饮用水消毒副产物比较分析与健康风险评估
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摘要
自来水消毒对于保障饮用水安全具有至关重要的意义,但是消毒过程伴随着消毒副产物的生成。基于已有的实际消毒方法应用案例,统计分析了液氯消毒、二氧化氯消毒、氯胺消毒、次氯酸钠消毒等消毒方法生成的三氯甲烷、一溴二氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷、三溴甲烷、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸等典型消毒副产物生成量的平均水平,并对消毒副产物进行了人体健康风险评价。结果表明:次氯酸钠消毒副产物的健康风险水平最低(男性为8.34×10~(-7),即每十亿人中834人有患癌症风险,女性为9.72×10~(-7),即每十亿人中972人有患癌症风险),从健康风险评价的角度分析,次氯酸钠可能是目前较理想的液氯消毒替代品;在我国,南北方自来水中的三卤甲烷健康风险均大于EPA可接受水平(1×10~(-6)),南方(男性平均水平为1.53×10~(-6),女性为1.79×10~(-6))三卤甲烷的健康风险水平比北方(男性平均水平为1.44×10~(-6),女性为1.68×10~(-6))高;夏季(男性平均水平为1.56×10~(-6),女性为1.82×10~(-6))三卤甲烷的健康风险水平大于冬季(男性平均水平为1.10×10~(-6),女性为1.28×10~(-6))。
Disinfection of drinking water is very important to guarantee the safety of drinking water, but disinfection process is accompanied by the generation of disinfection by-products. Based on methods of water disinfected by liquid chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine and sodium hypochlorite, average levels of DBPs such as trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, tribromomethane, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were counted, and the health risk of DBPs was evaluated. It was found that health risk level of the DBPs of sodium hypochlorite(male 8.34×10~(-7), that was 834 people per billion had cancer risk, female 9.72×10~(-7), that was 972 people per billion had cancer risk) was lowest. So from the perspective of health risk assessment, sodium hypochlorite was the ideal substitute of liquid chlorine disinfection. Carcinogenic risk of trihalomethane in the north and south of China was greater than that of EPA acceptable level(1×10~(-6)), the risk of DBPs in the south(male 1.53×10~(-6), female 1.79×10~(-6)) was higher than that in the north(male 1.44×10~(-6), female 1.68×10~(-6)). In summer(male 1.56×10~(-6), female 1.82×10~(-6)), the health risk of trihalomethane was greater than in winter(male 1.10×10~(-6), female 1.28×10~(-6)).
Disinfection of drinking water is very important to guarantee the safety of drinking water, but disinfection process is accompanied by the generation of disinfection by-products. Based on methods of water disinfected by liquid chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine and sodium hypochlorite, average levels of DBPs such as trichloromethane, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, tribromomethane, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid were counted, and the health risk of DBPs was evaluated. It was found that health risk level of the DBPs of sodium hypochlorite(male 8.34×10~(-7), that was 834 people per billion had cancer risk, female 9.72×10~(-7), that was 972 people per billion had cancer risk) was lowest. So from the perspective of health risk assessment, sodium hypochlorite was the ideal substitute of liquid chlorine disinfection. Carcinogenic risk of trihalomethane in the north and south of China was greater than that of EPA acceptable level(1×10~(-6)), the risk of DBPs in the south(male 1.53×10~(-6), female 1.79×10~(-6)) was higher than that in the north(male 1.44×10~(-6), female 1.68×10~(-6)). In summer(male 1.56×10~(-6), female 1.82×10~(-6)), the health risk of trihalomethane was greater than in winter(male 1.10×10~(-6), female 1.28×10~(-6)).
引文
[1]岳兰秀,吴丰昌,陈文龙.贵州百花湖水中溶解有机质的分子量分布随深度的变化规律[J].环境科学与管理,2008,33(5):66-70.
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[4]刘文君.给水处理消毒技术发展展望[J].给水排水,2004,30(1):2-5.
[5]陈超,张晓健,何文杰,等.常规工艺中消毒副产物季节变化研究[J].中国给水排水,2006,32(7):15-19.
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[8]HSU C H,JENG W L,CHANG R M,et al.Estimation of potential lifetime cancer risks for trihalomethanes from consuming chlorinated drinking Water in Taiwan[J].Environmental Research,2001,85(2):77-82.
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[12]叶必雄,王五一,杨林生,等.二氧化氯与氯联合消毒对饮用水中消毒副产物的影响[J].环境化学,2011,30(7):1236-1240.
[13]张晓健,陈超,何文杰,等.安全氯化消毒工艺的消毒副产物控制[J].中国给水排水,2004,20(9):13-16.
[14]王立彪,马贞依,姚建国.次氯酸钠对常规及深度处理工艺消毒副产物生成水平的影响研究[J].给水排水,2016,42(7):19-23.
[15]张民盛,徐斌,张天阳,等.南水北调丹江口水库水氯(胺)化消毒副产物产生特性与消毒工艺对比[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3278-3284.
[16]曹雯蓉,于水利,李攀,等.东太湖水源臭氧-活性炭工艺消毒副产物的生成规律与控制[J].给水排水,2015,41(4):34-37.
[17]吴一蘩,高乃云,乐林生.饮用水消毒技术[M].1版.北京:化学工业出版,2006.
[18]代园园,员建,苑宏英等.二氧化氯作为消毒剂在饮用水处理中的应用[J].净水技术,2011,30(1):4-7.
[19]朱慧峰,童俊,叶秋明,等.饮用水中二氧化氯消毒副产物的分布与控制对策[J].净水技术,2016,35(1):107-110.
[20]唐励文,周柏明.饮用水消毒工艺的发展[J].科技创新导报,2015(34):76-77,79.
[21]许保玖,安鼎年.给水处理理论与设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992.
[22]CLEMENT J A.Overview of American disinfectant residual practice[J].JW at SRT-Aqua,1999,48(2):59-63.
[23]巢猛,陈丽珠,陈卓华,等.东江原水氯胺消毒效果与消毒副产物研究[J].城镇供水,2016(5):35-37.
[24]王海鸥,陈忠林.氯胺和联合氯胺控制消毒副产物的研究[J].黑龙江大学自然科学学报,2010,27(6):764-773.
[25]焦中志,陈忠林,刘丽君,等.氯胺消毒对卤乙酸类消毒副产物对的控制研究[J].给水排水,2005,31(6):35-37.
[26]焦中志,陈忠林,陈杰等.氯胺消毒对消毒副产物的控制研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2005,37(11):1486-1495.
[27]刘静,陈超,张晓健.组合氯化消毒工艺的卤代消毒副产物生成特性[J].环境科学,2009,30(9):2538-2542.
[28]李述茂,吴德礼.液氯和次氯酸钠对饮用水消毒效果的生产性试验研究[J].工业用水与废水,2011,42(2):14-17,75.
[29]汪义强,李云放,易利翔,等.二氧化氯与次氯酸钠联用降低亚氯酸盐生成量应用研究[J].给水排水,2010,36(6):21-26.
[30]徐飞飞,高乃云,李聪,等.新型消毒剂用于饮用水消毒的效果研究[J].给水排水,2008,34(s2):189-190.
[31]Intratec.Sodium hypochlorite chemical production[M].American:Intratec Solutions,2012.
[32]杨健康,王启山,鲁金凤,等.饮用水中三卤甲烷多途径暴露的健康风险评价[J].中国资源综合利用,2009,27(7):27-30.
[33]崔红军,吴东升,宋思怡,等.自来水厂采用次氯酸钠替代液氯消毒的可行性研究[J].中国给水排水,2016,32(19):58-61.
[34]魏恒.次氯酸钠消毒系统在水厂的应用研究[J].中国给水排水,2017,33(17):46-49,54.
[35]吴思宇,卢小艳,刘丽君,等.二氧化氯及与次氯酸钠联用的消毒方式对消毒副产物的控制[J].净水技术,2016,35(3):38-42.
[36]李呐,黄三发,黄淑英,等.厦门市自来水厂氯化消毒副产物监测[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2016,26(13):1913-1915.
[37]梅玉琴,李谦,刘天洁,等.自贡市乡镇自来水厂氯化消毒副产物调查[J].预防医学情报杂志,2012,28(11):851-854.
[38]王建蓉,马铃,许春凤,等.汶川大地震对当地自来水消毒副产物的影响[J].城镇供水,2013(4):57-60.
[39]梁瑞荣,程争鸣.浅谈氯消毒原理及其消毒剂在饮用水中的应用[J].内蒙古水利,2003,94(4):36-38.
[40]张金松,卢小艳.饮用水消毒工艺及副产物控制技术发展[J].给水排水,2016(9):1-3.
[41]Gratt L B.Air toxic risk assessment and management:Public health risk from normal operations[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons Inc,1996:476-513.
[2]王立英,张润宇,吴丰昌.贵州红枫湖溶解有机质不同分离组分的卤代活性研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(10):2006-2012.
[3]CCC(Chlorine Chemistry Council).White paper:A review of disinfection practices and issues[R].1997.
[4]刘文君.给水处理消毒技术发展展望[J].给水排水,2004,30(1):2-5.
[5]陈超,张晓健,何文杰,等.常规工艺中消毒副产物季节变化研究[J].中国给水排水,2006,32(7):15-19.
[6]李宁,院晓丹,罗岳平.消毒副产物生成情况的调查研究(上)[J].城市公用事业,1998,4(12):25-27.
[7]HU J Y,WANG Z S,NG W J,et al.Disinfection by-products in water produced by ozonation[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1999,59(1):81-93.
[8]HSU C H,JENG W L,CHANG R M,et al.Estimation of potential lifetime cancer risks for trihalomethanes from consuming chlorinated drinking Water in Taiwan[J].Environmental Research,2001,85(2):77-82.
[9]T AIZAWA.Effect of bromide ions on trihalomethane(THM)formation in water[J].Aqua,1989,38(2):165-175.
[10]HUNTER E S,ROGERS E,BLANTON M,et al.Bromochlorohaloacetic acids:Effects on mouse embryos in vitro and QSARconsiderations[J].Reproductive Toxicology,2006,21(3):260-266.
[11]王小龙,叶必雄,王心宇,等.不同自来水消毒工艺副产物的产生规律[J].中国给水排水,2010,26(21):95-97.
[12]叶必雄,王五一,杨林生,等.二氧化氯与氯联合消毒对饮用水中消毒副产物的影响[J].环境化学,2011,30(7):1236-1240.
[13]张晓健,陈超,何文杰,等.安全氯化消毒工艺的消毒副产物控制[J].中国给水排水,2004,20(9):13-16.
[14]王立彪,马贞依,姚建国.次氯酸钠对常规及深度处理工艺消毒副产物生成水平的影响研究[J].给水排水,2016,42(7):19-23.
[15]张民盛,徐斌,张天阳,等.南水北调丹江口水库水氯(胺)化消毒副产物产生特性与消毒工艺对比[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3278-3284.
[16]曹雯蓉,于水利,李攀,等.东太湖水源臭氧-活性炭工艺消毒副产物的生成规律与控制[J].给水排水,2015,41(4):34-37.
[17]吴一蘩,高乃云,乐林生.饮用水消毒技术[M].1版.北京:化学工业出版,2006.
[18]代园园,员建,苑宏英等.二氧化氯作为消毒剂在饮用水处理中的应用[J].净水技术,2011,30(1):4-7.
[19]朱慧峰,童俊,叶秋明,等.饮用水中二氧化氯消毒副产物的分布与控制对策[J].净水技术,2016,35(1):107-110.
[20]唐励文,周柏明.饮用水消毒工艺的发展[J].科技创新导报,2015(34):76-77,79.
[21]许保玖,安鼎年.给水处理理论与设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1992.
[22]CLEMENT J A.Overview of American disinfectant residual practice[J].JW at SRT-Aqua,1999,48(2):59-63.
[23]巢猛,陈丽珠,陈卓华,等.东江原水氯胺消毒效果与消毒副产物研究[J].城镇供水,2016(5):35-37.
[24]王海鸥,陈忠林.氯胺和联合氯胺控制消毒副产物的研究[J].黑龙江大学自然科学学报,2010,27(6):764-773.
[25]焦中志,陈忠林,刘丽君,等.氯胺消毒对卤乙酸类消毒副产物对的控制研究[J].给水排水,2005,31(6):35-37.
[26]焦中志,陈忠林,陈杰等.氯胺消毒对消毒副产物的控制研究[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2005,37(11):1486-1495.
[27]刘静,陈超,张晓健.组合氯化消毒工艺的卤代消毒副产物生成特性[J].环境科学,2009,30(9):2538-2542.
[28]李述茂,吴德礼.液氯和次氯酸钠对饮用水消毒效果的生产性试验研究[J].工业用水与废水,2011,42(2):14-17,75.
[29]汪义强,李云放,易利翔,等.二氧化氯与次氯酸钠联用降低亚氯酸盐生成量应用研究[J].给水排水,2010,36(6):21-26.
[30]徐飞飞,高乃云,李聪,等.新型消毒剂用于饮用水消毒的效果研究[J].给水排水,2008,34(s2):189-190.
[31]Intratec.Sodium hypochlorite chemical production[M].American:Intratec Solutions,2012.
[32]杨健康,王启山,鲁金凤,等.饮用水中三卤甲烷多途径暴露的健康风险评价[J].中国资源综合利用,2009,27(7):27-30.
[33]崔红军,吴东升,宋思怡,等.自来水厂采用次氯酸钠替代液氯消毒的可行性研究[J].中国给水排水,2016,32(19):58-61.
[34]魏恒.次氯酸钠消毒系统在水厂的应用研究[J].中国给水排水,2017,33(17):46-49,54.
[35]吴思宇,卢小艳,刘丽君,等.二氧化氯及与次氯酸钠联用的消毒方式对消毒副产物的控制[J].净水技术,2016,35(3):38-42.
[36]李呐,黄三发,黄淑英,等.厦门市自来水厂氯化消毒副产物监测[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2016,26(13):1913-1915.
[37]梅玉琴,李谦,刘天洁,等.自贡市乡镇自来水厂氯化消毒副产物调查[J].预防医学情报杂志,2012,28(11):851-854.
[38]王建蓉,马铃,许春凤,等.汶川大地震对当地自来水消毒副产物的影响[J].城镇供水,2013(4):57-60.
[39]梁瑞荣,程争鸣.浅谈氯消毒原理及其消毒剂在饮用水中的应用[J].内蒙古水利,2003,94(4):36-38.
[40]张金松,卢小艳.饮用水消毒工艺及副产物控制技术发展[J].给水排水,2016(9):1-3.
[41]Gratt L B.Air toxic risk assessment and management:Public health risk from normal operations[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons Inc,1996:476-513.