地震成因综述
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摘要
本文从地质、地球物理、地球化学和能量等方面分析了地震的成因。源于地核-地幔的流体携带大量热能,为岩浆起源、地震形成和地热田提供了充足的能量,然而岩石聚集的应变能不足以产生中等以上的地震。大地震(M≥6.0)绝大部分分布在海沟、火山岛弧和大陆裂谷带等拉张性构造带,如环太平洋海沟、东印度洋海沟、大洋中脊、非洲裂谷、地中海—黑海—里海—波斯湾、欧亚大陆中部的伊塞克湖—阿拉湖—乌布苏湖—库苏古尔湖—贝加尔湖裂谷。流体在地球深部物质运动、地壳运动、地震和火山活动中扮演着重要作用。全球到处发育的隐爆角砾岩表明隐爆作用的普遍性。深部流体向上运移、向地表逃逸的过程中发生爆炸,在地球内部产生了不同震级和震源深度的地震。因此,隐爆应该是产生地震的主要机制。地震成因的隐爆模型不仅能够更好地解释不连续、各向异性的非弹性介质中发生的各类地震,譬如中深源震、震群、慢地震和非双力偶性地震等,而且能够更好地诠释全球地震、火山和地热带在空间上的吻合以及隐爆角砾岩型矿藏的形成。
The genetic mechanism of earthquake was discussed based on geological,geophysical and geochemical data and energy estimation.High-energy fluids derived from the core and mantle can provide enough thermal energy for magma generation,earthquake formation and geothermal field;but rocks cannot accumulate enough strain energy to produce a strong earthquake.The strong and great earthquakes(M≥6.0)are mainly distributed in the trench,volcanic island arc and continental rift zones and other tensile structural belts in the world,such as the western Pacific Ocean trench,the eastern Indian Ocean trench,the mid-ocean ridge,the rift valley in eastern Africa,the Mediterranean Sea-Black Sea-Caspian Sea-Persian Gulf tensile zone,and the Ise Lake-Ala Kul-Ubud Lake-Suzukur Lake-Lake Baikal rift valley in the eastern Eurasian continent.Fluids play an important role in the movement of mantle and crust as well as activities of earthquake and volcano.Cryptoexplosive breccias that have been found all over the world indicate the cryptoexplosion was pervasive in the geological history.Explosion occurred in the process of deep fluid upward migration towards the earth surface,resulting in earthquakes of different magnitudes and focal depths in the earth interior.Therefore,the crytoexplosion can be considered as the predominant mechanism of earthquake generation.The generation of various types of earthquakes that occurred in discontinuous and anisotropic inelastic media,such as the moderate and deep-focus earthquakes,earthquake swarm,slow earthquakes and nodipole-couple earthquakes,can be explained by the proposed model.The model can also much better explain the spatial overlap of earthquake,volcanic and geothermal zones in the world as well as formation of cryptoexplosive breccias associated ore deposits.
The genetic mechanism of earthquake was discussed based on geological,geophysical and geochemical data and energy estimation.High-energy fluids derived from the core and mantle can provide enough thermal energy for magma generation,earthquake formation and geothermal field;but rocks cannot accumulate enough strain energy to produce a strong earthquake.The strong and great earthquakes(M≥6.0)are mainly distributed in the trench,volcanic island arc and continental rift zones and other tensile structural belts in the world,such as the western Pacific Ocean trench,the eastern Indian Ocean trench,the mid-ocean ridge,the rift valley in eastern Africa,the Mediterranean Sea-Black Sea-Caspian Sea-Persian Gulf tensile zone,and the Ise Lake-Ala Kul-Ubud Lake-Suzukur Lake-Lake Baikal rift valley in the eastern Eurasian continent.Fluids play an important role in the movement of mantle and crust as well as activities of earthquake and volcano.Cryptoexplosive breccias that have been found all over the world indicate the cryptoexplosion was pervasive in the geological history.Explosion occurred in the process of deep fluid upward migration towards the earth surface,resulting in earthquakes of different magnitudes and focal depths in the earth interior.Therefore,the crytoexplosion can be considered as the predominant mechanism of earthquake generation.The generation of various types of earthquakes that occurred in discontinuous and anisotropic inelastic media,such as the moderate and deep-focus earthquakes,earthquake swarm,slow earthquakes and nodipole-couple earthquakes,can be explained by the proposed model.The model can also much better explain the spatial overlap of earthquake,volcanic and geothermal zones in the world as well as formation of cryptoexplosive breccias associated ore deposits.
引文
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