中古墓志铭的文体形态与书写规则
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摘要
魏晋南北朝至隋唐五代的中古时期,墓志铭在发展演变过程中呈现出完备的文体形态,形成了特定的书写规则。首先,中古墓志铭是由多重载体构成的特殊体制,至少存在文本、书法与实物三重载体。其次,中古墓志铭的文体特征表现为志铭分撰现象更加凸显,墓志与诗体进一步交融,铭文的体式逐渐丰富。再者,唐代墓志铭的书写规则主要有逐步完备的题款、偶尔出现的注文、特殊的平阙格式。最后,墓志铭的集本与石本文字书写方式有所不同,比较集本与石本,更有助于我们把握墓志铭的文体特质。
An epitaph is a stone inscription buried in a tomb with the biography of the owner of the tomb.It originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty,developed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and flourished in the Sui,Tang and Five Dynasties.It existed in the forms of stone carving,text and calligraphy:The stone carving constitutes its physical form,the literal content its textual form,and the handwriting its calligraphic form.Epitaphs,as they evolved throughout the medieval period from the Wei,Jin to the Five Dynasties,exhibit exquisite textual patterns and developed specific writing rules.Firstly,epitaphs in the medieval period formed a special system constituted by at least three formats:text,calligraphy and material object.General literary forms such as poems and rhapsodies were created by writers and handed down through writing,compilation,carving and printing.In addition to the process that general literary forms went through,epitaphs also had stone inscriptions,the stones buried in the grave with manuscript carved on them.Calligraphers had to write down the words that were to be carved on the stones,and a material object came into being after the carving.Secondly,the medieval epitaphs demonstrated more evident literary features.The epitaphs and poetic genres were more fully combined,and the genres of Mingwen were increasingly diversified.Epitaphs consisting of Zhiwen and Mingwen became a regular pattern for later generations.Sometimes,Zhiwenand Mingwen were written respectively,with Zhiwenintended for recording events and Mingwen for extolling the virtues.The relatively fixed format of″Thirteen Events″also witnessed the stylistic stylization of the epitaphs.The epitaphs matured and flourished in the Tang dynasty.The authors took advantage of various literary styles in the previous generations and integrated their good qualities into the epitaphs,making the epitaph an independent and popular literary style.Thirdly,the writing rules of epitaphs in the Tang Dynasty were manifested in increasingly complete inscriptions,occasional annotations,and the special format of line breaks and blanks.Stone epitaphs are a complex of epitaph texts:their texts were provided by the author of the epitaphs,revised and supplemented by the bereaved,written by the calligrapher,and finally inscribed by the engraver.The information provided by the stone epitaph was much richer than that by the paper-based epitaph collections.For example,the epitaph inscriptions indicating the author's identity were important materials for studying the style and format of the epitaphs.However,they could not be found in the paper-based epitaph collections.Finally,the writing style of epitaph in paper-based collections is different from that in stone carving.The comparison of the two different types of epitaphs is helpful for us to grasp the stylistic characteristics of epitaphs.The newly unearthed stone epitaphs,many of which were included in paper collections,provide us with excellent materials for a comparative study of the style and form of the epitaphs.The forms of stone epitaphs are varied and complex,thus providing much additional information to mere textual forms.Paper-based epitaphs show the instability of the texts resulting from copying and printing,from which we can examine the course of the spread of the texts.A comparison will also bring out the different standpoints of the epitaph authors and the bereaved.
An epitaph is a stone inscription buried in a tomb with the biography of the owner of the tomb.It originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty,developed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and flourished in the Sui,Tang and Five Dynasties.It existed in the forms of stone carving,text and calligraphy:The stone carving constitutes its physical form,the literal content its textual form,and the handwriting its calligraphic form.Epitaphs,as they evolved throughout the medieval period from the Wei,Jin to the Five Dynasties,exhibit exquisite textual patterns and developed specific writing rules.Firstly,epitaphs in the medieval period formed a special system constituted by at least three formats:text,calligraphy and material object.General literary forms such as poems and rhapsodies were created by writers and handed down through writing,compilation,carving and printing.In addition to the process that general literary forms went through,epitaphs also had stone inscriptions,the stones buried in the grave with manuscript carved on them.Calligraphers had to write down the words that were to be carved on the stones,and a material object came into being after the carving.Secondly,the medieval epitaphs demonstrated more evident literary features.The epitaphs and poetic genres were more fully combined,and the genres of Mingwen were increasingly diversified.Epitaphs consisting of Zhiwen and Mingwen became a regular pattern for later generations.Sometimes,Zhiwenand Mingwen were written respectively,with Zhiwenintended for recording events and Mingwen for extolling the virtues.The relatively fixed format of″Thirteen Events″also witnessed the stylistic stylization of the epitaphs.The epitaphs matured and flourished in the Tang dynasty.The authors took advantage of various literary styles in the previous generations and integrated their good qualities into the epitaphs,making the epitaph an independent and popular literary style.Thirdly,the writing rules of epitaphs in the Tang Dynasty were manifested in increasingly complete inscriptions,occasional annotations,and the special format of line breaks and blanks.Stone epitaphs are a complex of epitaph texts:their texts were provided by the author of the epitaphs,revised and supplemented by the bereaved,written by the calligrapher,and finally inscribed by the engraver.The information provided by the stone epitaph was much richer than that by the paper-based epitaph collections.For example,the epitaph inscriptions indicating the author's identity were important materials for studying the style and format of the epitaphs.However,they could not be found in the paper-based epitaph collections.Finally,the writing style of epitaph in paper-based collections is different from that in stone carving.The comparison of the two different types of epitaphs is helpful for us to grasp the stylistic characteristics of epitaphs.The newly unearthed stone epitaphs,many of which were included in paper collections,provide us with excellent materials for a comparative study of the style and form of the epitaphs.The forms of stone epitaphs are varied and complex,thus providing much additional information to mere textual forms.Paper-based epitaphs show the instability of the texts resulting from copying and printing,from which we can examine the course of the spread of the texts.A comparison will also bring out the different standpoints of the epitaph authors and the bereaved.
引文
[1]朱记荣编:《金石全例》,北京:北京图书馆出版社,2008年。[Zhu Jirong(ed.),Jinshi Quanli,Beijing:Beijing Library Publishing House,2008.]
[2]严可均编:《全上古三代秦汉三国六朝文》,北京:中华书局,1958年。[Yan Kejun(ed.),Complete Prose of Ancient Times,Three Dynasties,Qin and Han Dynasties,Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties,Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1958.]
[3]乔栋、李献奇、史家珍编:《洛阳新获墓志续编》,北京:科学出版社,2008年。[Qiao Dong,Li Xianqi &Shi Jiazhen(eds.),A Sequel to a Collection of Newly Discovered Epitaphs in Luoyang,Beijing:Science Press,2008.]
[4]赵君平、赵文成编:《河洛墓刻拾零》,北京:北京图书馆出版社,2007年。[Zhao Junping &Zhao Wencheng(eds.),Epitaphs in Luoyang,Beijing:Beijing Library Publishing House,2007.]
[5]程章灿:《陆广成墓志考》,《考古》1995年第10期,第942-944页。[Cheng Zhangcan,″A Research on Lu Guangcheng's Epitaph,″Archaeology,No.10(1995),pp.942-944.]
[6]金文明:《金石录校证》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年。[Jin Wenming,An Emendation of Jinshi Lu,Guilin:Guangxi Normal University Press,2005.]
[7]陕西省考古研究院编:《长安高阳原新出土隋唐墓志》,北京:文物出版社,2016年。[Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology(ed.),Newly Unearthed Epitaphs of Sui and Tang Dynasties in Gaoyangyuan,Chang'an,Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2016.]
[8]吴钢编:《隋唐五代墓志汇编》陕西卷第三册,天津:天津古籍出版社,1991年。[Wu Gang(ed.),Epitaphs of Sui,Tang and Five Dynasties(Shaanxi):Vol.3,Tianjin:Tianjin Classics Publishing House,1991.]
[9]余华青、张廷皓编:《陕西碑石精华》,西安:三秦出版社,2006年。[Yu Huaqing &Zhang Tinghao(eds.),Essence of Inscriptions in Shaanxi,Xi'an:Sanqin Publishing House,2006.]
[10]洛阳历史文物考古研究所编:《河洛文化论丛》第三辑,郑州:中州古籍出版社,2006年。[Luoyang Institute of Historical and Cultural Archaeology(ed.),Essays of Luoyang Culture:Vol.3,Zhengzhou:Zhongzhou Classics Publishing House,2006.]
[11]赵文成编:《唐曹仁墓志》,济南:山东美术出版社,2011年。[Zhao Wencheng(ed.),Cao Ren's Epitaph of Tang Dynasty,Jinan:Shandong Fine Arts Publishing House,2011.]
[12]柳宗元:《柳宗元集》,北京:中华书局,1979年。[Liu Zongyuan,Liu Zongyuan's Corpus,Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1979.]
[13]韩愈:《韩昌黎文集校注》,上海:上海古籍出版社,1986年。[Han Yu,Annotation on Han Changli's Corpus,Shanghai:Shanghai Classics Publishing House,1986.]
[14]周绍良编:《唐代墓志汇编》,上海:上海古籍出版社,1992年。[Zhou Shaoliang(ed.),A Collection of Epitaphs of Tang Dynasty,Shanghai:Shanghai Classics Publishing House,1992.]
[15]吴钢编:《全唐文补遗·千唐志斋新藏专辑》,西安:三秦出版社,2006年。[Wu Gang(ed.),Addendum to Complete Prose of Tang Dynasty:Newly Collected Epitaphs at Qiantangzhizhai,Xi'an:Sanqin Publishing House,2006.]
[16]殷宪:《大同新出唐辽金元志石新解》,太原:三晋出版社,2012年。[Yin Xian,A New Interpretation of Newly Discovered Epitaphs of Tang,Liao,Jin and Yuan Dynasties in Datong,Taiyuan:Sanjin Publishing House,2012.]
[17]陕西省历史博物馆编:《风引薤歌:陕西历史博物馆藏墓志萃编》,西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2017年。[Shaanxi History Museum(ed.),A Collection of Epitaphs at Shaanxi History Museum,Xi'an:Shaanxi Normal University Press,2017.]
[18]胡可先:《出土文献与中古文学研究》,《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2012年第4期,第165-179页。[Hu Kexian,″Unearthed Documents and Medieval Chinese Literature,″Journal of Zhejiang University(Humanities and Social Sciences),No.4(2012),pp.165-179.]
[19]孟国栋、胡可先:《论墓志文体志文和铭文的特点、功用及相互关系》,《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2012年第6期,第49-59页。[Meng Guodong &Hu Kexian,″The Discourse on the Feature,Function and Correlation Between Zhiwen and Mingwen in Epitaphs:A Case Study on the Unearthed Epitaphs of the Tang Dynasty,″Journal of Zhejiang University(Humanities and Social Sciences),No.6(2012),pp.49-59.]
[20]吴钢编:《全唐文补遗》第一辑,西安:三秦出版社,1994年。[Wu Gang(ed.),Addendum to Complete Prose of Tang Dynasty:Vol.1,Xi'an:Sanqin Publishing House,1994.]
[21]胡戟、荣新江编:《大唐西市博物馆藏墓志》,北京:北京大学出版社,2012年。[Hu Ji &Rong Xinjiang(eds.),Epitaphs of the Datang Xishi Museum,Beijing:Peking University Press,2012.]
[22]赵力光编:《西安碑林博物馆藏墓志汇编》,北京:线装书局,2007年。[Zhao Liguang(ed.),A Collection of Epitaphs of the Xi'an Beilin Museum,Beijing:Thread-Binding Books Publishing House,2007.]
[23]罗新、叶炜:《新出魏晋南北朝墓志疏证》(修订本),北京:中华书局,2016年。[Luo Xin &Ye Wei,Annotation on Newly Unearthed Epitaphs of Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties(Revised Edition),Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,2016.]
[24]毛阳光、余扶危编:《洛阳流散唐代墓志汇编》,北京:国家图书馆出版社,2013年。[Mao Yangguang &Yu Fuwei(eds.),Compilation of Distributed Epitaphs of Tang Dynasty in Luoyang,Beijing:National Library of China Publishing House,2013.]
[25]钱锺书:《管锥编》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001年。[Qian Zhongshu,Guanzhuibian,Beijing:SDX Joint Publishing Company,2001.]
[26]孟国栋:《唐代墓志铭创作的程式化模式及其文学意义》,《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2015年第5期,第31-43页。[Meng Guodong,″The Stylized Mode and Literary Significance of the Epitaph Creation in the Tang Dynasty,″Journal of Zhejiang University(Humanities and Social Sciences),No.5(2015),pp.31-43.]
[27]朱彬:《礼记训纂》,北京:中华书局,1995年。[Zhu Bin,Liji Xunzuan,Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1995.]
[28]徐师曾:《文体明辨序说》,北京:人民文学出版社,1962年。[Xu Shizeng,Wenti Mingbian Xushuo,Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House,1962.]
[29]赵君平编:《邙洛碑志三百种》,北京:中华书局,2004年。[Zhao Junping(ed.),Three Hundred Epitaphs in Luoyang,Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,2004.]
[30]赵君平、赵文成编:《秦晋豫新出墓志蒐佚》,北京:国家图书馆出版社,2012年。[Zhao Junping &Zhao Wencheng(eds.),Newly Unearthed Epitaphs in Qin,Jin and Yu,Beijing:National Library of China Publishing House,2012.]
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[32]吴钢编:《新中国出土墓志》陕西卷第一册,北京:文物出版社,2000年。[Wu Gang(ed.),Epitaphs Unearthed in New China(Shaanxi):Vol.1,Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2000.]
[33]赵跟喜编:《新中国出土墓志》河南卷第三册,北京:文物出版社,2008年。[Zhao Genxi(ed.),Epitaphs Unearthed in New China(Henan):Vol.3,Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2008.]
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[37]吴钢编:《新中国出土墓志》陕西卷第二册,北京:文物出版社,2003年。[Wu Gang(ed.),Epitaphs Unearthed in New China(Shaanxi):Vol.2,Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2003.]
[38]齐运通、杨建锋编:《洛阳新获墓志二○一五》,北京:中华书局,2017年。[Qi Yuntong &Yang Jianfeng(eds.),The Newly Unearthed Epitaphs in Luoyang in 2015,Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,2017.]
[39]周绍良、赵超编:《唐代墓志汇编续集》,上海:上海古籍出版社,2001年。[Zhou Shaoliang &Zhao Chao(eds.),A Sequel to the Compilation of Epitaphs of Tang Dynasty,Shanghai:Shanghai Classics Publishing House,2001.]
[40]新安县千唐志斋管理所:《千唐志斋藏志》,北京:文物出版社,1989年。[Qiantangzhizhai Management Institute of Xin'an County(ed.),Epitaphs at Qiantangzhizhai,Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,1989.]
[41]胡海帆、汤燕编:《北京大学图书馆藏徐国卫捐赠石刻拓本选编》,上海:上海人民出版社,2007年。[Hu Haifan &Tang Yan(eds.),Selections of Stone Rubbings Donated by Xu Guowei at Peking University Library,Shanghai:Shanghai People's Publishing House,2007.]
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(1)对此,可参见彭国忠《从纸上到石上---墓志铭的生产过程》,载《安徽大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2016年第3期,第34页。
(1)见荣新江主编《唐研究》第17卷,(北京)北京大学出版社2011年版,第165-167页。另外,赵小华《志铭分撰:唐代墓志文学研究之新视角》(载《社会科学研究》2015年第3期,第181-187页)对志铭分撰的缘由及意义也做了进一步阐述。
(1)有关中国古代平阙格式的形式以及由平阙格式所产生的相应词汇,可参李林甫《唐六典》卷四,(北京)中华书局1992年版,第113页;王国维《观堂集林》卷十八,(北京)中华书局1959年版,第907页;黄正建《平阙与唐代社会政治》,见《走进日常:唐代社会生活考论》,(上海)中西书局2017年版,第295-313页。
(1)参拙作《唐代碑志集本与石本对比研究》,见侯淑娟、锺正道编《人文---第三届中国古典文学国际学术讨论会论文集》,(台北)东吴大学出版社2015年版,第133-170页。
(2)《步六孤须蜜多墓志铭》见赵超《汉魏南北朝墓志汇编》,(天津)天津古籍出版社2008年版,第484-485页;《宇文显墓志铭》见中国文物研究所编《出土文献研究》第八辑,(上海)上海古籍出版社2007年版,第250-259页。
[2]严可均编:《全上古三代秦汉三国六朝文》,北京:中华书局,1958年。[Yan Kejun(ed.),Complete Prose of Ancient Times,Three Dynasties,Qin and Han Dynasties,Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties,Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1958.]
[3]乔栋、李献奇、史家珍编:《洛阳新获墓志续编》,北京:科学出版社,2008年。[Qiao Dong,Li Xianqi &Shi Jiazhen(eds.),A Sequel to a Collection of Newly Discovered Epitaphs in Luoyang,Beijing:Science Press,2008.]
[4]赵君平、赵文成编:《河洛墓刻拾零》,北京:北京图书馆出版社,2007年。[Zhao Junping &Zhao Wencheng(eds.),Epitaphs in Luoyang,Beijing:Beijing Library Publishing House,2007.]
[5]程章灿:《陆广成墓志考》,《考古》1995年第10期,第942-944页。[Cheng Zhangcan,″A Research on Lu Guangcheng's Epitaph,″Archaeology,No.10(1995),pp.942-944.]
[6]金文明:《金石录校证》,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2005年。[Jin Wenming,An Emendation of Jinshi Lu,Guilin:Guangxi Normal University Press,2005.]
[7]陕西省考古研究院编:《长安高阳原新出土隋唐墓志》,北京:文物出版社,2016年。[Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology(ed.),Newly Unearthed Epitaphs of Sui and Tang Dynasties in Gaoyangyuan,Chang'an,Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2016.]
[8]吴钢编:《隋唐五代墓志汇编》陕西卷第三册,天津:天津古籍出版社,1991年。[Wu Gang(ed.),Epitaphs of Sui,Tang and Five Dynasties(Shaanxi):Vol.3,Tianjin:Tianjin Classics Publishing House,1991.]
[9]余华青、张廷皓编:《陕西碑石精华》,西安:三秦出版社,2006年。[Yu Huaqing &Zhang Tinghao(eds.),Essence of Inscriptions in Shaanxi,Xi'an:Sanqin Publishing House,2006.]
[10]洛阳历史文物考古研究所编:《河洛文化论丛》第三辑,郑州:中州古籍出版社,2006年。[Luoyang Institute of Historical and Cultural Archaeology(ed.),Essays of Luoyang Culture:Vol.3,Zhengzhou:Zhongzhou Classics Publishing House,2006.]
[11]赵文成编:《唐曹仁墓志》,济南:山东美术出版社,2011年。[Zhao Wencheng(ed.),Cao Ren's Epitaph of Tang Dynasty,Jinan:Shandong Fine Arts Publishing House,2011.]
[12]柳宗元:《柳宗元集》,北京:中华书局,1979年。[Liu Zongyuan,Liu Zongyuan's Corpus,Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1979.]
[13]韩愈:《韩昌黎文集校注》,上海:上海古籍出版社,1986年。[Han Yu,Annotation on Han Changli's Corpus,Shanghai:Shanghai Classics Publishing House,1986.]
[14]周绍良编:《唐代墓志汇编》,上海:上海古籍出版社,1992年。[Zhou Shaoliang(ed.),A Collection of Epitaphs of Tang Dynasty,Shanghai:Shanghai Classics Publishing House,1992.]
[15]吴钢编:《全唐文补遗·千唐志斋新藏专辑》,西安:三秦出版社,2006年。[Wu Gang(ed.),Addendum to Complete Prose of Tang Dynasty:Newly Collected Epitaphs at Qiantangzhizhai,Xi'an:Sanqin Publishing House,2006.]
[16]殷宪:《大同新出唐辽金元志石新解》,太原:三晋出版社,2012年。[Yin Xian,A New Interpretation of Newly Discovered Epitaphs of Tang,Liao,Jin and Yuan Dynasties in Datong,Taiyuan:Sanjin Publishing House,2012.]
[17]陕西省历史博物馆编:《风引薤歌:陕西历史博物馆藏墓志萃编》,西安:陕西师范大学出版社,2017年。[Shaanxi History Museum(ed.),A Collection of Epitaphs at Shaanxi History Museum,Xi'an:Shaanxi Normal University Press,2017.]
[18]胡可先:《出土文献与中古文学研究》,《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2012年第4期,第165-179页。[Hu Kexian,″Unearthed Documents and Medieval Chinese Literature,″Journal of Zhejiang University(Humanities and Social Sciences),No.4(2012),pp.165-179.]
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[20]吴钢编:《全唐文补遗》第一辑,西安:三秦出版社,1994年。[Wu Gang(ed.),Addendum to Complete Prose of Tang Dynasty:Vol.1,Xi'an:Sanqin Publishing House,1994.]
[21]胡戟、荣新江编:《大唐西市博物馆藏墓志》,北京:北京大学出版社,2012年。[Hu Ji &Rong Xinjiang(eds.),Epitaphs of the Datang Xishi Museum,Beijing:Peking University Press,2012.]
[22]赵力光编:《西安碑林博物馆藏墓志汇编》,北京:线装书局,2007年。[Zhao Liguang(ed.),A Collection of Epitaphs of the Xi'an Beilin Museum,Beijing:Thread-Binding Books Publishing House,2007.]
[23]罗新、叶炜:《新出魏晋南北朝墓志疏证》(修订本),北京:中华书局,2016年。[Luo Xin &Ye Wei,Annotation on Newly Unearthed Epitaphs of Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties(Revised Edition),Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,2016.]
[24]毛阳光、余扶危编:《洛阳流散唐代墓志汇编》,北京:国家图书馆出版社,2013年。[Mao Yangguang &Yu Fuwei(eds.),Compilation of Distributed Epitaphs of Tang Dynasty in Luoyang,Beijing:National Library of China Publishing House,2013.]
[25]钱锺书:《管锥编》,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2001年。[Qian Zhongshu,Guanzhuibian,Beijing:SDX Joint Publishing Company,2001.]
[26]孟国栋:《唐代墓志铭创作的程式化模式及其文学意义》,《浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2015年第5期,第31-43页。[Meng Guodong,″The Stylized Mode and Literary Significance of the Epitaph Creation in the Tang Dynasty,″Journal of Zhejiang University(Humanities and Social Sciences),No.5(2015),pp.31-43.]
[27]朱彬:《礼记训纂》,北京:中华书局,1995年。[Zhu Bin,Liji Xunzuan,Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1995.]
[28]徐师曾:《文体明辨序说》,北京:人民文学出版社,1962年。[Xu Shizeng,Wenti Mingbian Xushuo,Beijing:People's Literature Publishing House,1962.]
[29]赵君平编:《邙洛碑志三百种》,北京:中华书局,2004年。[Zhao Junping(ed.),Three Hundred Epitaphs in Luoyang,Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,2004.]
[30]赵君平、赵文成编:《秦晋豫新出墓志蒐佚》,北京:国家图书馆出版社,2012年。[Zhao Junping &Zhao Wencheng(eds.),Newly Unearthed Epitaphs in Qin,Jin and Yu,Beijing:National Library of China Publishing House,2012.]
[31]吴钢编:《隋唐五代墓志汇编》陕西卷第一册,天津:天津古籍出版社,1991年。[Wu Gang(ed.),Epitaphs of Sui,Tang and Five Dynasties(Shaanxi):Vol.1,Tianjin:Tianjin Classics Publishing House,1991.]
[32]吴钢编:《新中国出土墓志》陕西卷第一册,北京:文物出版社,2000年。[Wu Gang(ed.),Epitaphs Unearthed in New China(Shaanxi):Vol.1,Beijing:Cultural Relics Publishing House,2000.]
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(1)对此,可参见彭国忠《从纸上到石上---墓志铭的生产过程》,载《安徽大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2016年第3期,第34页。
(1)见荣新江主编《唐研究》第17卷,(北京)北京大学出版社2011年版,第165-167页。另外,赵小华《志铭分撰:唐代墓志文学研究之新视角》(载《社会科学研究》2015年第3期,第181-187页)对志铭分撰的缘由及意义也做了进一步阐述。
(1)有关中国古代平阙格式的形式以及由平阙格式所产生的相应词汇,可参李林甫《唐六典》卷四,(北京)中华书局1992年版,第113页;王国维《观堂集林》卷十八,(北京)中华书局1959年版,第907页;黄正建《平阙与唐代社会政治》,见《走进日常:唐代社会生活考论》,(上海)中西书局2017年版,第295-313页。
(1)参拙作《唐代碑志集本与石本对比研究》,见侯淑娟、锺正道编《人文---第三届中国古典文学国际学术讨论会论文集》,(台北)东吴大学出版社2015年版,第133-170页。
(2)《步六孤须蜜多墓志铭》见赵超《汉魏南北朝墓志汇编》,(天津)天津古籍出版社2008年版,第484-485页;《宇文显墓志铭》见中国文物研究所编《出土文献研究》第八辑,(上海)上海古籍出版社2007年版,第250-259页。