冬虫夏草无公害仿生态繁育技术
|
摘要
冬虫夏草为中国传统名贵中药材,由于生态环境破坏、不合理采挖等,造成资源稀缺,甚至濒临灭绝。野生冬虫夏草受自然环境的影响,不同产地品质差异较大,且大部分区域砷含量超标。进行无公害仿生态繁育是缓解野生冬虫夏草资源匮乏、降低砷含量、实现资源可持续利用的有效措施。广东东阳光有限公司冬虫夏草繁育与产品研发重点研究室经过十余年的研发,创建了无公害冬虫夏草仿生态繁育技术体系,并通过农业部《无公害农产品》认证。本文从产地环境要求、优质菌种和寄主资源选育、仿生态繁育技术、病虫害综合防治等方面论述了冬虫夏草的无公害仿生态繁育技术;通过严格控制各生产环节繁育无公害和高品质的冬虫夏草,推动冬虫夏草产业现代化发展。
Cordyceps sinensis( Ophiocordyceps sinensis) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Due to the destruction of ecological environment and unreasonable mining,resources are scarce and even endangered. The wild C. sinensis is affected by the natural environment,and the quality of different producing areas is quite different,and the arsenic content in most areas exceeds the standard. Carrying out pollution-free ecological cultivation is an effective measure to solve the problem of the shortage of wild C. sinensis resources,reducing arsenic content and realizing the sustainable development and utilization of resources. After more than ten years of research and development,Guangdong Sunshine Lake Pharma Co.,LTD has developed a non-polluted C. sinensis ecological cultivation technology system and passed the "Non-pollution Agricultural Products "certification by the Ministry of Agriculture. In this paper,the methods of pollution-free ecological cultivation of C. sinensis are discussed from the aspects of environmental requirements,excellent strains and host resource selection,ecological cultivation techniques,and integrated prevention of pests and diseases. Through strict control of various production links,pollution-free and high-quality C. sinensis can be cultivated,promoting the modernization of C. sinensis industry.
Cordyceps sinensis( Ophiocordyceps sinensis) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Due to the destruction of ecological environment and unreasonable mining,resources are scarce and even endangered. The wild C. sinensis is affected by the natural environment,and the quality of different producing areas is quite different,and the arsenic content in most areas exceeds the standard. Carrying out pollution-free ecological cultivation is an effective measure to solve the problem of the shortage of wild C. sinensis resources,reducing arsenic content and realizing the sustainable development and utilization of resources. After more than ten years of research and development,Guangdong Sunshine Lake Pharma Co.,LTD has developed a non-polluted C. sinensis ecological cultivation technology system and passed the "Non-pollution Agricultural Products "certification by the Ministry of Agriculture. In this paper,the methods of pollution-free ecological cultivation of C. sinensis are discussed from the aspects of environmental requirements,excellent strains and host resource selection,ecological cultivation techniques,and integrated prevention of pests and diseases. Through strict control of various production links,pollution-free and high-quality C. sinensis can be cultivated,promoting the modernization of C. sinensis industry.
引文
[1]国家药典委员会.中华人民共和国药典:一部[M].北京:中国医药科技出版社,2015:115.
[2] Lu Z H,Shi P,He Y C,et al.Review on natural enemies and diseases in the artificial cultivation of Chinese caterpillar mushroom,Ophiocordyceps sinensis(Ascomycetes)[J]. Int J Med Mushrooms,2015,17(7):693-700.
[3] Zhou X W,Li L J,Tian E W.Advances in research of the artificial cultivation of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in China[J].Crit Rev Biotechnol,2014,34(3):233-243.
[4]李如意,宋厚盼,魏艳霞,等.冬虫夏草药理作用的研究进展[J].环球中医药,2016,9(10):1284-1288.
[5]向丽.冬虫夏草保护生物学研究[D].北京:北京协和医学院,2013.
[6] Winkler D.Yartsa Gunbu(Cordyceps sinensis)and the fungal commodification of Tibet’s rural economy[J]. Econ Bot,2008,62:291-305.
[7] Xiang L,Li Y,Zhu Y,et al. Transcriptome analysis of the Ophiocordyceps sinensis fruiting body reveals putative genes involved in fruiting body development and cordycepin biosynthesis[J].Genomics,2014,103(1):154-159.
[8]胡清秀,寥超子,王欣.我国冬虫夏草及其资源保护、开发利用对策[J].中国农业资源与区划,2005(5):47-51.
[9]鲁增辉,陈仕江.冬虫夏草产业化实践和思考[J].环境昆虫学报,2016,38(1):24-30.
[10]陶盛昌,邱健健,李全平,等.冬虫夏草培育及保鲜技术研究进展[J].中药材,2018,41(7):1772-1774.
[11]詹泽苹,李华,黄亮,等.冬虫夏草繁育品与野生品红外指纹图谱一致性评价[J].中国现代中药,2016,18(3):312-315.
[12]刘杰,李耀磊,昝珂,等.冬虫夏草人工繁育品和野生冬虫夏草中5种重金属及有害元素含量的比较[J].中国药事,2016,30(9):912-918.
[13]李文佳,董彩虹,刘杏忠,等.冬虫夏草培植技术研究进展[J].菌物学报,2016,35(4):375-387.
[14]孟祥霄,沈亮,黄林芳,等.无公害中药材产地环境质量标准探讨[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2018,24(23):1-7.
[15]董林林,苏丽丽,尉广飞,等.无公害中药材生产技术规程研究[J].中国中药杂志,2018,43(15):1-15.
[16]王昊,单宇,孙志蓉.冬虫夏草应用及市场现状分析[J].现代中药研究与实践,2016,30(6):83-86.
[17]王钢力,金红宇,韩小萍,等.冬虫夏草药材的质量研究及存在问题[J].中草药,2008,39(1):115-118.
[18]陈士林,李西文,孙成忠,等.中国药材产地生态适宜性区划[M].2版.北京:科学出版社,2017:768-769.
[19]丘雪红,曹莉,韩日畴.冬虫夏草的研究进展、现存问题与研究展望[J].环境昆虫学报,2016,38(1):1-23.
[20] Sung G H,Hywel-Jones N L,Sung J M,et al.Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the Clavicipitaceous fungi[J].Stud Mycol,2007,57:5-59.
[21]刘飞,曾纬,伍晓丽.冬虫夏草菌种的种质资源研究[J].重庆中草药研究,2004(1):53-57.
[22]冯繻亿,吴丽娟.全人工培育冬虫夏草产业化技术研究[J].四川农业科技,2016(1):27-29.
[23]李文佳,张宗耀,李全平,等.冬虫夏草寄主昆虫及其饲养技术研究进展[J].世界中医药,2017,12(12):3142-3150.
[24]邱乙.中国冬虫夏草寄主昆虫研究[J].时珍国医国药,2015,26(3):720-722.
[25]向丽,陈士林,代勇,等.冬虫夏草菌寄主小金蝠蛾人工饲养成虫生物学特性[J].世界科学技术—中医药现代化,2012,14(1):1172-1176.
[26]刘飞,伍晓丽,尹定华,等.冬虫夏草寄主昆虫的种类和分布研究概况[J].重庆中草药研究,2006(1):47-50.
[27]青海省质量技术监督局.实验室冬虫夏草真菌-中国被毛孢真菌分离技术规程:DB63/T 862—2009[S].2009-12-07,1-3.
[28]青海省质量技术监督局.实验室冬虫夏草子囊孢子采集、净化、保存技术规程:DB63/T 669—2007[S].2007-09-11,1-2.
[29]张泽锦,叶萌,周祖基,等.冬虫夏草寄主昆虫饲养研究进展[J].中草药,2009,40(增刊):85-87.
[30]刘飞,伍晓丽,钱敏,等.冬虫夏草寄主幼虫不同产地主要食料的营养成分比较分析[J].特产研究,2007,29(4):52-55.
[31]青海省质量技术监督局.实验室冬虫夏草蝙蝠蛾卵的孵化技术规程:DB63/T 864—2009[S].2009-12-07,1-2.
[32]青海省质量技术监督局.实验室冬虫夏草寄主幼虫人工饲养技术规程:DB63/T 668—2007[S].2007-09-11,1-4.
[33]涂永勤,朱华李,张德利,等.不同产地冬虫夏草菌对寄主幼虫侵染力研究[J].中国食用菌,2012,31(5):32-34.
[34]雷桅,彭青云,张古忍,等.冬虫夏草菌在寄主钩蝠蛾幼虫中的潜伏侵染过程研究[J].环境昆虫学报,2015,37(2):387-392.
[35]贺宗毅,刘飞,陈仕江,等.青藏高原特色资源冬虫夏草培育过程中的病虫害研究进展[J].重庆中草药研究,2012(1):57-58.
[36]沈亮,徐江,陈士林,等.无公害中药材病虫害防治技术研究[J].中国现代中药,2018,20(9):1039-1048.
[37]陈炜,杜光,郭霞.冬虫夏草重金属化学形态的研究[J].中国医院药学杂志,2015,35(22):2062-2064.
[38]曹晓钢,王君,李建民,等.HPLC-HG-AFS法分析西藏冬虫夏草中的砷形态化合物[J].中成药,2015,37(9):1985-1989.
[39]卢恒,徐宁,孟繁蕴.冬虫夏草重金属的含量测定和健康风险评价[J].环境化学,2017,36(5):1003-1008.
[40]周利,郝庆秀,王升,等.微波消解ICP-MS法对冬虫夏草不同部位5种重金属元素的分布研究[J].中国中药杂志,2017,42(15):2934-2938.
[41]林燕奎,王丙涛,颜治,等.总砷超标食用菌样品中砷形态分布研究[J].分析仪器,2012(1):91-96.
[42]王永田,田连营,刘灿坤.冬虫夏草质量及真伪的经验鉴别[J].中医临床研究,2012,4(12):24-25.
[43]李文佳,汪小东,艾中,等.冬虫夏草真伪鉴别方法研究进展[J].中国现代中药,2014,16(11):881-887,920.
[44] Xiang L,Song J,Xin T,et al.DNA barcoding the commercial Chinese caterpillar fungus[J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett,2013,347(2):156-162.
[2] Lu Z H,Shi P,He Y C,et al.Review on natural enemies and diseases in the artificial cultivation of Chinese caterpillar mushroom,Ophiocordyceps sinensis(Ascomycetes)[J]. Int J Med Mushrooms,2015,17(7):693-700.
[3] Zhou X W,Li L J,Tian E W.Advances in research of the artificial cultivation of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in China[J].Crit Rev Biotechnol,2014,34(3):233-243.
[4]李如意,宋厚盼,魏艳霞,等.冬虫夏草药理作用的研究进展[J].环球中医药,2016,9(10):1284-1288.
[5]向丽.冬虫夏草保护生物学研究[D].北京:北京协和医学院,2013.
[6] Winkler D.Yartsa Gunbu(Cordyceps sinensis)and the fungal commodification of Tibet’s rural economy[J]. Econ Bot,2008,62:291-305.
[7] Xiang L,Li Y,Zhu Y,et al. Transcriptome analysis of the Ophiocordyceps sinensis fruiting body reveals putative genes involved in fruiting body development and cordycepin biosynthesis[J].Genomics,2014,103(1):154-159.
[8]胡清秀,寥超子,王欣.我国冬虫夏草及其资源保护、开发利用对策[J].中国农业资源与区划,2005(5):47-51.
[9]鲁增辉,陈仕江.冬虫夏草产业化实践和思考[J].环境昆虫学报,2016,38(1):24-30.
[10]陶盛昌,邱健健,李全平,等.冬虫夏草培育及保鲜技术研究进展[J].中药材,2018,41(7):1772-1774.
[11]詹泽苹,李华,黄亮,等.冬虫夏草繁育品与野生品红外指纹图谱一致性评价[J].中国现代中药,2016,18(3):312-315.
[12]刘杰,李耀磊,昝珂,等.冬虫夏草人工繁育品和野生冬虫夏草中5种重金属及有害元素含量的比较[J].中国药事,2016,30(9):912-918.
[13]李文佳,董彩虹,刘杏忠,等.冬虫夏草培植技术研究进展[J].菌物学报,2016,35(4):375-387.
[14]孟祥霄,沈亮,黄林芳,等.无公害中药材产地环境质量标准探讨[J].中国实验方剂学杂志,2018,24(23):1-7.
[15]董林林,苏丽丽,尉广飞,等.无公害中药材生产技术规程研究[J].中国中药杂志,2018,43(15):1-15.
[16]王昊,单宇,孙志蓉.冬虫夏草应用及市场现状分析[J].现代中药研究与实践,2016,30(6):83-86.
[17]王钢力,金红宇,韩小萍,等.冬虫夏草药材的质量研究及存在问题[J].中草药,2008,39(1):115-118.
[18]陈士林,李西文,孙成忠,等.中国药材产地生态适宜性区划[M].2版.北京:科学出版社,2017:768-769.
[19]丘雪红,曹莉,韩日畴.冬虫夏草的研究进展、现存问题与研究展望[J].环境昆虫学报,2016,38(1):1-23.
[20] Sung G H,Hywel-Jones N L,Sung J M,et al.Phylogenetic classification of Cordyceps and the Clavicipitaceous fungi[J].Stud Mycol,2007,57:5-59.
[21]刘飞,曾纬,伍晓丽.冬虫夏草菌种的种质资源研究[J].重庆中草药研究,2004(1):53-57.
[22]冯繻亿,吴丽娟.全人工培育冬虫夏草产业化技术研究[J].四川农业科技,2016(1):27-29.
[23]李文佳,张宗耀,李全平,等.冬虫夏草寄主昆虫及其饲养技术研究进展[J].世界中医药,2017,12(12):3142-3150.
[24]邱乙.中国冬虫夏草寄主昆虫研究[J].时珍国医国药,2015,26(3):720-722.
[25]向丽,陈士林,代勇,等.冬虫夏草菌寄主小金蝠蛾人工饲养成虫生物学特性[J].世界科学技术—中医药现代化,2012,14(1):1172-1176.
[26]刘飞,伍晓丽,尹定华,等.冬虫夏草寄主昆虫的种类和分布研究概况[J].重庆中草药研究,2006(1):47-50.
[27]青海省质量技术监督局.实验室冬虫夏草真菌-中国被毛孢真菌分离技术规程:DB63/T 862—2009[S].2009-12-07,1-3.
[28]青海省质量技术监督局.实验室冬虫夏草子囊孢子采集、净化、保存技术规程:DB63/T 669—2007[S].2007-09-11,1-2.
[29]张泽锦,叶萌,周祖基,等.冬虫夏草寄主昆虫饲养研究进展[J].中草药,2009,40(增刊):85-87.
[30]刘飞,伍晓丽,钱敏,等.冬虫夏草寄主幼虫不同产地主要食料的营养成分比较分析[J].特产研究,2007,29(4):52-55.
[31]青海省质量技术监督局.实验室冬虫夏草蝙蝠蛾卵的孵化技术规程:DB63/T 864—2009[S].2009-12-07,1-2.
[32]青海省质量技术监督局.实验室冬虫夏草寄主幼虫人工饲养技术规程:DB63/T 668—2007[S].2007-09-11,1-4.
[33]涂永勤,朱华李,张德利,等.不同产地冬虫夏草菌对寄主幼虫侵染力研究[J].中国食用菌,2012,31(5):32-34.
[34]雷桅,彭青云,张古忍,等.冬虫夏草菌在寄主钩蝠蛾幼虫中的潜伏侵染过程研究[J].环境昆虫学报,2015,37(2):387-392.
[35]贺宗毅,刘飞,陈仕江,等.青藏高原特色资源冬虫夏草培育过程中的病虫害研究进展[J].重庆中草药研究,2012(1):57-58.
[36]沈亮,徐江,陈士林,等.无公害中药材病虫害防治技术研究[J].中国现代中药,2018,20(9):1039-1048.
[37]陈炜,杜光,郭霞.冬虫夏草重金属化学形态的研究[J].中国医院药学杂志,2015,35(22):2062-2064.
[38]曹晓钢,王君,李建民,等.HPLC-HG-AFS法分析西藏冬虫夏草中的砷形态化合物[J].中成药,2015,37(9):1985-1989.
[39]卢恒,徐宁,孟繁蕴.冬虫夏草重金属的含量测定和健康风险评价[J].环境化学,2017,36(5):1003-1008.
[40]周利,郝庆秀,王升,等.微波消解ICP-MS法对冬虫夏草不同部位5种重金属元素的分布研究[J].中国中药杂志,2017,42(15):2934-2938.
[41]林燕奎,王丙涛,颜治,等.总砷超标食用菌样品中砷形态分布研究[J].分析仪器,2012(1):91-96.
[42]王永田,田连营,刘灿坤.冬虫夏草质量及真伪的经验鉴别[J].中医临床研究,2012,4(12):24-25.
[43]李文佳,汪小东,艾中,等.冬虫夏草真伪鉴别方法研究进展[J].中国现代中药,2014,16(11):881-887,920.
[44] Xiang L,Song J,Xin T,et al.DNA barcoding the commercial Chinese caterpillar fungus[J]. FEMS Microbiol Lett,2013,347(2):156-162.