洪水径流对种子传播及种群更新的影响——以黄土丘陵沟壑区旱柳为例
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摘要
针对2013年暴雨后旱柳在两个淤地坝坝地内成片密集生长的现象,对两个坝控流域内旱柳生长分布特征及繁殖方式进行了调查与分析。结果表明:(1)1号淤地坝控流域内的成树与幼树分布面积、胸径、树高与密度总体上均高于2号坝控流域,2号坝控流域内沟谷数量少且较浅,相反1号坝控流域内密集分布的地势低洼的沟谷为旱柳提供了适宜的生长条件,同时数量较多的高大成树提供了丰富种源,造就了种子扩散距离上的优势;(2)2013年与2014年降雨产生的地表径流携泥沙淤积于坝地,提高了土壤水肥条件,为旱柳的萌发与生长提供了有利条件;(3)幼树多分布于坝地上且均为两年生实生苗,少量萌生苗分布于支沟沟口,主要原因为2014年与2015年降雨所产生的地表径流均将坝控流域地表中存活的旱柳种子传播并聚集于坝地上,此时坝地水肥条件良好,促进了种子萌发和幼苗生长。研究表明地表径流会促进植物种子扩散,将种子传播至适宜其萌发和幼苗建成的生境,从而影响种群更新格局。
With respect to the mat growth of Salix matsudana seedlings in both two check-dams after the heavy rains,the growth and distribution characteristics and mode of reproduction of Salixmatsudana were investigated in the catchment with two check-dams.The results indicate that the distribution area,diameter of breast height(DBH),tree height and density of mature and young Salix matsudanain the catchment of check dam 1 are larger than those in the catchment of check dam 2.The larger area,DBH,tree height and density of Salix matsudana in check dam 1 were attributed to more low-lying valleys in check dam 1 than check dam 2,which creates suitable conditions for the growing of Salix matsudana.In addition,the wide distribution of adult Salix matsudanain check dam 1 has provided abundant seeds,leading to the predominance of seed dispersal distance.Flood runoff during 2013 and 2014 has transferred sediment to the dam land,causing increase of soil moisture and fertility conditions on dam land.The saplings of Salix matsudana are mostly found on the dam land,which come from seed propagation and germinated two years ago,some of them on outfall-land of valleys,which mostly come from vegetative propagation.Rainfall runoff during 2014 and 2015 has carried and gathered seeds of Salix matsudana to the dam land where is already suitable for seed germination and seedling growth.Overall,these results show that overland runoff can promote seed dispersal by taking seeds to habitats which are suitable for seed germination and seedling establishment,and even influence the pattern of population regeneration.
With respect to the mat growth of Salix matsudana seedlings in both two check-dams after the heavy rains,the growth and distribution characteristics and mode of reproduction of Salixmatsudana were investigated in the catchment with two check-dams.The results indicate that the distribution area,diameter of breast height(DBH),tree height and density of mature and young Salix matsudanain the catchment of check dam 1 are larger than those in the catchment of check dam 2.The larger area,DBH,tree height and density of Salix matsudana in check dam 1 were attributed to more low-lying valleys in check dam 1 than check dam 2,which creates suitable conditions for the growing of Salix matsudana.In addition,the wide distribution of adult Salix matsudanain check dam 1 has provided abundant seeds,leading to the predominance of seed dispersal distance.Flood runoff during 2013 and 2014 has transferred sediment to the dam land,causing increase of soil moisture and fertility conditions on dam land.The saplings of Salix matsudana are mostly found on the dam land,which come from seed propagation and germinated two years ago,some of them on outfall-land of valleys,which mostly come from vegetative propagation.Rainfall runoff during 2014 and 2015 has carried and gathered seeds of Salix matsudana to the dam land where is already suitable for seed germination and seedling growth.Overall,these results show that overland runoff can promote seed dispersal by taking seeds to habitats which are suitable for seed germination and seedling establishment,and even influence the pattern of population regeneration.
引文
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[2]Russell S K,Schupp E W.Effects of microhabitat patchiness on patterns of seed dispersal and seed predation of Cercocarpus ledifolius(Rosaceae)[J].Oikos,1998,81:434-443.
[3]Nathan R,Muller-Landau H C.Spatial patterns of seed dispersal,their determinants and consequences for recruitment[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,2000,15(7):278-285.
[4]朱丽,卢剑波,余林.复合种群中扩散的研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(5):1008-1013.
[5]龙翠玲,余世孝.茂兰喀斯特森林林隙种子雨、种子库空间变异[J].植物分类与资源学报,2007,29(3):327-332.
[6]唐勇,曹敏,张建侯,等.西双版纳白背桐次生林土壤种子库、种子雨研究[J].植物生态学报,1998,22(6):505-512.
[7]杜彦君,马克平.森林种子雨研究进展与展望[J].生物多样性,2012,20(1):94-107.
[8]张健,郝占庆,李步杭,等.长白山阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林种子雨组成及其季节动态[J].生态学报,2008,28(6):2445-2454.
[9]于飞.秦岭松栎混交林建群种种子扩散过程及天然更新格局研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.
[10]张亚娟.黄土高原马栏林区落叶阔叶林种子雨动态及主要物种幼苗空间格局变化[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2015.
[11]李宏俊,张知彬.动物与植物种子更新的关系Ⅱ.动物对种子的捕食、扩散、贮藏及与幼苗建成的关系[J].生物多样性,2001,9(1):25-37.
[12]马庆亮,赵雪峰,孙明洋,等.啮齿动物作用下退耕地山杏种子扩散与贮藏的季节变化[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(5):1238-1243.
[13]饶晓东,陈德祥,王代平,等.鸟类与植物种子扩散关系的研究进展[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(26):14209-14212.
[14]姜明敏,曹林,肖治术,等.都江堰林区取食樱桃果实(种子)的鸟类及其种子扩散作用[J].动物学杂志,2010,45(1):27-34.
[15]曹林,郭聪.啮齿动物对印度栲种子扩散的效率[J].兽类学报,2011,31(4):323-329.
[16]陈玲玲,林振山,何亮.风传草本植物种子空间传播新模型[J].生态学报,2010,30(17):4643-4651.
[17]诸葛晓龙,朱敏,季璐,等.入侵杂草小飞蓬和钻形紫菀种子风传扩散生物学特性研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(10):1978-1984.
[18]雷东,韩鲁艳,焦菊英,等.模拟降雨条件下黄土丘陵区主要植物种子的流失特征[J].水土保持研究,2011,18(1):1-6.
[19]Han L Y,Jiao J J,Wang N,et al.Seed removal on loess slopes in relation to runoff and sediment yield[J].Catena,2011,85:12-21.
[20]Yu W J,Jiao J J,Chen Y,et al.Seed removal due to overland flow on abandoned slops in the chinese hillygullied loess plateau region[J].Land Degradation&Development,2017,28:274-282.
[21]隋德宗.盐胁迫对柳树无性系幼苗生长影响的研究[D].南京:南京林业大学,2006.
[22]华北树木志编写组.华北树木志[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1984.
[23]中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会.中国植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,1990.
[24]中国科学院西北植物研究所.秦岭植物志[M].北京:科学出版社,1974.
[25]Tomimatsu H,Ohara M.Genetic diversity and local population structure of fragmented populations of Trillium camschatcense(Trilliaceae)[J].Biological Conservation,2003,109:249-258.
[26]Rice K J,Gordon D R,Hardison J L,et al.Phenotypic variation in seedlings of a“keystone”tree species(Quercus douglasii):the interactive effects of acorn source and competitive environment[J].Oecologia,1993,96:537-547.
[27]美国农业部要务局,李霆.美国木本植物种子手册[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1984.
[28]赵国余.蔬菜种子学[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1989.
[29]傅家瑞.种子生理[M].北京:农业出版社,1992.
[30]冯爽.蒙古柳(Salix linearistipularis)有性繁殖特性研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2013.
[31]余道平,向丽,杨楠,等.高山柳种子萌发特性[J].西北农业学报,2013,22(3):148-151.
[32]Dechaine J M,Burger J C,Burke J M.Ecological patterns and genetic analysis of post-dispersal seed predation in sunflower(Helianthus annuus)crop-wild hybrids[J].Molecular Ecology,2010,19:3477-3488.
[33]王妍,卢琦,程立岩,等.呼伦贝尔沙地天然樟子松种子扩散机制研究[J].生态科学,2010,29(5):403-410.
[34]曹斌挺.黄土丘陵沟壑区退耕坡面不同植物群落的土壤侵蚀特征[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[35]康俊生.淤地坝在治理水土流失改善农业生产条件中的作用[M].北京:北京农业出版社,2013.
[36]胡建军,牛萍,曹炜.浅谈黄河上中游地区水土保持淤地坝工程的作用[J].水资源与水工程学报,2002,13(2):28-31.
[37]张小单.珍稀濒危植物钻天柳的种子萌发和组织培养特性研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2015.