6种游禽腹部绒羽节状羽小枝的扫描电镜观察
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摘要
【目的】找出不同游禽鸟类绒羽的微观结构差异,为游禽鸟类鉴定提供科学依据。【方法】以雁形目动物绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)、小天鹅(Cygnus columbianus)和黑天鹅(C.atratus),??目动物小??(Podiceps grisegena),鸥形目动物黑尾鸥(Larus crassirostris)和鹈形目动物普通鸬鹚(Phalacrocorax carbo)为研究对象,利用扫描电镜观察其腹部绒羽羽小枝上节的形态,并测量分析绒羽羽小枝的节间距和节直径差异。【结果】6种游禽的腹部绒羽均由节状羽小枝构成,羽小枝的分布较松散,节形状存在明显差异,主要有4种较典型的形态,其中,绿头鸭和普通鸬鹚属同一种形态,小天鹅和黑尾鸥属同一种形态,小??和黑天鹅则各自为一种形态。6种游禽绒羽羽小枝的节间距和节直径也存在一定差异。其中,绿头鸭腹部绒羽羽小枝的节间距明显长于其他5种游禽,小天鹅腹部绒羽羽小枝的节间距最短;小??腹部绒羽羽小枝的节直径最粗,普通鸬鹚腹部绒羽羽小枝的节直径最细。【结论】不同生态类群鸟类的绒羽羽小枝结构存在差异,通过扫描电镜观察绒羽羽小枝上的节形态并结合其节间距和节直径差异分析,基本上可将绿头鸭、小天鹅、黑天鹅、小??、黑尾鸥和普通鸬鹚等6种游禽区分开来。
【Objective】The differences in microstructures of down feather of different swimming bird species were researched in order to provide scientific evidence for the identification of swimming bird species.【Method】Six swimming bird species were gathered as research objects including Anas platyrhynchos,Cygnus columbianus,C. atratus,Podiceps grisegena,Larus crassirostris,and Phalacrocorax carbo. A. platyrhynchos,C. columbianus and C. atratus were from order of Anseriformes;P. grisegena was from order of Podicipediformes;L. crassirostris was from the order of Lariformes and P. carbo was from order of Pelecaniformes. Scanning electron microscope(SEM)was used to observe nodule morphology on barbules from belly down feather of the six species,and analyze the difference in distance between nodules and the nodular diameter.【Result】The belly down feathers of the six swimming bird species were composed of nodular barbules. The distribution of barbules was loose. There were obvious differences in nodule shape and distance between nodules among different bird species. There were mainly four typical morphologies,A. platyrhynchos and P. carbo had the same kind of morphology. C. columbianus and L.crassirostris had another kind of morphology. P. grisegena and C. atratus had two different morphologies respectively. These six swimming bird species also had some differences in the distance between nodules and nodule diameter of barbules from down feather. The distance between nodules of barbules from belly down feather in A. platyrhynchos was longer than that of other five swimming bird species. The distance between nodules of barbules from belly down feather in C. columbianus was the shortest. The nodular diameter of barbules from belly down feather in P. grisegena was the largest. And the barbules from belly down feather in P. carbo had the smallest nodular diameter.【Conclusion】There are differences in the structure of barbules from down feather in different ecological groups of bird species. The nodule morphology of barbules from belly down feather can be observed by SEM. By combining the morphology with the difference in distance between nodules and nodular diameter,the six swimming bird species including A. platyrhynchos,C. columbianus,C. atratus,P. grisegena,L. crassirostris,and P. carbo can be basically distinguished.
【Objective】The differences in microstructures of down feather of different swimming bird species were researched in order to provide scientific evidence for the identification of swimming bird species.【Method】Six swimming bird species were gathered as research objects including Anas platyrhynchos,Cygnus columbianus,C. atratus,Podiceps grisegena,Larus crassirostris,and Phalacrocorax carbo. A. platyrhynchos,C. columbianus and C. atratus were from order of Anseriformes;P. grisegena was from order of Podicipediformes;L. crassirostris was from the order of Lariformes and P. carbo was from order of Pelecaniformes. Scanning electron microscope(SEM)was used to observe nodule morphology on barbules from belly down feather of the six species,and analyze the difference in distance between nodules and the nodular diameter.【Result】The belly down feathers of the six swimming bird species were composed of nodular barbules. The distribution of barbules was loose. There were obvious differences in nodule shape and distance between nodules among different bird species. There were mainly four typical morphologies,A. platyrhynchos and P. carbo had the same kind of morphology. C. columbianus and L.crassirostris had another kind of morphology. P. grisegena and C. atratus had two different morphologies respectively. These six swimming bird species also had some differences in the distance between nodules and nodule diameter of barbules from down feather. The distance between nodules of barbules from belly down feather in A. platyrhynchos was longer than that of other five swimming bird species. The distance between nodules of barbules from belly down feather in C. columbianus was the shortest. The nodular diameter of barbules from belly down feather in P. grisegena was the largest. And the barbules from belly down feather in P. carbo had the smallest nodular diameter.【Conclusion】There are differences in the structure of barbules from down feather in different ecological groups of bird species. The nodule morphology of barbules from belly down feather can be observed by SEM. By combining the morphology with the difference in distance between nodules and nodular diameter,the six swimming bird species including A. platyrhynchos,C. columbianus,C. atratus,P. grisegena,L. crassirostris,and P. carbo can be basically distinguished.
引文
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黎红辉,沈猷慧,赖勤.2005.20种鸟类绒羽羽小枝的显微结构研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,28(3):68-71.[Li H H,Shen Y H,Lai Q.2005.The study of microstructure of 20 barbules of the downy feather[J].Journal of Natural Science of Hunan Normal University,28(3):68-71.]
罗旭,冷建明,周用武.2010.鸟类绒羽显微结构在物种鉴定中的应用初探[J].常熟理工学院学报(自然科学版),24(8):47-51.[Luo X,Leng J M,Zhou Y W.2010.Preliminary study of species identification by the microstructure of bird feathers[J].Journal of Changshu Institute Technology(Natural Sciences),24(8):47-51.]
吴新然,周用武,陈粉粉,罗旭.2014.75种陆栖性鸟类羽毛扫描电镜观察[J].四川动物,33(1):71-77.[Wu X R,Zhou Y W,Chen F F,Luo X.2014.Microstructure of the feather of seventy-five terrestrial bird species[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,33(1):71-77.]
夏晓飞,王莹,曾朝辉,李湘涛.2011.鸟类羽毛鉴定技术和分类研究回顾及展望[J].四川动物,30(5):831-833.[Xia X F,Wang Y,Zeng C H,Li X T.2011.Review and prospects on identification and classification of bird feathers technology[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,30(5):831-833.]
夏晓飞,王莹,吴秀山,李湘涛.2010.朱鹮羽毛的扫描电镜观察[J].东北林业大学学报,38(12):130-131.[Xia X F,Wang Y,Wu X S,Li X T.2010.Scanning electron microscope observations of feather of Crested Ibis[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,38(12):130-131.]
约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.2000.中国鸟类野外手册[K].长沙:湖南教育出版社:97-103.[Mackinnon J,Phillips K,He F Q.2000.A Field Guide to the Birds of China[K].Changsha:Hunan Education Publishing House:97-103.]
周用武.2013.利用扫描电镜比较鉴别长耳鸮、褐林鸮和雕鸮的尾羽[J].江苏农业科学,41(4):276-278.[Zhou Y W.2013.Scanning electron microscope observations on tail feather of Asio otus,Strix leptogrammica and Bubo bubo[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,41(4):276-278.]
周用武.2012.褐林鸮羽毛的扫描电镜观察[J].中国农学通报,28(2):19-22.[Zhou Y W.2012.Scanning electron microscope observations about feather of Strix leptogrammica[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,28(2):19-22.]
Dove C J,Peurach S C.2002.Microscopic analysis of feather and hair fragments associated with human mummified remains from Kagamil Island,Alaska[J].Ethnographical Series,20:51-62.
费荣梅,田秀华.2002.大鸨羽毛微观结构研究[J].东北林业大学学报,30(1):40-43.[Fei R M,Tian X H.2002.Microstructure research of feathers of great bustard(Otis tarda)[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,30(1):40-43.]
侯森林,周用武.2011.野生动物识别与鉴定[M].北京:中国人民公安大学出版社.[Hou S L,Zhou Y W.2011.Identification of Wild Animals[M].Beijing:Chinese People’s Public Security University Press.]
侯森林.2011.林雕羽毛扫描电镜观察[J].江苏农业科学,39(6):493-494.[Hou S L.2011.Observation on feather of Ictinaetus malayensis under scanning electronic microscope[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,39(6):493-494.]
侯森林.2014.10种隼形目鸟类绒羽扫描电镜观察[J].湖北农业科学,53(8):1851-1853.[Hou S L.2014.Observing downy feather of 10 Falconiformes species under scanning electronic microscop[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,53(8):1851-1853.]
胡诗佳,王利利,彭建军.2008.鸟羽显微鉴定技术及应用的研究及展望[J].四川动物,27(4):699-702.[Hu S J,Wang L L,Peng J J.2008.Progress in microscopical identification of bird feathers[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,27(4):699-702.]
蒋敬,周用武.2015.红角鸮、斑头鸺鹠和黄腿渔鸮尾羽的观察与比较[J].南京师大学报(自然科学版),38(2):112-115.[Jiang J,Zhou Y W.2015.Observation and comparison about tail feather of Otus scopus,Glaucidium cuculoides and Ketupa flavipes by scanning electron microscope[J].Journal of Nanjing Normal University(Natural Science Edition),38(2):112-115.]
黎红辉,沈猷慧,赖勤.2005.20种鸟类绒羽羽小枝的显微结构研究[J].湖南师范大学自然科学学报,28(3):68-71.[Li H H,Shen Y H,Lai Q.2005.The study of microstructure of 20 barbules of the downy feather[J].Journal of Natural Science of Hunan Normal University,28(3):68-71.]
罗旭,冷建明,周用武.2010.鸟类绒羽显微结构在物种鉴定中的应用初探[J].常熟理工学院学报(自然科学版),24(8):47-51.[Luo X,Leng J M,Zhou Y W.2010.Preliminary study of species identification by the microstructure of bird feathers[J].Journal of Changshu Institute Technology(Natural Sciences),24(8):47-51.]
吴新然,周用武,陈粉粉,罗旭.2014.75种陆栖性鸟类羽毛扫描电镜观察[J].四川动物,33(1):71-77.[Wu X R,Zhou Y W,Chen F F,Luo X.2014.Microstructure of the feather of seventy-five terrestrial bird species[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,33(1):71-77.]
夏晓飞,王莹,曾朝辉,李湘涛.2011.鸟类羽毛鉴定技术和分类研究回顾及展望[J].四川动物,30(5):831-833.[Xia X F,Wang Y,Zeng C H,Li X T.2011.Review and prospects on identification and classification of bird feathers technology[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,30(5):831-833.]
夏晓飞,王莹,吴秀山,李湘涛.2010.朱鹮羽毛的扫描电镜观察[J].东北林业大学学报,38(12):130-131.[Xia X F,Wang Y,Wu X S,Li X T.2010.Scanning electron microscope observations of feather of Crested Ibis[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,38(12):130-131.]
约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.2000.中国鸟类野外手册[K].长沙:湖南教育出版社:97-103.[Mackinnon J,Phillips K,He F Q.2000.A Field Guide to the Birds of China[K].Changsha:Hunan Education Publishing House:97-103.]
周用武.2013.利用扫描电镜比较鉴别长耳鸮、褐林鸮和雕鸮的尾羽[J].江苏农业科学,41(4):276-278.[Zhou Y W.2013.Scanning electron microscope observations on tail feather of Asio otus,Strix leptogrammica and Bubo bubo[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,41(4):276-278.]
周用武.2012.褐林鸮羽毛的扫描电镜观察[J].中国农学通报,28(2):19-22.[Zhou Y W.2012.Scanning electron microscope observations about feather of Strix leptogrammica[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,28(2):19-22.]
Dove C J,Peurach S C.2002.Microscopic analysis of feather and hair fragments associated with human mummified remains from Kagamil Island,Alaska[J].Ethnographical Series,20:51-62.