海外油气项目控制权分配与风险应对探析
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摘要
投资海外油气项目的中国企业要想确保与自身投资和利益相匹配的控制权,需要对海外油气项目控制权的分配机制和实践风险有清晰的认识,并设计和采取必要的应对方案和措施。首先需要分析海外油气项目控制权的决定环境和影响因素,明确所投资国家或地区的总体环境和海外油气项目控制权的划分层次与行使机制、责权分配所涉及的关键事项等。在此基础上,应密切关注海外油气项目所面临的控制权风险和利益博弈,包括控制供给风险、分配架构风险、决策僵局风险、责任匹配风险、争夺稀释风险和重谈征收风险等。根据风险识别情况和所具备的资源条件,设计相关的应对方案,采取具体的应对措施。除了风险管理和控制的一般措施外,还应注意项目选择与合同谈判,努力以作业者身份进入项目,在项目开始前以优势谈判地位切入争取到有利的合同条款和控制基础;要对石油合同和油气项目中的控制机制进行设计安排;尽可能减少投资者因项目管理所带来的责任;尽可能在石油合同中加入稳定性条款;约定中立的争议解决方式,明确主权豁免条款;充分利用国家力量和资源,维护企业的正当权益。
Chinese enterprises,which invest in overseas oil and gas projects,should have a clear picture of the allocation mechanism of controlling rights and the risks involved to ensure sufficient controlling rights over their corresponding investment and interests,and design and deploy necessary plans and countermeasures therefor.Chinese oil and gas enterprises need to analyze the investment environment and determinants of the controlling rights in overseas oil and gas projects,and make clear the overall environment of the invested countries or regions and the levels and mechanism of such controlling rights as well as the decisive issues involved in the allocation of rights and duties.On the basis of the analysis,Chinese oil and gas enterprises should keep close eyes on relevant risks and benefit games of overseas oil and gas projects,covering from control supply risk,allocation and structure risk,decision deadlock risk,liability matching risk,competition and dilution risk,to renegotiation and nationalization risk.With the risks recognized and resources available,it is of necessity to design some plans to cope with the problems encountered and come up with concrete counter-measures.In addition to the general measures for risk management and control,Chinese oil and gas enterprises should also pay attention to project selection and contract negotiation,strive to participate in the projects as an operator,hold an advantage position in the negotiation before the start of the project to win over favorable contract terms and control basis,design the control mechanism of oil contracts and oil and gas projects,minimize the liability of investors due to project management,add stability clauses to oil contracts as much as possible;agree on neutral dispute resolution methods,clarify sovereign immunity clauses,and make full use of the power and resources of the country to protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese enterprises.
Chinese enterprises,which invest in overseas oil and gas projects,should have a clear picture of the allocation mechanism of controlling rights and the risks involved to ensure sufficient controlling rights over their corresponding investment and interests,and design and deploy necessary plans and countermeasures therefor.Chinese oil and gas enterprises need to analyze the investment environment and determinants of the controlling rights in overseas oil and gas projects,and make clear the overall environment of the invested countries or regions and the levels and mechanism of such controlling rights as well as the decisive issues involved in the allocation of rights and duties.On the basis of the analysis,Chinese oil and gas enterprises should keep close eyes on relevant risks and benefit games of overseas oil and gas projects,covering from control supply risk,allocation and structure risk,decision deadlock risk,liability matching risk,competition and dilution risk,to renegotiation and nationalization risk.With the risks recognized and resources available,it is of necessity to design some plans to cope with the problems encountered and come up with concrete counter-measures.In addition to the general measures for risk management and control,Chinese oil and gas enterprises should also pay attention to project selection and contract negotiation,strive to participate in the projects as an operator,hold an advantage position in the negotiation before the start of the project to win over favorable contract terms and control basis,design the control mechanism of oil contracts and oil and gas projects,minimize the liability of investors due to project management,add stability clauses to oil contracts as much as possible;agree on neutral dispute resolution methods,clarify sovereign immunity clauses,and make full use of the power and resources of the country to protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese enterprises.
引文
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[7]洪联英,陈思.中国能源资源行业境外投资的组织方式选择———一个微观生产组织控制视角的分析[J].财贸经济,2013(10):89-99.
[8]徐凯,王定贤.境外投资中小股东参与公司管控及其权益保护问题[J].对外经贸实务,2014(4):21-24.
[9]刘小元,陈序桄.中国海外直接投资企业控制权转移风险防范机制研究———以中钢南非铬业有限公司为例[J].经济与管理研究,2011(12):86-92.
[10]金焕东,吴谋远.中外石油巨头联合体中标巴西最大盐下油田中国海外油气投资呈现新特点[J].国际石油经济,2014,22(1/2):19-20.
[11]刘贵洲,窦立荣,管硕.海外“大小非”项目股东行权策略实践思考[J].国际石油经济,2018,26(8):47-54.
[2]隋平.海外能源投资法律与实践[M].北京:法律出版社,2011:7-13.
[3]穆龙新,范子菲,许安著.海外油气田开发特点、模式与对策[J].石油勘探与开发,2018,45(4):690-697.
[4]吕儒红.伊拉克技术服务石油合同模式浅析[J].法制与社会,2013(4):184-186.
[5]陆如泉.为什么要“争当作业者”[J].国际石油经济,2014,22(4):82-85.
[6]陆如泉,徐文懋.民企海外投资应借鉴“四不”原则[J].中国石油企业,2017(8):23-26,2.
[7]洪联英,陈思.中国能源资源行业境外投资的组织方式选择———一个微观生产组织控制视角的分析[J].财贸经济,2013(10):89-99.
[8]徐凯,王定贤.境外投资中小股东参与公司管控及其权益保护问题[J].对外经贸实务,2014(4):21-24.
[9]刘小元,陈序桄.中国海外直接投资企业控制权转移风险防范机制研究———以中钢南非铬业有限公司为例[J].经济与管理研究,2011(12):86-92.
[10]金焕东,吴谋远.中外石油巨头联合体中标巴西最大盐下油田中国海外油气投资呈现新特点[J].国际石油经济,2014,22(1/2):19-20.
[11]刘贵洲,窦立荣,管硕.海外“大小非”项目股东行权策略实践思考[J].国际石油经济,2018,26(8):47-54.