稻秸秆编织机自动摊铺分束装置设计与试验
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摘要
针对平面式草帘编织机人工摊铺秸秆上料用工量大等问题,该文通过模拟稻秸秆人工摊薄、铺放的作业过程,研制了一种与现有草帘编织机配套使用的自动摊铺分束装置。该装置采用多连杆对切机构和耙分机构,可对稻秸秆进行"对搓"摊薄、"耙分"成束铺匀,并利用ADAMS软件对关键部件进行运动分析和参数确定。样机摊铺分束及编织试验结果表明:自动摊铺分束装置铺放秸秆厚度均值小于40 mm,满足后续编织要求;与平面式草帘编织机配套使用时,当机针针织频率fz=0.8 Hz,编织速度vb=90 m/h,设定摊铺装置对切机构的工作频率ft=0.8 Hz,分束装置耙分机构的工作频率fp=1.13 Hz,测得摊铺分束过程中秸秆的分束率Fs为92.12%,漏编率Lb小于5.44‰。编织的草帘质量满足使用要求;在同一编织速度条件下,该装置的使用较传统的人工上料方式减少用工2人,可提高单机作业年均收入近8 640元。
Straw is a rich resource in quantity, but large amount of waste rice straw has been burned in the field, which causes waste of resource and environmental pollution at the same time. Straw is an important production resource, and the straw mats are widely used as a protective tool for bricks, buildings, agaric production and vegetable greenhouse, etc. According to literature and data reviewed, rice straw abroad is mainly used for field return and recycling, and straw mats braiding machine are rarely reported abroad. While in China, a type of mature flat straw braiding machine was widely used in the north. This kind of machine relies on human spreading and needs operators to stand on either side of the machine to continuously lay straws onto the conveyor surface regularly. It has many problems, such as high labor intensity, poor working conditions and so on. With the increase of labor cost, the demand for the automatic spreading conveyor of the machinery becomes more and more imperative. In order to realize mechanical feeding, improve working performance of the straw braiding machine and reduce the labor intensity, an automatic spreading and raking fascicles device for straw has been developed by simulating the actions of humans, which can be used as the matching equipment of the existing flat braiding machine. The device is composed of 2 parts: dip-angle bisecting spreading and multi-link raking fascicles. Straw can be proportionately fed into the braiding machine. Kinematic analysis of key components and parameter optimization are carried out by using ADAMS software. However, there are no available standards for the performance test of the weaving machines. In addition, the weaving quality of the straw mats are related to weaving speed, straw quality, evenness of laying and many other factors, and there are also many uncontrollable factors. While considering these, experimental tests have been firstly performed to find out the relationship between weaving speed and needle frequency(fz) of the flat straw braiding machine, and taking laying thickness as the index, to test the working performance of the auto spreading and raking fascicles device. Prototype testing were carried out at different weaving speeds, and the operating frequency range of 3 components, which are the dip-angle bisecting spreading, multi-link raking fascicles and knitting lock device, were obtained. In order to test the working condition of the automatic device and the weaving quality of the straw mats, fascicles rate(Fs) and leak rate(Lb) are used as the evaluation indexes which have been contrastively analyzed at 3 different weaving speeds and corresponding operating frequencies during the complete machine performance test. The results indicated that mean thickness of the spreading straws is less than 40 mm from auto spreading and raking fascicles device, which can accord with the design requirements for the following weaving process. And used with the flat straw braiding machine, the fascicles rate(Fs) of the straw is 92.12% and the leak rate(Lb) is 5.44%, when the needle frequency(fz) is 0.8 Hz, weaving speed(vb) is 90 m/h, and setting the frequencies of the dip-angle bisecting spreading(ft) and multi-link raking fascicles(fp) as 0.8 Hz and 1.13 Hz respectively, which can meet the use requirements. Compared with traditional manual feeding method, the use of the device reduces labor cost and improves production efficiency. It can reduce 2 workforces at the constant weaving speed, increase the annual income by nearly 8 640 yuan for each machine. In addition, the device is driven by link motion, shock and vibration will occur during the weaving process. In this experiment, the influences of velocity and acceleration changes of each component on straw spreading efficiency and whole machine properties need to be further analyzed and verified.
Straw is a rich resource in quantity, but large amount of waste rice straw has been burned in the field, which causes waste of resource and environmental pollution at the same time. Straw is an important production resource, and the straw mats are widely used as a protective tool for bricks, buildings, agaric production and vegetable greenhouse, etc. According to literature and data reviewed, rice straw abroad is mainly used for field return and recycling, and straw mats braiding machine are rarely reported abroad. While in China, a type of mature flat straw braiding machine was widely used in the north. This kind of machine relies on human spreading and needs operators to stand on either side of the machine to continuously lay straws onto the conveyor surface regularly. It has many problems, such as high labor intensity, poor working conditions and so on. With the increase of labor cost, the demand for the automatic spreading conveyor of the machinery becomes more and more imperative. In order to realize mechanical feeding, improve working performance of the straw braiding machine and reduce the labor intensity, an automatic spreading and raking fascicles device for straw has been developed by simulating the actions of humans, which can be used as the matching equipment of the existing flat braiding machine. The device is composed of 2 parts: dip-angle bisecting spreading and multi-link raking fascicles. Straw can be proportionately fed into the braiding machine. Kinematic analysis of key components and parameter optimization are carried out by using ADAMS software. However, there are no available standards for the performance test of the weaving machines. In addition, the weaving quality of the straw mats are related to weaving speed, straw quality, evenness of laying and many other factors, and there are also many uncontrollable factors. While considering these, experimental tests have been firstly performed to find out the relationship between weaving speed and needle frequency(fz) of the flat straw braiding machine, and taking laying thickness as the index, to test the working performance of the auto spreading and raking fascicles device. Prototype testing were carried out at different weaving speeds, and the operating frequency range of 3 components, which are the dip-angle bisecting spreading, multi-link raking fascicles and knitting lock device, were obtained. In order to test the working condition of the automatic device and the weaving quality of the straw mats, fascicles rate(Fs) and leak rate(Lb) are used as the evaluation indexes which have been contrastively analyzed at 3 different weaving speeds and corresponding operating frequencies during the complete machine performance test. The results indicated that mean thickness of the spreading straws is less than 40 mm from auto spreading and raking fascicles device, which can accord with the design requirements for the following weaving process. And used with the flat straw braiding machine, the fascicles rate(Fs) of the straw is 92.12% and the leak rate(Lb) is 5.44%, when the needle frequency(fz) is 0.8 Hz, weaving speed(vb) is 90 m/h, and setting the frequencies of the dip-angle bisecting spreading(ft) and multi-link raking fascicles(fp) as 0.8 Hz and 1.13 Hz respectively, which can meet the use requirements. Compared with traditional manual feeding method, the use of the device reduces labor cost and improves production efficiency. It can reduce 2 workforces at the constant weaving speed, increase the annual income by nearly 8 640 yuan for each machine. In addition, the device is driven by link motion, shock and vibration will occur during the weaving process. In this experiment, the influences of velocity and acceleration changes of each component on straw spreading efficiency and whole machine properties need to be further analyzed and verified.
引文
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[9]韩鲁佳,闫巧娟,刘向阳,等.中国农作物秸秆资源及其利用现状[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(3):87-91.Han Lujia,Yan Qiaojuan,Liu Xiangyang,et al.Straw resources and their utilization in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2002,18(3):87-91.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]李云林.新型草帘机机针锁扣机构的改进优化设计[J].粮油加工与食品机械,2001(1):31-32.
[11]刘大为,王修善,谢方平,等.一种秸秆自动摊铺分束耙分装置:中国专利,201610200040.X[P].2016-3-31.
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[13]赵匀.农业机械分析与综合[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2009.
[14]于靖军.机械原理[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2015.
[15]王锦江,陈志,杨学军,等.制种玉米父本整秆切除铺放机设计与试验[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(2):104-109.Wang Jinjiang,Chen Zhi,Yang Xuejun,et al.Design and experiment on seed corn whole stalk cutting-placementing machine of staminate plant[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(2):104-109.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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