城市水文过程对气象环境影响的模拟分析
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摘要
采用引入城市水文过程的WRF/SLUCM方案,以北京2010年7月4—6日高温热浪天气为背景,模拟了绿地灌溉、绿洲效应和人为潜热等水文过程对城市气象环境的影响。结果表明:(1)绿地灌溉、绿洲效应和人为潜热等水文过程可导致北京城区13∶00(7月4—6日小时平均,下同)潜热通量升高最多约100 W·m~(-2),02∶00升高最多约15 W·m~(-2);感热通量13∶00降低最多约80 W·m~(-2);02∶00降低最多约5 W·m~(-2)。(2)城市水文过程可导致城区13∶00相对湿度增加最多约4%,02∶00约6%;地表气温13∶00降低最多约1.2℃,02∶00约0.4℃。(3)城市水文过程对北京城市热岛强度的减弱效果白天明显好于夜间,且在10∶00—14∶00出现了强度约0.8℃的冷岛效应。(4)水文过程会导致北京城区500 m高度以下白天大气温度最多降低0.5℃,相对湿度最多增加3%,但夜间影响较小。由于热对流运动的减弱,城区边界层高度降低约200 m;城区1 km高度以上水平风速增大,低层风速减小。
This paper simulates the effect of urban hydrological processes such as green irrigation, oasis effect and artificial latent heat in Beijing on the urban meteorological environment, using the WRF/SLUCM scheme during a lasting heat wave on July 4—6, 2010. The results are shown as follows.(1) The model can improve the latent heat flux up to 100 W·m~(-2) at 13∶00, and 15 W·m~(-2) at 02∶00, and the sensible heat flux decreases up to 80 W·m~(-2) at 13∶00, and 5 W·m~(-2) at 02∶00.(2) The model can improve the relative humidity up to 4% at 13∶00, and 6% at 02∶00, and the surface temperature drops 1.2 ℃ at most at 13∶00, and 0.4 ℃ at 02∶00.(3) The weakening effect of urban hydrological process on the urban heat island in Beijing is significantly weaker during the day than at night, and a cold island effect with an intensity value of 0.8 ℃ occurred at 10∶00—14∶ 00.(4) The urban hydrological processes cause the air temperature decreases by 0.5 ℃ at most and the relative humidity increases by 3% below 500 m during the day in urban areas. Due to poor thermal convective motion, the boundary layer height decreases at about 200 m; the wind speed increases above 1 km, while the wind speed reduces in the lower layer.
This paper simulates the effect of urban hydrological processes such as green irrigation, oasis effect and artificial latent heat in Beijing on the urban meteorological environment, using the WRF/SLUCM scheme during a lasting heat wave on July 4—6, 2010. The results are shown as follows.(1) The model can improve the latent heat flux up to 100 W·m~(-2) at 13∶00, and 15 W·m~(-2) at 02∶00, and the sensible heat flux decreases up to 80 W·m~(-2) at 13∶00, and 5 W·m~(-2) at 02∶00.(2) The model can improve the relative humidity up to 4% at 13∶00, and 6% at 02∶00, and the surface temperature drops 1.2 ℃ at most at 13∶00, and 0.4 ℃ at 02∶00.(3) The weakening effect of urban hydrological process on the urban heat island in Beijing is significantly weaker during the day than at night, and a cold island effect with an intensity value of 0.8 ℃ occurred at 10∶00—14∶ 00.(4) The urban hydrological processes cause the air temperature decreases by 0.5 ℃ at most and the relative humidity increases by 3% below 500 m during the day in urban areas. Due to poor thermal convective motion, the boundary layer height decreases at about 200 m; the wind speed increases above 1 km, while the wind speed reduces in the lower layer.
引文
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[16] SUN Ting,Grimmond CSB,NI Guangheng.How do green roofs mitigate urban thermal stress under heat waves?.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,2016,121(10):5320-5335.
[17] YANG Jiahua,WANG Zhihua,CHEN Fei,et al.Erratum to:Enhancing hydrologic modelling in the coupled weather research and forecasting-urban modelling system.Boundary-Layer Meteor,2015,155(2):369-369.
[18] 张小华,高志球,宋玉芝,等.北京郊区草地夏季能量收支平衡的数值模拟.大气科学学报,2015,38(6):827-835.ZHANG Xiaohua,GAO Zhiqiu,SONG Yuzhi,et al.Numerical simulation of surface energy budget balance over grassland in Beijing suburban area in summer.Transactions of Atmospheric Scienes(in Chinese),2015,38(6):827-835.
[19] 缪丽娟,崔雪锋,栾一博,等.北京上海近20 a城市化过程中土地利用变化异同点探析.气象科学,2011,31(4):398-404.MIAO Lijuan,CUI Xuefeng,LUAN Yibo,et al.Similarities and differences of Beijing and Shanghai's land use changes induced by urbanization.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences (in Chinese),2011,31(4):398-404.
[20] CHEN Fei,Dudhia J.Coupling an advanced land surfacehydrology model with the Penn stateNCAR MM5 modeling system.Part I:Model implementation and sensitivity.Mon.Wea.Rev.,2001,129(4):569-585.
[21] Kusaka H,Kondo H,Kikegawa Y,et al.A simple single-layer urban canopy model for atmospheric models:Comparison with multi-layer and slab models.Boundary-Layer Meteor.,2001,101(3):329-358.
[22] 张亦洲,苗世光,戴永久,等.北京夏季晴天边界层特征及城市下垫面对海风影响的数值模拟.地球物理学报,2013,56(8):2558-2573.ZHANG Yizhou,MIAO Shiguang,DAI Yongjiu,et al.Numerical simulation of characteristics of clear day boundary layer in Beijing and the impact of urban underlying surface the sea breeze.Chinese Journal Geophysics(in Chinese),2013,56(8):2558-2573.
[23] 伍见军,王咏薇,朱彬,等.WRF模式中城市冠层参数化方案在重庆气象环境模拟中的性能比较.长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(12):1627-1634.WU Jianjun,WANG Yongwei,ZHU Bin,et al.Performance comparison of different urban canopy schemes in WRF model under Chongqing meteorological simulation.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin(in Chinese),2013,22(12):1627-1634.
[24] 余江,江志红,俞卫,等.风电场风速数值预报的误差分析及订正.气象科学,2015,35(5):587-592.YU Jiang,JIANG Zhihong,YU Wei,et al.Error analysis and correction of wind speed humerical forecast at wind farm.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),2015,35(5):587-592.
[25] 朱焱,杨金彪,朱莲芳,等.苏州城市化进程与城市气候变化关系研究.气象科学,2012,32(3):317-324.ZHU Yan,YANG Jinbiao,ZHU Lianfang,et al.The investigation of the relationship between urbanization process and climate change in Suzhou.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),2012,32(3):317-324.
[26] 刘寿东,姜润,王成刚,等.南京夏季城市热岛时空分布特征的观测分析.大气科学学报,2014,37(1):19-27.LIU Shoudong,JIANG Run,WANG Chenggang,et al.Observation analysis on spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of summer urban heat island in Nanjing.Transactions of Amospheric Sciemes(in Chinese),2014,37(1):19-27.
[27] 赵亚芳,张宁,陈燕,等.苏锡常地区热岛观测与数值模拟研究.气象科学,2016,36(1):80-87.ZHAO Yafang,ZHANG Ning,CHEN Yan,et al.Observation of urban heat islands over Su-Xi-Change Region and its numerical simulation.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),2016,36(1):80-87.
[28] Miralles D G,Teuling A J van Heerwaarden cc,et al.Mega-heatwave temperatures due to combined soil desiccation and atmospheric heat accumulation.Nature Geosc.,2014,7(5):345-349.
[29] Pal S,Xueref-Remy I,Ammoura L,et al.Spatio-temporal variability of the atmospheric boundary layer depth over the Paris agglomeration:An assessment of the impact of the urban heat island intensity.Atmos.Environ.,2012,63:261-275.
[30] Pal S,Lopez M,Schmidt M,et al.Investigation of the atmospheric boundary layer depth variability and its impact on the 222Rn concentration at a rural site in France.J.Geophys.Res.Atmo.,2015,120(2):623-643.
[31] Lac C,Donnelly R P,Masson V,et al.CO2 dispersion modelling over Paris region within the CO2-MEGAPARIS project.Atmos.Chem.Phys.Discuss.,2013,13(9):4941-4961.
[2] 王咏薇,任侠,翟雪飞,等.南京复杂下垫面条件下的三维城市热环境模拟.大气科学学报,2016,39(4):525-535.WANG Yongwei,REN Xia,ZHAI Xuefei,et al.Numerical study of the three-dimensional thermal environment over a complex underlying surface in Nanjing.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciencs (in Chinese),2016,39(4):525-535.
[3] ZHANG Chaolin,CHEN Fei,MIAO Shiguang,et al.Impacts of urban expansion and future green planting on summer precipitation in the Beijing metropolitan area.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,2009,114(D2):D02116.
[4] 王咏薇,蒋维楣,郭文利,等.城市布局规模与大气环境影响的数值研究.地球物理学报,2008,51(1):88-100.WANG Yongwei,JIANG Weimei,GUO Wenli,et al.Numerical study of the urban scale and layout effect on atmospheric environment.Chinese Journal of Geophysics (in Chinese),2008,51(1):88-100.
[5] 周荣卫,蒋维楣,何晓凤.城市冠层模式对城市气温模拟的改进.南京大学学报(自然科学版) (in Chinese),2008,44(3):250-257.ZHOU Rongwei,JIANG Weimei,HE Xiaofeng.Improvement of urban canopy model on urban air temperature simulation.Journal of Nanjing University(Natural Sciences),2008,44(3):250-257.
[6] Hagishima A,Narita K I,Tanimoto J.Field experiment on transpiration from isolated urban plants.Hydrological Processes,2007,21(9):1217-1222.
[7] 蒋维楣,王咏薇,张宁.城市陆面过程与边界层结构研究.地球科学进展,2009,24(4):411-419.JIANG Weimei,WANG Yongwei,ZHANG Ning.Research on urban land-surface process and boundary layer structure.Advances in Earth Science(in Chinese),2009,24(4):411-419.
[8] 王雪梅,陈燕,蒋维楣,等.珠江三角洲城市尺度规划对大气环境的影响效应.中山大学学报(自然科学版),2009,48(6):115-120.WANG Xuemei,CHEN Yan,JIANG Weimei,et al.Impacts of urban planning on atmospheric environment over the pearl river delta region.Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni (in Chinese),2009,48(6):115-120.
[9] 蒋维楣,苗世光,张宁,等.城市气象与边界层数值模拟研究.地球科学进展,2010,25(5):463-473.JIANG Weimei,MIAO Shiguang,ZHANG Ning,et al.Numerical simulation on urban meteorology and urban boundary layer.Advances in Earth Science (in Chinese),2010,25(5):463-473.
[10] Grimmond C S B,Blackett M,Best M J,et al.The international urban energy balance models comparison project:first results from phase 1.J.Appl.Meteor.Climatol.,2010,49(6):1268-1292.
[11] Grimmond C S B,Blackett M,Best M J,et al.Initial results from Phase 2 of the international urban energy balance model comparison.Int.J.Climatol.,2011,31(2):244-272.
[12] 苗世光,CHEN Fei.城市地表潜热通量数值模拟方法研究.中国科学(地球科学),2014,44(5):1017-1025.MIAO Shiguang,CHEN Fei.Enhanced modeling of latent heat flux from urban surfaces in the Noah/single-layer urban canopy coupled model.Science China:Earth Sciences,2014,57(10):2408-2416.
[13] Hamdi R,Termonia P,Baguis P.Effects of urbanization and climate change on surface runoff of the Brussels Capital Region:a case study using an urban soil-vegetation-atmosphere-transfer model.Int.J.Climatol.,2011,31(13):1959-1974.
[14] Flagg D D,Taylor P A.Sensitivity of mesoscale model urban boundary layer meteorology to the scale of urban representation.Atmos.Chem.Phys.,2011,11(6):2951-2972.
[15] LI Dan,BouZeid E,Oppenheimer M.The effectiveness of cool and green roofs as urban heat island mitigation strategies.Environ.Res.Lett,2014,9(5):055002.
[16] SUN Ting,Grimmond CSB,NI Guangheng.How do green roofs mitigate urban thermal stress under heat waves?.J.Geophys.Res.Atmos.,2016,121(10):5320-5335.
[17] YANG Jiahua,WANG Zhihua,CHEN Fei,et al.Erratum to:Enhancing hydrologic modelling in the coupled weather research and forecasting-urban modelling system.Boundary-Layer Meteor,2015,155(2):369-369.
[18] 张小华,高志球,宋玉芝,等.北京郊区草地夏季能量收支平衡的数值模拟.大气科学学报,2015,38(6):827-835.ZHANG Xiaohua,GAO Zhiqiu,SONG Yuzhi,et al.Numerical simulation of surface energy budget balance over grassland in Beijing suburban area in summer.Transactions of Atmospheric Scienes(in Chinese),2015,38(6):827-835.
[19] 缪丽娟,崔雪锋,栾一博,等.北京上海近20 a城市化过程中土地利用变化异同点探析.气象科学,2011,31(4):398-404.MIAO Lijuan,CUI Xuefeng,LUAN Yibo,et al.Similarities and differences of Beijing and Shanghai's land use changes induced by urbanization.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences (in Chinese),2011,31(4):398-404.
[20] CHEN Fei,Dudhia J.Coupling an advanced land surfacehydrology model with the Penn stateNCAR MM5 modeling system.Part I:Model implementation and sensitivity.Mon.Wea.Rev.,2001,129(4):569-585.
[21] Kusaka H,Kondo H,Kikegawa Y,et al.A simple single-layer urban canopy model for atmospheric models:Comparison with multi-layer and slab models.Boundary-Layer Meteor.,2001,101(3):329-358.
[22] 张亦洲,苗世光,戴永久,等.北京夏季晴天边界层特征及城市下垫面对海风影响的数值模拟.地球物理学报,2013,56(8):2558-2573.ZHANG Yizhou,MIAO Shiguang,DAI Yongjiu,et al.Numerical simulation of characteristics of clear day boundary layer in Beijing and the impact of urban underlying surface the sea breeze.Chinese Journal Geophysics(in Chinese),2013,56(8):2558-2573.
[23] 伍见军,王咏薇,朱彬,等.WRF模式中城市冠层参数化方案在重庆气象环境模拟中的性能比较.长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(12):1627-1634.WU Jianjun,WANG Yongwei,ZHU Bin,et al.Performance comparison of different urban canopy schemes in WRF model under Chongqing meteorological simulation.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin(in Chinese),2013,22(12):1627-1634.
[24] 余江,江志红,俞卫,等.风电场风速数值预报的误差分析及订正.气象科学,2015,35(5):587-592.YU Jiang,JIANG Zhihong,YU Wei,et al.Error analysis and correction of wind speed humerical forecast at wind farm.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),2015,35(5):587-592.
[25] 朱焱,杨金彪,朱莲芳,等.苏州城市化进程与城市气候变化关系研究.气象科学,2012,32(3):317-324.ZHU Yan,YANG Jinbiao,ZHU Lianfang,et al.The investigation of the relationship between urbanization process and climate change in Suzhou.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),2012,32(3):317-324.
[26] 刘寿东,姜润,王成刚,等.南京夏季城市热岛时空分布特征的观测分析.大气科学学报,2014,37(1):19-27.LIU Shoudong,JIANG Run,WANG Chenggang,et al.Observation analysis on spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of summer urban heat island in Nanjing.Transactions of Amospheric Sciemes(in Chinese),2014,37(1):19-27.
[27] 赵亚芳,张宁,陈燕,等.苏锡常地区热岛观测与数值模拟研究.气象科学,2016,36(1):80-87.ZHAO Yafang,ZHANG Ning,CHEN Yan,et al.Observation of urban heat islands over Su-Xi-Change Region and its numerical simulation.Journal of the Meteorological Sciences(in Chinese),2016,36(1):80-87.
[28] Miralles D G,Teuling A J van Heerwaarden cc,et al.Mega-heatwave temperatures due to combined soil desiccation and atmospheric heat accumulation.Nature Geosc.,2014,7(5):345-349.
[29] Pal S,Xueref-Remy I,Ammoura L,et al.Spatio-temporal variability of the atmospheric boundary layer depth over the Paris agglomeration:An assessment of the impact of the urban heat island intensity.Atmos.Environ.,2012,63:261-275.
[30] Pal S,Lopez M,Schmidt M,et al.Investigation of the atmospheric boundary layer depth variability and its impact on the 222Rn concentration at a rural site in France.J.Geophys.Res.Atmo.,2015,120(2):623-643.
[31] Lac C,Donnelly R P,Masson V,et al.CO2 dispersion modelling over Paris region within the CO2-MEGAPARIS project.Atmos.Chem.Phys.Discuss.,2013,13(9):4941-4961.