遮阴和种植密度对冬小麦灌浆特性及籽粒品质的影响
|
摘要
为探明遮阴和种植密度对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及籽粒产量和品质的影响,在冬小麦拔节至成熟期遮阴50%(透光率为50%的遮阳网)和自然光2种光照条件下各设置5个种植密度:450(M1)、525(M2)、600(M3)、675(M4)和750万株/hm~2(M5),测定不同处理冬小麦灌浆特性及籽粒品质指标。结果表明:遮阴较自然光条件明显降低籽粒灌浆速率,但最大灌浆速率(V_m)出现的时间(t_m)有所提前,灌浆快增期持续的时间(Δt)缩短1.8～3.6 d;籽粒容重和出粉率的降幅分别为4.98%～6.69%和2.70%～6.39%;但籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、降落值和沉降值明显高于对照各处理,各指标升高幅度依次为:1.60%～12.50%、2.65%～19.03%、2.58%～7.91%和0.16%～11.44%。遮阴下冬小麦面团形成时间、稳定时间、拉伸面积、延伸度、拉伸阻力及最大拉伸阻力均显著高于自然光照下,但面团吸水率、弱化度及拉伸比明显低于自然光照条件。遮光和自然光最高产量分别为M2处理5 250.26 kg/hm~2和M3处理9 190.07 kg/hm~2,与自然光相比,遮阴导致各密度平均产量降低45.43%,平均生物量降低28.45%,平均收获指数提高23.68%。综合考虑各项品质指标和籽粒产量,在50%遮阴条件下,密度为525万株/hm~2可供新疆南疆地区核桃小麦间作生产参考。
To study the variation of grain filling characteristics and grain quality of shading light,a field experiment including two light levels,nature light(no shading) and shading light(50% full radiation,produced by black sun-shade net of 50% light transmittance) from jointing to mature stage,and 5 planting densities of 4 500(M1),5 250(M2),6 000(M3),6 750(M4) and 7 500 thousand plants/hm~2(M5) were conducted to study the effects of grain filling characteristics and quality of winter wheat during jointing and maturity stage,which would provide theoretical basis for optimizing grain-crop intercropping in southern Xinjiang Vighur Autonomous Region.The results indicated that:compared with the nature light treatment,the grain filling rate was decreased significantly in the shading treatment,but the maximum grain filling time(t_m) of the maximum filling rate(V_m) was earlier,the duration(Δt) of fast filling period was shortened by 1.8-3.6 d,grain test weight and milling yield reduction ranged from 4.98% to 6.69% and 2.70%-6.39%,respectively.The contents of grain protein,wet gluten,grain falling number and sedimentation volume of the shading treatment were significantly higher than those of the nature light,and the increasing range of those indexes was 1.60%-12.50%,2.65%-19.03%,2.58%-7.91%,0.16%-11.44%,respectively.The development time,stability time,extension area,extensibility,extension resistance and the maximum extension resistance of the shading were higher than those of nature light significantly,while the water absorption,degree of softening and draw ratio were lower than those of nature light significantly.The highest yield of shading and natural light were 5 250.26 kg/hm~2 in M2 and 9 190.07 kg/hm~2 in M3,respectively.Compared with the nature light treatment,the average yield and biomass of shading treatment in different planting population were decreased 45.43% and 28.45%,while harvest index increased 23.68%.Considering the quality indicators and grain yield comprehensively,under 50% shading condition,the planting population of 525×10~4 plants/hm~2 could be a reference for field production in the walnut-wheat intercropping system of South Xinjiang.
To study the variation of grain filling characteristics and grain quality of shading light,a field experiment including two light levels,nature light(no shading) and shading light(50% full radiation,produced by black sun-shade net of 50% light transmittance) from jointing to mature stage,and 5 planting densities of 4 500(M1),5 250(M2),6 000(M3),6 750(M4) and 7 500 thousand plants/hm~2(M5) were conducted to study the effects of grain filling characteristics and quality of winter wheat during jointing and maturity stage,which would provide theoretical basis for optimizing grain-crop intercropping in southern Xinjiang Vighur Autonomous Region.The results indicated that:compared with the nature light treatment,the grain filling rate was decreased significantly in the shading treatment,but the maximum grain filling time(t_m) of the maximum filling rate(V_m) was earlier,the duration(Δt) of fast filling period was shortened by 1.8-3.6 d,grain test weight and milling yield reduction ranged from 4.98% to 6.69% and 2.70%-6.39%,respectively.The contents of grain protein,wet gluten,grain falling number and sedimentation volume of the shading treatment were significantly higher than those of the nature light,and the increasing range of those indexes was 1.60%-12.50%,2.65%-19.03%,2.58%-7.91%,0.16%-11.44%,respectively.The development time,stability time,extension area,extensibility,extension resistance and the maximum extension resistance of the shading were higher than those of nature light significantly,while the water absorption,degree of softening and draw ratio were lower than those of nature light significantly.The highest yield of shading and natural light were 5 250.26 kg/hm~2 in M2 and 9 190.07 kg/hm~2 in M3,respectively.Compared with the nature light treatment,the average yield and biomass of shading treatment in different planting population were decreased 45.43% and 28.45%,while harvest index increased 23.68%.Considering the quality indicators and grain yield comprehensively,under 50% shading condition,the planting population of 525×10~4 plants/hm~2 could be a reference for field production in the walnut-wheat intercropping system of South Xinjiang.
引文
[1] 乔旭,张宏芝,雷钧杰,王美,赵奇,薛丽华,赛力汗·赛,陈兴武.遮阴强度对小麦光合及籽粒灌浆特性的影响[J].西北农业学报,2013,22(8):9-14Qiao X,Zhang H Z,Lei J J,Wang M,Zhao Q,Xue L H,Sai Li Han·Sai,Chen X W.Effect of shading on photosynthesis and grain-filling characteristics of wheat[J].Acta Agriculture Boreali-Occdentalis Sinica,2013,22(8):9-14 (in Chinese)
[2] Campbell E P,Wrigley P J.Statistical correlation between quality attributes and grain-protein composition for 71 hexaploid wheat used as breeding parents[J].Cereal Chemistry,1987,64:293-301
[3] Benzian B.Protein concentration of grain in relation to some weather and soil factors during 17 years of English winter-wheat experiments[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1986,37:435-444
[4] 于振文.小麦产量与品质生理及栽培技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2007Yu Z W.Yield and Quality Physiology and Cultivation Techniques of Wheat[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2007 (in Chinese)
[5] 程西永,王志强,吕德彬,詹克慧,许海霞,陈军营,姜鸿勋,张相武.小麦新品种‘豫农9901’子粒灌浆特性分析[J].河南农业大学学报,2005,39 (1):1-4Cheng X Y,Wang Z Q,Lv D B,Zhan K H,Xu H X,Chen J Y,Jiang H X,Zhang X W.Analysis on grain filling traits of new wheat cultivar ‘Yunong 9901’[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural University,2005,39(1):9-14 (in Chinese)
[6] 王婷,柴守玺.不同播种密度对西北绿洲冬小麦灌浆特性的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报2008,43(5):33-40Wang T,Chai S X.Effect of different sowing density on winter-wheat filling characteristics in the Northwest Oasis[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2008,43(5):33-40 (in Chinese)
[7] 白斌.不同种植密度对小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响[J].安徽农业科学2008,36(26):11378-11382Bai B.Effects of planting density on Grain Filling Characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2008,36 (26):11378-11382 (in Chinese)
[8] 张定一,张永清,闫翠萍,裴雪霞.基因型、播期和密度对不同成穗型小麦籽粒产量和灌浆特性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2009,15(1):28-34Zhang D Y,Zhang Y Q,Yan C P,Pei X X.Effects of genotype,sowing date and planting density on grain filling and yield of wheat varieties with different ears forming characteristics[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2009,15(1):28-34 (in Chinese)
[9] American Association of Cereal Chemists.wheat experimental milling part 5:brabender quadrumat jr.(quadruples) method[EB/QL].(2012-02-17) [2016-09-26].http://www.docin.com/p-343841574.html
[10] 国家粮食局科学研究院.谷物和豆类氮含量测定和粗蛋白质含量计算凯氏法[EB/OL].(2008-08-22) [2016-09-26].http://www.doc88.com/p-9009098081381.htmlAcademy of State Grain Administration.Determination of the Nitrogen Content and Calculation of the Crude Protein Content.Kjeldahl Method[EB/OL].(2008-08-22) [2016-09-26].http://www.doc88.com/p-9009098081381.html (in Chinese)
[11] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.小麦和小麦粉面筋含量第2部分仪器法测定湿面筋标准[EB/OL].(2009-01-01) [2016-09-26].http://www.doc88.com/p-9923412513432.htmlGeneral Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.Wheat and Wheat Flour-gluten Content.Part 2:Determination of Wet Gluten by Mechanical Means[EB/OL].(2009-01-01) [2016-09-26],http://www.doc88.com/p-9923412513432.html (in Chinese)
[12] American Association of Cereal Chemists.Sedimentation Test for Wheat[EB/QL].(2012-02-17) [2016-09-26].http://www.docin.com/p-343841807.html
[13] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.小麦粉面团流变特性测定吹泡仪法[EB/OL].(2006-09-01) [2016-09-26].http://www.doc88.com/p-5018788181514.htmlGeneral Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.Wheat Flour-Physical Characteristics of Doughs:Determination of Water Absorption and Rheological Properties using aFarinograph[EB/OL].(2006-09-01) [2016-09-26],http://www.doc88.com/p-5018788181514.html (in Chinese)
[14] 陈二影.花后弱光对小麦产量和蛋白质品质的影响及氮素调控研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2012Chen E Y.Grain yield and protein quality in response to shading after anthesis and nitrogen regulation in wheat[D].Taian:Shandong Agriculture University,2012 (in Chinese)
[15] 贺明荣,王振林,高淑萍.不同小麦品种千粒重对灌浆期弱光的适应性分析[J].作物学报,2001,27(5):640-644He M R,Wang Z L,Gao S P.Analysis on adaptability of wheat cultivars to low light intensity during grain filling[J].Acta Agrononica Sinica,2001,27(5):640-644 (in Chinese)
[16] Jenner C F.Effects of shading or removing spikelets in wheat:Testing assumptions[J].Australian Journal of Plant Physiology,1980,7(2):113-121
[17] Wang Z,Yin Y,He M,Zhang Y,Lu S,Li Q,Shi S.Allocation of photosynthates and grain growth of two wheat cultivars with different potential grain growth in response to pre-and post-anthesis shading[J].Crop Science,2003,189:280-285
[18] Gaspar Estrada-Campuzano,Daniel J Miralles,Gustavo A Slafer.Yield determination in triticale as affected by radiation in different development phases[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2008,28:597-605
[19] 李永庚,于振文,梁晓芳,赵俊晔,邱希宾.小麦产量和品质对灌浆期不同阶段低光照强度的响应[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(5):807-813Li Y G,Yu Z W,Liang X F,Zhao J H,Qiu X B.Response of wheat yields and quality to low light intensity at different grain filling stages[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2005,29(5):807-813 (in Chinese)
[20] 孙彦坤,王丽娟,严红.籽粒灌浆过程气候因子对不同品质类型春小麦产量和蛋白质含量的影响之三:光照的影响[J].中国农业气象,2003,24(3):7-8Sun Y K,Wang L J,Yan H.Influence of climate factors during grain filling process on yield and protein content in different types of grain quality of spring wheat III:The influence of light intensity[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2003,24(3):7-8 (in Chinese)
[21] 石玉,陈茂学,于振文,许振柱.灌浆期不同阶段遮光对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量和加工品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2504-2510Shi Y,Chen M X,Yu Z W,Xu Z Z.Effects of shading at different phases of grain-filling on wheat grain protein components contents and processing quality[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10):2504-2510 (in Chinese)
[22] 牟会荣,姜东,戴廷波,曹卫星.遮光对小麦植株氮素转运及品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(7):1718-1724Mu H R,Jiang D,Dai T B,Cao W X.Effects of shading on the nitrogen redistribution in wheat plant and the wheat grain quality[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(7):1718-1724 (in Chinese)
[23] 郭翠花,高志强,苗果园.花后遮阴对小麦旗叶光合特性及籽粒产量和品质的影响[J].作物学报,2010,36(4):673-679Guo C H,Gao Z Q,Miao G Y.Effect of shading at post flowering on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and response of grain yield and quality to shading in wheat[J].Acta Agrononica Sinica,2010,36(4):673-679(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24] 徐恒永,赵振东,刘建军,刘爱峰,张存良.群体调控与氮肥运筹对强筋小麦济南17号产量和品质的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2002,22(1):56-62Xu H Y,Zhao Z D,Liu J J,Liu A F,Zhang C L.Effects of plant population regulation and nitrogen application on grain yield and yield quality of winter wheat Jinan17[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2002,22(1):56-62 (in Chinese)
[25] 雷钧杰,赵奇,陈兴武,赛力汗·赛,吴锦秀.播期和密度对冬小麦产量与品质的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2007,44(1):75-79Lei J J,Zhao Q,Chen X W,Sai Li Hai·Sai,Wu J X.Effects of sowing date and planting density on yield and quality of winter wheat[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2007,44(1):75-79 (in Chinese)
[26] Evans L T.Crop Evolution,Adaption And Yield[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993
[27] Mainard D,Jeuffroy M H.Partitioning of dry matter and nitrogen to the spike throughout the spike growth period in wheat crops subjected to nitrogen deficiency[J].Field Crops Research,2001,70(2):153-165
[28] Demotes-Mainarda S,Jeuffroy M H.Effects of nitrogen and radiation on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the spike of winter wheat[J].Field Crops Research,2004,87(2-3):221-223
[2] Campbell E P,Wrigley P J.Statistical correlation between quality attributes and grain-protein composition for 71 hexaploid wheat used as breeding parents[J].Cereal Chemistry,1987,64:293-301
[3] Benzian B.Protein concentration of grain in relation to some weather and soil factors during 17 years of English winter-wheat experiments[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,1986,37:435-444
[4] 于振文.小麦产量与品质生理及栽培技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2007Yu Z W.Yield and Quality Physiology and Cultivation Techniques of Wheat[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2007 (in Chinese)
[5] 程西永,王志强,吕德彬,詹克慧,许海霞,陈军营,姜鸿勋,张相武.小麦新品种‘豫农9901’子粒灌浆特性分析[J].河南农业大学学报,2005,39 (1):1-4Cheng X Y,Wang Z Q,Lv D B,Zhan K H,Xu H X,Chen J Y,Jiang H X,Zhang X W.Analysis on grain filling traits of new wheat cultivar ‘Yunong 9901’[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural University,2005,39(1):9-14 (in Chinese)
[6] 王婷,柴守玺.不同播种密度对西北绿洲冬小麦灌浆特性的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报2008,43(5):33-40Wang T,Chai S X.Effect of different sowing density on winter-wheat filling characteristics in the Northwest Oasis[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2008,43(5):33-40 (in Chinese)
[7] 白斌.不同种植密度对小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响[J].安徽农业科学2008,36(26):11378-11382Bai B.Effects of planting density on Grain Filling Characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2008,36 (26):11378-11382 (in Chinese)
[8] 张定一,张永清,闫翠萍,裴雪霞.基因型、播期和密度对不同成穗型小麦籽粒产量和灌浆特性的影响[J].应用与环境生物学报,2009,15(1):28-34Zhang D Y,Zhang Y Q,Yan C P,Pei X X.Effects of genotype,sowing date and planting density on grain filling and yield of wheat varieties with different ears forming characteristics[J].Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2009,15(1):28-34 (in Chinese)
[9] American Association of Cereal Chemists.wheat experimental milling part 5:brabender quadrumat jr.(quadruples) method[EB/QL].(2012-02-17) [2016-09-26].http://www.docin.com/p-343841574.html
[10] 国家粮食局科学研究院.谷物和豆类氮含量测定和粗蛋白质含量计算凯氏法[EB/OL].(2008-08-22) [2016-09-26].http://www.doc88.com/p-9009098081381.htmlAcademy of State Grain Administration.Determination of the Nitrogen Content and Calculation of the Crude Protein Content.Kjeldahl Method[EB/OL].(2008-08-22) [2016-09-26].http://www.doc88.com/p-9009098081381.html (in Chinese)
[11] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.小麦和小麦粉面筋含量第2部分仪器法测定湿面筋标准[EB/OL].(2009-01-01) [2016-09-26].http://www.doc88.com/p-9923412513432.htmlGeneral Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.Wheat and Wheat Flour-gluten Content.Part 2:Determination of Wet Gluten by Mechanical Means[EB/OL].(2009-01-01) [2016-09-26],http://www.doc88.com/p-9923412513432.html (in Chinese)
[12] American Association of Cereal Chemists.Sedimentation Test for Wheat[EB/QL].(2012-02-17) [2016-09-26].http://www.docin.com/p-343841807.html
[13] 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.小麦粉面团流变特性测定吹泡仪法[EB/OL].(2006-09-01) [2016-09-26].http://www.doc88.com/p-5018788181514.htmlGeneral Administration of Quality Supervision Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.Wheat Flour-Physical Characteristics of Doughs:Determination of Water Absorption and Rheological Properties using aFarinograph[EB/OL].(2006-09-01) [2016-09-26],http://www.doc88.com/p-5018788181514.html (in Chinese)
[14] 陈二影.花后弱光对小麦产量和蛋白质品质的影响及氮素调控研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2012Chen E Y.Grain yield and protein quality in response to shading after anthesis and nitrogen regulation in wheat[D].Taian:Shandong Agriculture University,2012 (in Chinese)
[15] 贺明荣,王振林,高淑萍.不同小麦品种千粒重对灌浆期弱光的适应性分析[J].作物学报,2001,27(5):640-644He M R,Wang Z L,Gao S P.Analysis on adaptability of wheat cultivars to low light intensity during grain filling[J].Acta Agrononica Sinica,2001,27(5):640-644 (in Chinese)
[16] Jenner C F.Effects of shading or removing spikelets in wheat:Testing assumptions[J].Australian Journal of Plant Physiology,1980,7(2):113-121
[17] Wang Z,Yin Y,He M,Zhang Y,Lu S,Li Q,Shi S.Allocation of photosynthates and grain growth of two wheat cultivars with different potential grain growth in response to pre-and post-anthesis shading[J].Crop Science,2003,189:280-285
[18] Gaspar Estrada-Campuzano,Daniel J Miralles,Gustavo A Slafer.Yield determination in triticale as affected by radiation in different development phases[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2008,28:597-605
[19] 李永庚,于振文,梁晓芳,赵俊晔,邱希宾.小麦产量和品质对灌浆期不同阶段低光照强度的响应[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(5):807-813Li Y G,Yu Z W,Liang X F,Zhao J H,Qiu X B.Response of wheat yields and quality to low light intensity at different grain filling stages[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2005,29(5):807-813 (in Chinese)
[20] 孙彦坤,王丽娟,严红.籽粒灌浆过程气候因子对不同品质类型春小麦产量和蛋白质含量的影响之三:光照的影响[J].中国农业气象,2003,24(3):7-8Sun Y K,Wang L J,Yan H.Influence of climate factors during grain filling process on yield and protein content in different types of grain quality of spring wheat III:The influence of light intensity[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2003,24(3):7-8 (in Chinese)
[21] 石玉,陈茂学,于振文,许振柱.灌浆期不同阶段遮光对小麦籽粒蛋白质组分含量和加工品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2504-2510Shi Y,Chen M X,Yu Z W,Xu Z Z.Effects of shading at different phases of grain-filling on wheat grain protein components contents and processing quality[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(10):2504-2510 (in Chinese)
[22] 牟会荣,姜东,戴廷波,曹卫星.遮光对小麦植株氮素转运及品质的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(7):1718-1724Mu H R,Jiang D,Dai T B,Cao W X.Effects of shading on the nitrogen redistribution in wheat plant and the wheat grain quality[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(7):1718-1724 (in Chinese)
[23] 郭翠花,高志强,苗果园.花后遮阴对小麦旗叶光合特性及籽粒产量和品质的影响[J].作物学报,2010,36(4):673-679Guo C H,Gao Z Q,Miao G Y.Effect of shading at post flowering on photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaf and response of grain yield and quality to shading in wheat[J].Acta Agrononica Sinica,2010,36(4):673-679(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24] 徐恒永,赵振东,刘建军,刘爱峰,张存良.群体调控与氮肥运筹对强筋小麦济南17号产量和品质的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2002,22(1):56-62Xu H Y,Zhao Z D,Liu J J,Liu A F,Zhang C L.Effects of plant population regulation and nitrogen application on grain yield and yield quality of winter wheat Jinan17[J].Journal of Triticeae Crops,2002,22(1):56-62 (in Chinese)
[25] 雷钧杰,赵奇,陈兴武,赛力汗·赛,吴锦秀.播期和密度对冬小麦产量与品质的影响[J].新疆农业科学,2007,44(1):75-79Lei J J,Zhao Q,Chen X W,Sai Li Hai·Sai,Wu J X.Effects of sowing date and planting density on yield and quality of winter wheat[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2007,44(1):75-79 (in Chinese)
[26] Evans L T.Crop Evolution,Adaption And Yield[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1993
[27] Mainard D,Jeuffroy M H.Partitioning of dry matter and nitrogen to the spike throughout the spike growth period in wheat crops subjected to nitrogen deficiency[J].Field Crops Research,2001,70(2):153-165
[28] Demotes-Mainarda S,Jeuffroy M H.Effects of nitrogen and radiation on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in the spike of winter wheat[J].Field Crops Research,2004,87(2-3):221-223