fault gas[J].Earthquake Research in China,30(1):43-54(in Chinese).
范雪芳,刘国俊.2015.痕量氢连续观测仪稳定性分析[J].中国地震,31(1):36-44.FAN Xue-fang,LIU Guo-jun.2015.Stability analysis of trace hydrogen continuous observation instrument[J]Earthquake Research in China,31(1):36-44(in Chinese).
范雪芳,刘国俊,黄春玲,等.2014b.山西东郭断裂气氢浓度异常调查与研究[J].地震研究,37(2):171-177.FAN Xue-fang,LIU Guo-jun,HUANG Chun-ling,et al.2014b.Investigation and research of gas hydroge concentration anomaly of Dongguo Fault in Shanxi[J].Journal of Seismological Research,37(2):171-177(i Chinese).
范雪芳,张文男,刘国俊,等.2009.数字化气汞观测高值脉冲异常分析[J].地震地磁观测与研究,15(4)57-62.FAN Xue-fang,ZHANG Wen-nan,LIU Guo-jun,et al.2009.Analysis on the reason for abrupt change in high-valu pulsation of digital gas-mercury observation[J].Seismological and Geomagnetic Observation and Research,1(4):57-62(in Chinese).
高清武.1992.地震前H2、Hg等断层气的异常变化[J].中国地震,8(3):53-59.GAO Qing-wu.1992.Anomalous change of fault soil gas H2,Hg etc.before earthquakes[J].Earthquake Research in China,8(3):53-59(in Chinese).
韩立波,蒋长胜,包丰.2012.2010年河南太康MS4.6地震序列震源参数的精确确定[J].地球物理学报,5(9):2973-2981.HAN Li-bo,JIANG Chang-sheng,BAO Feng.2012.Source parameter determination of 2010 Taikang MS4.earthquake sequences[J].Chinese J Geophys,55(9):2973-2981(in Chinese).
刘耀炜,陈华静,车用太.2006.中国地震地下流体观测研究40年发展与展望[J].国际地震动态,7:3-12.LIU Yao-wei,CHEN Hua-jing,CHE Yong-tai.2006.Retrospect and prospect of observation and study on seismi underground fluid in China[J].Recent Developments in World Seismology,7:3-12(in Chinese).
山西省地质矿产局.1989.山西省区域地质志[M].北京:地质出版社.Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shanxi Province.1989.Regional Geology of Shanxi Province[M]Geological Publishing House,Beijing(in Chinese).
邵济安,赵谊,张福松,等.2010.黑龙江省中西部地球排气与地震活动的探讨[J].岩石学报,26(12)3651-3656.SHAO Ji-an,ZHAO Yi,ZHANG Fu-song,et al.2010.Discussions on earth degassing and seismic activities in centra west Heilongjiang Province[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,26(12):3651-3656(in Chinese).
粟启初.1992.沿断层逸出的氢气对地震的诱发作用[J].地震学报,14(2):229-235.SU Qi-chu.1992.The effect of hydrogen on earthquake induced by the escape from the fault[J].Acta Seismologic Sinica,14(2):229-235(in Chinese).
苏宗正,程新原,安卫平,等.2001.山西运城盆地的中条山断裂[M]∥中国地震局地质研究所编.活动断裂研究(8).北京:地震出版社.120-130.SU Zong-zheng,CHENG Xin-yuan,AN Wei-ping,et al.2001.Study on Zhongtiaoshan active fault in Yuncheng Basin in Shanxi Province,China[M]∥Institute of Geology,CSB(ed).Research on Actve Fault(8).Seismologica Press,Beijing.120-130(in Chinese).
汪成民,李宣瑚.1991.中国断层气测量在地震科学研究中的应用现状[J].中国地震,7(2):19-30.WANG Cheng-min,LI Xuan-hu.1991.Applications of fracture-gas measurement to the earthquake studies in Chin[J].Earthquake Research in China,7(2):19-30(in Chinese).
张炜,罗光伟,邢玉安,等.1988.气体地球化学方法在探索活断层中的应用[J].中国地震,4(2):121-123ZHANG Wei,LUO Guang-wei,XING Yu-an,et al.1988.The application of gas geochemical method to explorin active fault[J].Earthquake Research in China,4(2):121-123(in Chinese).
Hernandez P,Pérez N,Salazar J,et al.2000.Soil gas CO2,CH4and H2distribution in and around Las Caňada caldera,Tenerife,Canary Islands,Spain[J].Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,103:425-438
Hirose T,Kawagucci S,Suzuki K.2011.Mechanoradical H2generation during simulated faulting:Implications for a earthquake-driven subsurface biosphere[J].Geophysical Research Letters,doi:10.1029/2011GL048850.
Irwin W P,Barnes I.1980.Tectonic relations of carbon dioxide discharges and earthquakes[J].Journal o Geophysical Research,85(B6):3115-3121.
Ito T,Nagamine K,Yamamoto K,et al.1999.Preseismic hydrogen gas anomalies caused by stress-corrosion proces preceding earthquakes[J].Geophysical Research Letters,26(13):2009-2012.
King C Y,King B S,Evans W C,et al.1996.Spatial radon anomalies on active faults in California[J].Applied Geochemistry,11(4):497-510.
King C Y,Zhang W,Zhang Z C.2006.Earthquake-induced groundwater and gas changes[J].Pure and Applied Geophysics,163(4):633-645.
Lombardi S,Voltattorni N.2010.Rn,He and CO2soll gas geochemistry for the study of active and inactive faults[J]ApD 1.Geochem.,25:1206-1220.
Wakita H,Nakamura Y,Kita I,et al.1980.Hydrogen release:New indicator of fault activity[J].Science,210188-190.
Walia V,Yang T F,Hong W L,et al.2009.Geochemical variation of soil-gas composition for fault trace an earthquake precursory studies along the Hsincheng Fault in NW Taiwan[J].Applied Radiation and Isotopes,67(10):1855-1863.
Whiticar M J.1999.Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane[J]Chemical Geology,161:291-314.