长期定位施用牛粪对夏玉米-冬小麦体系农田N_2O和NO排放的影响
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摘要
利用静态暗箱法对关中平原27 a长期定位施肥农田氧化亚氮(N_2O)和一氧化氮(NO)排放通量进行周年(2017年6月到2018年6月)观测,目的是阐明N_2O和NO的排放特征及其影响因子,定量评估施用牛粪对气体排放的影响.田间试验采用随机区组试验设计,设置3种处理.对照(CK)处理全年不施肥.全化肥(NPK)和化肥加牛粪(NPKM)处理全年施氮(N)量为353 kg·hm~(-2),其中夏玉米季为188 kg·hm~(-2),均为尿素N;冬小麦季为165 kg·hm~(-2),NPK处理全部为尿素N,而NPKM处理尿素N与牛粪N的比例为3∶7.结果表明,CK处理气体排放通量较低且无明显季节变化,NPK和NPKM处理气体排放高峰主要与施肥和灌溉有关,N_2O和NO排放最高峰值分别为103. 0 g·( hm~2·d)~(-1)和71. 0 g·( hm~2·d)~(-1),均出现在NPKM处理玉米季.当土壤温度高于20℃时,NPK和NPKM中NO/N_2O比均与土壤充水孔隙度呈显著负相关关系(P <0. 01),说明土壤温度和水分含量共同影响气体排放.各处理N_2O年排放量分别为0. 21、2. 32和2. 15 kg·hm~(-2),NPK与NPKM处理间差异不显著(P=0. 74); NO年排放量分别为0. 23、0. 80和1. 46 kg·hm~(-2),NPK和NPKM处理间差异显著(P <0. 05).说明长期施用牛粪对N_2O排放无影响,但可显著增加NO排放.
Annual nitrous oxide( N_2O) and nitric oxide( NO) emissions were measured within a 27 year fertilization experiment in Guanzhong Plain. Gas samples were collected using static chambers from June 2017 to June 2018. The primary objectives of this study were to quantify the variations in N_2O and NO emissions and evaluate the effect of manure amendment on gas losses. Three treatments were set up in the field using a completely random block design. The control treatment( CK) remained unfertilized throughout the year. The synthetic fertilizers( NPK) and NPK plus dairy manure( NPKM) treatments received an annual nitrogen( N) input at a rate of 353 kg·hm~(-2). In the summer maize season,the NPK and NPKM treatments received urea as a N source at 188 kg·hm~(-2). In the winter wheat season,the NPK treatments received urea at 165 kg·hm~(-2). The NPKM treatment received the same amount of N as the NPK treatment but with 30% from urea and 70% from dairy manure. The results showed that N_2O and NO emissions from the CK treatment were consistently low during the experimental period. Large emission peaks were captured in the NPK and NPKM treatments,mostly responding to fertilizer application and irrigation. The largest N_2O and NO peaks were up to 103. 0 g·( hm~2·d)~(-1) and 71. 0 g·( hm~2·d)~(-1),respectively,and both occurred in the NPKM treatment during the summer maize season. The NO/N_2O ratio was negatively related to soil water-filled pore space( P < 0. 01) at soil temperatures above 20℃ for the NPK and NPKM treatments,indicating the regulatory effect of soil temperature and water content on gas fluxes. Annual N_2O emissions from the CK,NPK,and NPKM treatments were 0. 21 kg·hm~(-2),2. 32 kg·hm~(-2),and 2. 15 kg·hm~(-2),respectively,with a non-significant difference between the NPK and NPKM treatments( P = 0. 74). Annual NO emissions from the CK,NPK,and NPKM treatments were 0. 23 kg·hm~(-2),0. 80 kg·hm~(-2),and 1. 46 kg·hm~(-2),respectively,with a significant difference between the NPK and NPKM treatments( P < 0. 05).We concluded that long-term dairy manure amendment did not influence N_2O emissions but increased NO emissions.
Annual nitrous oxide( N_2O) and nitric oxide( NO) emissions were measured within a 27 year fertilization experiment in Guanzhong Plain. Gas samples were collected using static chambers from June 2017 to June 2018. The primary objectives of this study were to quantify the variations in N_2O and NO emissions and evaluate the effect of manure amendment on gas losses. Three treatments were set up in the field using a completely random block design. The control treatment( CK) remained unfertilized throughout the year. The synthetic fertilizers( NPK) and NPK plus dairy manure( NPKM) treatments received an annual nitrogen( N) input at a rate of 353 kg·hm~(-2). In the summer maize season,the NPK and NPKM treatments received urea as a N source at 188 kg·hm~(-2). In the winter wheat season,the NPK treatments received urea at 165 kg·hm~(-2). The NPKM treatment received the same amount of N as the NPK treatment but with 30% from urea and 70% from dairy manure. The results showed that N_2O and NO emissions from the CK treatment were consistently low during the experimental period. Large emission peaks were captured in the NPK and NPKM treatments,mostly responding to fertilizer application and irrigation. The largest N_2O and NO peaks were up to 103. 0 g·( hm~2·d)~(-1) and 71. 0 g·( hm~2·d)~(-1),respectively,and both occurred in the NPKM treatment during the summer maize season. The NO/N_2O ratio was negatively related to soil water-filled pore space( P < 0. 01) at soil temperatures above 20℃ for the NPK and NPKM treatments,indicating the regulatory effect of soil temperature and water content on gas fluxes. Annual N_2O emissions from the CK,NPK,and NPKM treatments were 0. 21 kg·hm~(-2),2. 32 kg·hm~(-2),and 2. 15 kg·hm~(-2),respectively,with a non-significant difference between the NPK and NPKM treatments( P = 0. 74). Annual NO emissions from the CK,NPK,and NPKM treatments were 0. 23 kg·hm~(-2),0. 80 kg·hm~(-2),and 1. 46 kg·hm~(-2),respectively,with a significant difference between the NPK and NPKM treatments( P < 0. 05).We concluded that long-term dairy manure amendment did not influence N_2O emissions but increased NO emissions.
引文
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[20] Lu Y L,Chen Z J,Kang T T,et al. Land-use changes from arable crop to kiwi-orchard increased nutrient surpluses and accumulation in soils[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2016,223:270-277.
[21]郝耀旭,刘继璇,袁梦轩,等.长期定位有机物料还田对关中平原冬小麦-玉米轮作土壤N2O排放的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2586-2593.Hao Y X,Liu J X,Yuan M X,et al. Effects of long-term organic amendments on soil N2O emissions from winter wheatmaize cropping systems in the Guanzhong Plain[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2586-2593.
[22]袁梦轩,王晋峰,谭跃慧,等.长期定位有机物料还田对关中平原夏玉米-冬小麦轮作土壤NO排放的影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(6):2819-2826.Yuan M X,Wang J F,Tan Y H,et al. Effect of long-term organic amendments on nitric oxide emissions from the summer maize-winter wheat cropping system in Guanzhong Plain[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(6):2819-2826.
[23] Gu J X,Zheng X H,Wang Y H,et al. Regulatory effects of soil properties on background N2O emissions from agricultural soils in China[J]. Plant and Soil,2007,295(1-2):53-65.
[24] Cui F,Yan G X,Zhou Z X,et al. Annual emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from a wheat-maize cropping system on a silt loam calcareous soil in the North China Plain[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,48:10-19.
[25] Liu S W,Lin F,Wu S,et al. A meta-analysis of fertilizerinduced soil NO and combined NO-N2O emissions[J]. Global Change Biology,2017,23(6):2520-2532.
[26] Davidson E A,Verchot L V. Testing the hole-in-the-pipe model of nitric and nitrous oxide emissions from soils using the TRAGNET database[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2000,14(4):1035-1043.
[27]刘显,费良军,王佳,等.土壤初始含水率对涌泉根灌土壤水分及氮素运移特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(4):118-126.Liu X,Fei L J,Wang J,et al. Transport characteristics of water and nitrogen under bubbled-root irrigation with soil initial water content[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(4):118-126.
[28] Cheng Y,Xie W,Huang R,et al. Extremely high N2O but unexpectedly low NO emissions from a highly organic and chemical fertilized peach orchard system in China[J].Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment, 2017, 246:202-209.
[29] Wrage-M9nnig N,Horn M A,Well R,et al. The role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide revisited[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,123:A3-A16.
[30]侯苗苗,吕凤莲,张弘弢,等.有机氮替代比例对冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系作物产量及N2O排放的影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(1):321-330.Hou M M,LüF L,Zhang H T,et al. Effect of organic manure substitution of synthetic nitrogen on crop yield and N2O emission in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(1):321-330.
[2] Davidson E A. The contribution of manure and fertilizer nitrogen to atmospheric nitrous oxide since 1860[J]. Nature Geoscience,2009,2(9):659-662.
[3] Pilegaard K. Processes regulating nitric oxide emissions from soils[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2013,368(1621):20130126.
[4] Stehfest E,Bouwman L. N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation:summarizing available measurement data and modeling of global annual emissions[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2006,74(3):207-228.
[5] Firestone M K,Davidson E A. Microbiological basis of NO and N2O production and consumption in soil[A]. In:Andreae M O,Schimel D S(Eds.). Exchange of trace Gases Between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere[M]. Chichester:John Wiley and Sons,Inc.,1989. 7-21.
[6] Leitner S,Homyak P M,Blankinship J C,et al. Linking NO and N2O emission pulses with the mobilization of mineral and organic N upon rewetting dry soils[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,115:461-466.
[7] Cheng Y,Wang J,Wang S Q,et al. Effects of temperature change and tree species composition on N2O and NO emissions in acidic forest soils of subtropical China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2014,26(3):617-625.
[8] Wu X,Liu H F,Fu B J,et al. Effects of land-use change and fertilization on N2O and NO fluxes,the abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying microbial communities in a hilly red soil region of southern China[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2017,120:111-120.
[9] Loick N,Dixon E,Abalos D,et al.“Hot spots”of N and C impact nitric oxide,nitrous oxide and nitrogen gas emissions from a UK grassland soil[J]. Geoderma,2017,305:336-345.
[10] Yao Z S,Zheng X H,Wang R,et al. Greenhouse gas fluxes and NO release from a Chinese subtropical rice-winter wheat rotation system under nitrogen fertilizer management[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Biogeosciences,2013,118(2):623-638.
[11] Smith P,Martino D,Cai Z,et al. Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2008,363(1492):789-813.
[12] Tilman D,Cassman K G,Matson P A,et al. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices[J]. Nature,2002,418(6898):671-677.
[13] Zhang W F,Dou Z X,He P,et al. New technologies reduce greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogenous fertilizer in China[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(21):8375-8380.
[14] Gai X P,Liu H B,Liu J,et al. Long-term benefits of combining chemical fertilizer and manure applications on crop yields and soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in North China Plain[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2018,208:384-392.
[15] Zhou P,Sheng H,Li Y,et al. Lower C sequestration and N use efficiency by straw incorporation than manure amendment on paddy soils[J]. Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2016,219:93-100.
[16] Gu J X,Yuan M X,Liu J X,et al. Trade-off between soil organic carbon sequestration and nitrous oxide emissions from winter wheat-summer maize rotations:implications of a 25-year fertilization experiment in Northwestern China[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,595:371-379.
[17] Vallejo A,Skiba U M,García-Torres L,et al. Nitrogen oxides emission from soils bearing a potato crop as influenced by fertilization with treated pig slurries and composts[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(9):2782-2793.
[18] Hayakawa A,Akiyama H,Sudo S,et al. N2O and NO emissions from an Andisol field as influenced by pelleted poultry manure[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(3):521-529.
[19]肖乾颖,黄有胜,胡廷旭,等.施肥方式对紫色土农田生态系统N2O和NO排放的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2018,26(2):203-213.Xiao Q Y,Huang S Y,Hu T X,et al. Effects of fertilization regimes on N2O and NO emissions from agro-ecosystem of purplish soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2018,26(2):203-213.
[20] Lu Y L,Chen Z J,Kang T T,et al. Land-use changes from arable crop to kiwi-orchard increased nutrient surpluses and accumulation in soils[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment,2016,223:270-277.
[21]郝耀旭,刘继璇,袁梦轩,等.长期定位有机物料还田对关中平原冬小麦-玉米轮作土壤N2O排放的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(6):2586-2593.Hao Y X,Liu J X,Yuan M X,et al. Effects of long-term organic amendments on soil N2O emissions from winter wheatmaize cropping systems in the Guanzhong Plain[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(6):2586-2593.
[22]袁梦轩,王晋峰,谭跃慧,等.长期定位有机物料还田对关中平原夏玉米-冬小麦轮作土壤NO排放的影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(6):2819-2826.Yuan M X,Wang J F,Tan Y H,et al. Effect of long-term organic amendments on nitric oxide emissions from the summer maize-winter wheat cropping system in Guanzhong Plain[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(6):2819-2826.
[23] Gu J X,Zheng X H,Wang Y H,et al. Regulatory effects of soil properties on background N2O emissions from agricultural soils in China[J]. Plant and Soil,2007,295(1-2):53-65.
[24] Cui F,Yan G X,Zhou Z X,et al. Annual emissions of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide from a wheat-maize cropping system on a silt loam calcareous soil in the North China Plain[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,48:10-19.
[25] Liu S W,Lin F,Wu S,et al. A meta-analysis of fertilizerinduced soil NO and combined NO-N2O emissions[J]. Global Change Biology,2017,23(6):2520-2532.
[26] Davidson E A,Verchot L V. Testing the hole-in-the-pipe model of nitric and nitrous oxide emissions from soils using the TRAGNET database[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,2000,14(4):1035-1043.
[27]刘显,费良军,王佳,等.土壤初始含水率对涌泉根灌土壤水分及氮素运移特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(4):118-126.Liu X,Fei L J,Wang J,et al. Transport characteristics of water and nitrogen under bubbled-root irrigation with soil initial water content[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(4):118-126.
[28] Cheng Y,Xie W,Huang R,et al. Extremely high N2O but unexpectedly low NO emissions from a highly organic and chemical fertilized peach orchard system in China[J].Agriculture, Ecosystems&Environment, 2017, 246:202-209.
[29] Wrage-M9nnig N,Horn M A,Well R,et al. The role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide revisited[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,123:A3-A16.
[30]侯苗苗,吕凤莲,张弘弢,等.有机氮替代比例对冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系作物产量及N2O排放的影响[J].环境科学,2018,39(1):321-330.Hou M M,LüF L,Zhang H T,et al. Effect of organic manure substitution of synthetic nitrogen on crop yield and N2O emission in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(1):321-330.