印度科技外交模式、特点和启示
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摘要
科技对国际关系的作用和影响可以追溯到18世纪,以科技为内容的国际合作经历了技术扩散期、技术援助期、技术转移期、国际科技合作期和科技外交期。科技外交是21世纪科技和国际关系持续发生作用的新概念,包括"服务外交的科技合作"以及"服务科技合作的外交",具有外交功能和创新功能。本文重点研究分析科技外交的外交功能,以为改善中印关系提供参考。对于如何推动中印科技外交,本文通过研究分析印度科技外交的模式与特点得出以下几点启示:一是如果实施针对南亚地区的公共治理和技术援助,将会满足印度维护国家安全、稳定南亚的需求,并推进中国"一带一路"倡议在南亚的发展;二是如果积极推进中印低技术领域的技术转移和社会民生领域的技术协同,将会受到印度官方和民间的欢迎,有助于改善两国关系;三是印度具有通过科技人员交流改善外交关系的经验和基础,将其应用到中印关系治理中将能够增进两国人民的理解和互信,可为加强两国关系提供民众基础。
The role and impact of science and technology on international relations can be traced back to the 18 th century.International cooperation around science and technology went through numerous phases:technological expansion;technological assistance;technology transfer;International science and technology cooperation;and science and technology diplomacy.Science and technology diplomacy is a new concept that has played a role in international relations in the 21 st Century.It includes science and technology cooperation as a component of diplomacy,stressing the role of diplomacy;and science &technology diplomacy as a component of cooperation,stressing the role of innovation.The focus of this article is on the former,with the objective of offering suggestions for the enhancement of China-India relations.Through analysis of India's modality for and characteristics of its science and technology diplomacy,it distills several lessons relevant to the promotion of China-India technology diplomacy.First if technical assistance and public governance are enhanced for the South Asia region,this will meet India's needs with respect to maintaining state security and regional stability,while also advancing the development of China's Belt and Road Initiative in South Asia.Second,if low level technology transfer is promoted between China and India and if synergies can be found at the societal level,this will be welcomed by both the Indian government and public,and will help enhance relations between the two countries.Third,India has experienced strengthening diplomatic relations through scientific exchanges,and if this can be used within the context of ChinaIndia relations,this will function to enhance mutual understanding and trust between the people of the two countries,and further offer a level of public support for strengthening state-to-state ties.
The role and impact of science and technology on international relations can be traced back to the 18 th century.International cooperation around science and technology went through numerous phases:technological expansion;technological assistance;technology transfer;International science and technology cooperation;and science and technology diplomacy.Science and technology diplomacy is a new concept that has played a role in international relations in the 21 st Century.It includes science and technology cooperation as a component of diplomacy,stressing the role of diplomacy;and science &technology diplomacy as a component of cooperation,stressing the role of innovation.The focus of this article is on the former,with the objective of offering suggestions for the enhancement of China-India relations.Through analysis of India's modality for and characteristics of its science and technology diplomacy,it distills several lessons relevant to the promotion of China-India technology diplomacy.First if technical assistance and public governance are enhanced for the South Asia region,this will meet India's needs with respect to maintaining state security and regional stability,while also advancing the development of China's Belt and Road Initiative in South Asia.Second,if low level technology transfer is promoted between China and India and if synergies can be found at the societal level,this will be welcomed by both the Indian government and public,and will help enhance relations between the two countries.Third,India has experienced strengthening diplomatic relations through scientific exchanges,and if this can be used within the context of ChinaIndia relations,this will function to enhance mutual understanding and trust between the people of the two countries,and further offer a level of public support for strengthening state-to-state ties.
引文
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(12)Charles Weiss,“Science,Technology and International Relations,” Technology in Society,Vol.27,No.3,2005,pp.295-313.
(13)Lloyd S.Davis and Robert G.Patman,Science Diplomacy:New Day or False Dawn? (Singapore:World Scientific Publishing,2015).
(14)赵刚:《科技外交的理论与实践》,北京,时事出版社,2007年版。
(15)张翼燕:《基于活动分析法的科技外交三元模型》,《中国科技论坛》,2017年第2期,第171～177页。
(16)李嫣、王同涛等:《科技外交新趋势及对科技创新的发展促进作用》,《中国科技论坛》,2017年第6期,第36～42页。
(17)潘华:《我国科技外交研究的现状与思路》,《中国科技论坛》,2009年第5期,第104～108页。
(18)孔欣欣:《法国科技外交战略解析》,《全球经济瞭望》,2017年第2期,第10～14页;樊春良、肖丹:《美国科学特使计划的实施及成效》,《全球科技经济瞭望》,2015年第3期,第12～21页;惠仲阳:《日本科技外交战略与实践探究》,《中国科技论坛》,2016年第12期,第141～146页;宋微、杨思思等:《韩国科技外交战略与中国的战略对策》,《创新科技》,2016年第10期,第32～34页。
(19)宝胜:《科技因素对国家间外交关系的影响及其应对策略研究》,《科技管理研究》,2014年第15期,第13～21页。
(20)赵刚:《全球科技资源利用中的科技外交战略》,《中国软科学》,2007年第8期,第18～22页;朱雅兰 、何开辉:《培养国际组织人才提升科技外交实力》,《全球科技经济瞭望》,2016年第10期,第62～67页。
(21)Bridget M.Dolan,“Science and Technology Agreements as Tools for Science Diplomacy:A U.S.Case Study,” Science and Diplomacy,Vol.1,No.4,December 2012,p.3.
(22)R.Nelson,National Innovation Systems:A Comparative Analysis (Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press,1993),p.152.
(23)Bridget M.Dolan,“Science and Technology Agreements as Tools for Science Diplomacy:A U.S.Case Study,” p.3.
(24)《让中国智慧闪耀国际舞台》,中国科技网,2017年12月20日。http://www.stdaily. com/index/kejixinwen/2017-12/20/content_610430.shtml
(25)Sadhana Relia,Arabinda Mitra and T.Ramasami,“Science and Technology Perspectives for India’s Foreign Policy,” p.161.
(26)Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,“Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Programme,” July 31,2015.https://www.itecgoi.in/about.php
(27)Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,“Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Programme,” July 31,2015.https://www.itecgoi.in/about.php
(28)Manoj Saxena,“Science and Technology in Indian Diplomacy:A Brief Introduction,” January 2016.http://www.southasianewsreview.com/south-asian-affairs/science-and-technology-in-indian-diplomacy-a-brief-introduction
(29)White House,US Government,“Act Sheets of the United States and India:Prosperity through Partnership,” June 26,2017.https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/fact-sheet-united-states-india-prosperity-partnership/
(30)Rajesh Rajagopalan,“India’s Strategic Choices:China and the Balance of Asia,” Carnegie India,September 14,2017.https://carnegieindia.org/2017/09/14/india-s-strategic-choices-china-and-balance-of-power-in-asia-pub-73108
(31)Bridget M.Dolan,“Science and Technology Agreements as Tools for Science Diplomacy:A U.S.Case Study,” p.6.
(32)White House,US Government,“Act Sheets of the United States and India:Prosperity through Partnership”.
(33)Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,“Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation(ITEC) Programme,” July 31,2015.https://www.itecgoi.in/about.php
(34)Sadhana Relia,Arabinda Mitra and T.Ramasami,“Science and Technology Perspectives for India’s Foreign Policy,” p.159.
(35)Bernard J.Zahuranec,Science and Technology Diplomacy in Developing Countries (New Delhi:Daya Publishing House,2014),p.5.
(36)“RIS-ITEC Programme on Science Diplomacy,” January 8,2019.http://ris.org.in/itec-science-diplomacy
(37)朱翠萍:《中美南亚战略的关联与相互影响》,《南亚研究》,2016年第3期,第4页。
(2)赵刚、程建润:《中国科技外交析论》,《云南财经大学学报》,2008年第5期,第10～13页。
(3)Tim Flink and Ulrich Schreiterer,“Science Diplomacy at the Intersection of S & T Policies and Foreign Affairs:Toward a Typology of National Approaches,”Science and Public Policy,Vol.37,No.9,November 2010,pp.665-677.
(4)《科技部部长:科技外交成为国家总体外交战略的重要组成》,中国科技部网站,2018年1月10日。http://www.most.gov.cn/ztzl/qgkjgzhy/2018/2018mtbd/201801/t20180110_137630.htm
(5)李文贵、杨文武:《后金融危机时代中印科技合作研究》,《南亚研究季刊》,2015年第4期,第80～86页。
(6)Manoj Saxena,“Science and Technology in Indian Diplomacy:A Brief Introduction,”January 2016.http://www.southasianewsreview.com/south-asian-affairs/science-and-technology-in-indian-diplomacy-a-brief-introduction
(7)Igor Linkov,Diplomacy for Science:Strategies to Promote International Collaboration,(New York:Springer Science+Business Media,2016).
(8)Sadhana Relia,Arabinda Mitra and T.Ramasami,“Science and Technology Perspectives for India’s Foreign Policy,” Indian Foreign Affairs Journal,Vol.9,No.2,April-June 2014,pp.163-167.
(9)Lorraine Ngwenya,Case Study Report:Science and Technology Diplomacy and the 2012/2013 German-South African Year of Science(South Africa:University of Pritoria,2015).
(10)Pierrebruno Ruffini,Science and Diplomacy:A New Dimension of International Relations,(Cham:Springer,2017).
(11)Tim Flink and Ulrich Schreiterer,“Science Diplomacy at the Intersection of S&T Policies and Foreign Affairs:Toward a Typology of National Approaches,” pp.665-677.
(12)Charles Weiss,“Science,Technology and International Relations,” Technology in Society,Vol.27,No.3,2005,pp.295-313.
(13)Lloyd S.Davis and Robert G.Patman,Science Diplomacy:New Day or False Dawn? (Singapore:World Scientific Publishing,2015).
(14)赵刚:《科技外交的理论与实践》,北京,时事出版社,2007年版。
(15)张翼燕:《基于活动分析法的科技外交三元模型》,《中国科技论坛》,2017年第2期,第171～177页。
(16)李嫣、王同涛等:《科技外交新趋势及对科技创新的发展促进作用》,《中国科技论坛》,2017年第6期,第36～42页。
(17)潘华:《我国科技外交研究的现状与思路》,《中国科技论坛》,2009年第5期,第104～108页。
(18)孔欣欣:《法国科技外交战略解析》,《全球经济瞭望》,2017年第2期,第10～14页;樊春良、肖丹:《美国科学特使计划的实施及成效》,《全球科技经济瞭望》,2015年第3期,第12～21页;惠仲阳:《日本科技外交战略与实践探究》,《中国科技论坛》,2016年第12期,第141～146页;宋微、杨思思等:《韩国科技外交战略与中国的战略对策》,《创新科技》,2016年第10期,第32～34页。
(19)宝胜:《科技因素对国家间外交关系的影响及其应对策略研究》,《科技管理研究》,2014年第15期,第13～21页。
(20)赵刚:《全球科技资源利用中的科技外交战略》,《中国软科学》,2007年第8期,第18～22页;朱雅兰 、何开辉:《培养国际组织人才提升科技外交实力》,《全球科技经济瞭望》,2016年第10期,第62～67页。
(21)Bridget M.Dolan,“Science and Technology Agreements as Tools for Science Diplomacy:A U.S.Case Study,” Science and Diplomacy,Vol.1,No.4,December 2012,p.3.
(22)R.Nelson,National Innovation Systems:A Comparative Analysis (Oxford,UK:Oxford University Press,1993),p.152.
(23)Bridget M.Dolan,“Science and Technology Agreements as Tools for Science Diplomacy:A U.S.Case Study,” p.3.
(24)《让中国智慧闪耀国际舞台》,中国科技网,2017年12月20日。http://www.stdaily. com/index/kejixinwen/2017-12/20/content_610430.shtml
(25)Sadhana Relia,Arabinda Mitra and T.Ramasami,“Science and Technology Perspectives for India’s Foreign Policy,” p.161.
(26)Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,“Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Programme,” July 31,2015.https://www.itecgoi.in/about.php
(27)Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,“Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) Programme,” July 31,2015.https://www.itecgoi.in/about.php
(28)Manoj Saxena,“Science and Technology in Indian Diplomacy:A Brief Introduction,” January 2016.http://www.southasianewsreview.com/south-asian-affairs/science-and-technology-in-indian-diplomacy-a-brief-introduction
(29)White House,US Government,“Act Sheets of the United States and India:Prosperity through Partnership,” June 26,2017.https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/fact-sheet-united-states-india-prosperity-partnership/
(30)Rajesh Rajagopalan,“India’s Strategic Choices:China and the Balance of Asia,” Carnegie India,September 14,2017.https://carnegieindia.org/2017/09/14/india-s-strategic-choices-china-and-balance-of-power-in-asia-pub-73108
(31)Bridget M.Dolan,“Science and Technology Agreements as Tools for Science Diplomacy:A U.S.Case Study,” p.6.
(32)White House,US Government,“Act Sheets of the United States and India:Prosperity through Partnership”.
(33)Ministry of External Affairs,Government of India,“Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation(ITEC) Programme,” July 31,2015.https://www.itecgoi.in/about.php
(34)Sadhana Relia,Arabinda Mitra and T.Ramasami,“Science and Technology Perspectives for India’s Foreign Policy,” p.159.
(35)Bernard J.Zahuranec,Science and Technology Diplomacy in Developing Countries (New Delhi:Daya Publishing House,2014),p.5.
(36)“RIS-ITEC Programme on Science Diplomacy,” January 8,2019.http://ris.org.in/itec-science-diplomacy
(37)朱翠萍:《中美南亚战略的关联与相互影响》,《南亚研究》,2016年第3期,第4页。