繁荣、危机与衰落——明清时期东亚朝贡制度变迁略论
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摘要
朝贡制度是宗藩体系下古代东亚各国与中国之间的主要外交形式,同时也是宗主国中国与东亚各藩属国之间政治秩序维护的主要手段。朝贡制度启于西周,至明朝达到鼎盛,明清易代朝贡制度由盛转衰。清政府虽试图采取多项举措对朝贡制度加以维护,但也未能挽救朝贡制度走向衰落。西方殖民体系开始介入东亚地区,朝贡制度亦随之继续衰落。1894年甲午战争后,朝鲜完全成为日本殖民地,这殆同宣告东亚朝贡制度彻底解体。
The tribute system was the chief diplomatic form between ancient East Asian countries and China under the Suzerain-vassal. It was also a political means of maintaining the order between the China as a mother country and the vassal states of East Asia. Tribute system was from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty when it reached a period of great prosperity. The change of Ming and Qing dynasties was also an important period that the tribute system experienced from prosperity to decline. The Qing Dynasty's government tried to take a number of measures to maintain the tribute system. But it failed to save the tribute system and it became feeble and disintegrating in the Qing dynasty. When the Qing dynasty was defeated in the Opium War,the western colonial system began to intervene in the East Asian region,the tribute system also continued to decline. The Qing dynasty's government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894. At the same time,the tribute system in East Asia was absolutely collapsed because the North Korea gave up leading right of the tribute system in China. Therefore,the Ming and Qing Dynasties were the important historical periods for developing of the tribute system. It was also a turning point which was from the prosperity to decline.
The tribute system was the chief diplomatic form between ancient East Asian countries and China under the Suzerain-vassal. It was also a political means of maintaining the order between the China as a mother country and the vassal states of East Asia. Tribute system was from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty when it reached a period of great prosperity. The change of Ming and Qing dynasties was also an important period that the tribute system experienced from prosperity to decline. The Qing Dynasty's government tried to take a number of measures to maintain the tribute system. But it failed to save the tribute system and it became feeble and disintegrating in the Qing dynasty. When the Qing dynasty was defeated in the Opium War,the western colonial system began to intervene in the East Asian region,the tribute system also continued to decline. The Qing dynasty's government was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894. At the same time,the tribute system in East Asia was absolutely collapsed because the North Korea gave up leading right of the tribute system in China. Therefore,the Ming and Qing Dynasties were the important historical periods for developing of the tribute system. It was also a turning point which was from the prosperity to decline.
引文
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[10][明]李东阳,等.正德大明会典[M].东京:汲古书院,1989.
[11]D.R Sar Desai.southeast Aisa:Past&Prent Sent[M].Colorado:Westview Press,Fouth Edition,1997.
[12]崔思朋.鼎盛与危机:明清东亚宗藩体系嬗变[J].贵州文史丛刊,2015,(4):67-75.
[13]刘亚轩.从清初来华传教士马国贤之记录看中国朝贡外交[J].湖南医科大学学报(社会科学版),2008,(6):78-80.
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[18][清]允陶,等.乾隆大清会典[Z].文渊阁《四库全书》本.台北:商务印书馆.
[19]吴蓓.十九世纪亚洲的宗藩体系及殖民体系[J].松辽学刊(社会科学版),1998,(1):29-32.