果穗曝光对酿酒葡萄果实品质影响的研究进展
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摘要
影响葡萄果实品质的因素很多,对于特定的葡萄产区,在大气候、小气候、土壤、品种等条件相对一定的前提下,通过改变栽培技术措施来改善果实区域微气候,从而提高果实品质显得尤为重要。简述了果实区域曝光,一项操作简便、高效,且能够实现机械化而备受国内外学者关注的新技术,在提高酿酒葡萄果实品质方面的研究概况,包括对总酚、花色苷、单宁等酚类物质含量、香气成分,尤其是甲氧基吡嗪类物质含量的影响。此外,就果穗曝光处理在调节葡萄产量、降低果穗紧实度从而减少病害发生率等方面进行了总结。对该技术在中国农村劳动力不断减少,劳动力成本不断攀升,葡萄产业亟需集约化、机械化、简单化的大背景下的应用前景和研究方向进行了简要分析。
Many factors influence the grape berry quality, for specific wine-producing regions, under thepremise of certain relatively situation of climate, soil and varieties, it is particularly important to improve theberry quality through the change of cultivation techniques. In this review, we outline the general situation of theinfluence of cluster exposure, a new technology of vineyard manages, which attracts wide attention from foreignand domestic scholars due to its simple operation, high efficiency and mechanization. The technology canincrease the quality of wine grape, including the content of phenolic, such as the total phenol, anthocyanins,tannin and so forth; and volatile aroma compounds, in particularly, the concentration of the methoxypyrazinesin grapes. In addition, we summarize the influence of cluster exposure on the production regulation and thedecrease of cluster compactness to reduce the incidence of vine and berry disease. Furthermore, we brieflydiscuss the application and developing direction of the technology under the background of rural labor forcedecreasing, rising labor cost, and the requirement of grape industry in China for intensification, mechanizationand simplification.
Many factors influence the grape berry quality, for specific wine-producing regions, under thepremise of certain relatively situation of climate, soil and varieties, it is particularly important to improve theberry quality through the change of cultivation techniques. In this review, we outline the general situation of theinfluence of cluster exposure, a new technology of vineyard manages, which attracts wide attention from foreignand domestic scholars due to its simple operation, high efficiency and mechanization. The technology canincrease the quality of wine grape, including the content of phenolic, such as the total phenol, anthocyanins,tannin and so forth; and volatile aroma compounds, in particularly, the concentration of the methoxypyrazinesin grapes. In addition, we summarize the influence of cluster exposure on the production regulation and thedecrease of cluster compactness to reduce the incidence of vine and berry disease. Furthermore, we brieflydiscuss the application and developing direction of the technology under the background of rural labor forcedecreasing, rising labor cost, and the requirement of grape industry in China for intensification, mechanizationand simplification.
引文
[1]Smart R.Principles of grapevine canopy microclimate manipulation with implications for yield and quality:a review[J].Am J Enol Vitic,1985,35:230-239.
[2]Bledsoe A M,Kliewer W M,Marois J J,et al.Effects of timing and severity of leaf removal on yield and fruit composition of Sauvignon Blanc grapevines[J].Am J Enol Vitic,1988,1:49-54.
[3]Tardaguila,de Toda J,Poni F M,et al.Impact of Early Leaf Removal on Yield and Fruit and Wine Composition of Vitis vinifera L.Graciano and Carignan[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2010,61(3):372-381.
[4]Nicolosi E,Continella A,Gentile A,et al.Influence of early leaf removal on autochthonous and international grapevines in Sicily[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2012,146:1-6.
[5]张大鹏,姜红英,陈星黎.叶幕微气候与葡萄生理对产量和品质形成之间的基本关系[J].园艺学报,1995,22(2):110-116.
[6]Poni S.A three-year survey on the impact of pre-flowering leaf removal on berry growth components and grape composition in CV.Barebera vines[J].Journal International Des Sciences De La Vigne Et Du Vin,2010,44(1):21-30.
[7]Lohitnavy N,Bastian S,Collins C.Early leaf removal increases flower abscission in Vitis vinifera'Semillon'[J].Vitis,2010,49(2):51-53.
[8]Kotseridis Y,Georgiadou A,Tikos P,et al.Effects of Severity of Post-flowering Leaf Removal on Berry Growth and Composition of Three Red Vitis vinifera L.Cultivars Grown under Semiarid Conditions[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2012,60(23):6000-6010.
[9]Feng H,Yuan F,Skinkis P A,et al.Influence of cluster zone leaf removal on Pinot noir grape chemical and volatile composition[J].Food Chemistry,2015,173:414-423.
[10]Bravetti B,Lanari V,Manni E,et al.Canopy Density Modification and Crop Control Strategies on'Montepulciano'(Vitis vinifera L.)[A].In:Xxviii International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People[C].2012:331-337.
[11]Palliotti A,Cini R,Silvestroni O,et al.Effects of Late Mechanized Leaf Removal above the Clusters Zone to Delay Grape Ripening in'Sangiovese'Vines[C].In:I International Workshop on Vineyard Mechanization and Grape and Wine Quality[C].2013.
[12]Lanari V,Lattanzi T,Borghesi L,et al.Post-Veraison Mechanical Leaf Removal Delays Berry Ripening on‘Sangiovese’and‘Montepulciano’Grapevines[A].In:I International Workshop on Vineyard Mechanization and Grape and Wine Quality[C].2013.
[13]Bubola M,Persuric D,Ganic K K,et al.Effects of Fruit Zone Leaf Removal on the Concentrations of Phenolic and Organic Acids in Istrian Malvasia Grape Juice and Wine[J].Food Technology and Biotechnology,2012,50(2):159-166.
[14]Sternad Lemut M,Trost K,Sivilotti P,et al.Early versus late leaf removal strategies for Pinot Noir(Vitis vinifera L.):effect on colour-related phenolics in young wines following alcoholic fermentation[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2013,93(15):3670-3681.
[15]Diago M P,Ayestaran B,Guadalupe Z,et al.Impact of Prebloom and Fruit Set Basal Leaf Removal on the Flavonol and Anthocyanin Composition of Tempranillo Grapes[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2012,63(3):367-376.
[16]Potter G H,Daudt C E,Brackamnn A,et al.Partial de foliation on vines and its effects on Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines from the southwest of Rio Grande do Sul,Brazil[J].Ciencia Rural,2010,40(9):2011-2016.
[17]Filippetti I,Allegro G,Valentini G.,et al.Effects of mechanical prebloom defoliation on cordon de royat pruned sangiovese(Vitis vinifera)Le Vines[J].Journal International Des Sciences De La Vigne Et Du Vin,2011,45(1):19-25.
[18]Intrieri C,Allegro G,Valentini G,et al.Effect of pre-bloom antitranspirant treatments and leaf removal on'Sangiovese'(Vitis vinifera L.)winegrapes[J].Vitis,2013,52(3):117-124.
[19]Diago M P,Blanco J A,Tardaguila J,et al.Mechanical Crop Thinning and Early Defoliation as Novel Tools for Yield Management in VSP Grapevines[A].In:I International Workshop on Vineyard Mechanization and Grape and Wine Quality[C].2013.
[20]Moreno D,Vilanova M,Gamero E,et al.Effects of Preflowering Leaf Removal on Phenolic Composition of Tempranillo in the Semiarid Terroir of Western Spain[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2015,66(2):204-211.
[21]Lee J,Skinkis P A.Oregon'Pinot noir'grape anthocyanin enhancement by early leaf removal[J].Food Chemistry,2013,139(1-4):893-901.
[22]Pisciotta A,Scafidi P,Di Lorenzo R,et al.Manual and Mechanical Leaf Removal in the Bunch Zone(Vitis vinifera L.'Nero d'Avola'):Effects on Plant Physiology,Vegetative Parameters,Yield and Grape Quality in a Warm Area[A].In:I International Workshop on Vineyard Mechanization and Grape and Wine Quality[C].2013.
[23]Matsuyama S,Tanzawa F,Kobayashi H,et al.Leaf Removal Accelerated Accumulation of Delphinidin-based Anthocyanins in'Muscat Bailey A'Vitis×labruscana(Bailey)and Vitis vinifera(Muscat Hamburg)Grape Skin[J].Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science,2014,83(1):17-22.
[24]Tessarin P,Boliani A C,Botelho R V,et al.Effects of late defoliations on chemical and sensory characteristics of cv.Uva Longanesi wines[J].Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2015,14(4):1021-1038.
[25]Palliotti A,Gardi T,Berrios J G,et al.Early source limitation as a tool for yield control and wine quality improvement in a highyielding red Vitis vinifera L.cultivar[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2012,145:10-16.
[26]Vilanova M,Diago M P,Genisheva Z,et al.Early leaf removal impact on volatile composition of Tempranillo wines[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2012,92(4):935-942.
[27]Sidhu D,Lund J,Kotseridis Y,et al.Methoxypyrazine Analysis and Influence of Viticultural and Enological Procedures on their Levels in Grapes,Musts,and Wines[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,2015,55(4):485-502.
[28]Sala C,Busto O,Guasch J,et al.Influence of vine training and sunlight exposure on the 3-alkyl-2-methoxpyrazines content in musts and wines from the Vitis vinifera variety Cabernet Sauvignon[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2004,52:3492-3497.
[29]Hashizume K,Samuta T.Grape maturity and light exposure affect berry methoxypyrazine concentration[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,1999,50(2):194-198.
[30]Roujou-de-Boubée D,Cumsille A M,Pons D,et al.Location of 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine in Cabernet sauvignon bunches and its extractability during vinification[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2002,53:1-5.
[31]Suklje K,Antalick G,Buica A,et al.Clonal differences and impact of defoliation on Sauvignon blanc(Vitis vinifera L.)wines:a chemical and sensory investigation[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2016,96(3):915-926.
[32]Dunlevy J D,Dennis E G,Soole K L,et al.A methyltransferase essential for the methoxypyrazine-derived flavour of wine[J].Plant Journal,2013,75(4):606-617.
[33]Scheiner J J,Sacks G L,Pan B,et al.Impact of Severity and Timing of Basal Leaf Removal on 3-Isobutyl-2-Methoxypyrazine Concentrations in Red Winegrapes[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2010,61(3):358-364.
[34]Ryona I,Pan B S,Intrigliolo D,et al.Effects of Cluster Light Exposure on 3-Isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine Accumulation and Degradation Patterns in Red Wine Grapes(Vitis vinifera L.Cv.Cabernet Franc)[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2008,56(22):10838-10846.
[35]Tardaguila J,Blanco J A,Poni S,et al.Mechanical yield regulation in winegrapes:comparison of early defoliation and crop thinning[J].Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research,2012,18(3):344-352.
[36]Poni S,Casalini L,Bernizzoni F,et al.Effects of early defoliation on shoot photosynthesis,yield components,and grape quality[J].Am J Enol Vitic,2006,57:397-407.
[37]Palliotti A,Gatti M,Poni S.Early Leaf Removal to Improve Vineyard Efficiency:Gas Exchange,Source-to-Sink Balance,and Reserve Storage Responses[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2011,62(2):219-228.
[38]Uriarte D,Picon J,Mancha L A,et al.Early Defoliation of'Tempranillo'Grapevines in Semi-Arid Terroirs of Spain[A].In:Xxviii International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People[C].2012:299-306.
[39]Anzanello R,de Souza P V D,Coelho P F.Defoliation of american and vinifera grapevines in the pre ripening of fruits[J].Ciencia Rural,2011,7(41):1132-1135.
[40]Molitor D,Behr M,Fischer S,et al.Timing of cluster-zone leaf removal and its impact on canopy morphology,cluster structure and bunch rot susceptibility of grape[J].Journal International Des Sciences De La Vigne Et Du Vin,2011,45(3):149-159.
[41]Diago M P,Vilanova M,Tardaguila J.Effects of timing of manual and mechanical early defoliation on the aroma of Vitis vinifera L.Tempranillo wine[J].Am J Enol Vitic,2013,61(3):382-391.
[42]Hed B,Ngugi H K,Travis J W.Short-and Long-Term Effects of Leaf Removal and Gibberellin on Chardonnay Grapes in the Lake Erie Region of Pennsylvania[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2010,1(66):22-29.
[43]Latorre B A,Briceno E X,Torres R.Increase in Cladosporium spp.populations and rot of wine grapes associated with leaf removal[J].Crop Protection,2011,30(1):52-56.
[2]Bledsoe A M,Kliewer W M,Marois J J,et al.Effects of timing and severity of leaf removal on yield and fruit composition of Sauvignon Blanc grapevines[J].Am J Enol Vitic,1988,1:49-54.
[3]Tardaguila,de Toda J,Poni F M,et al.Impact of Early Leaf Removal on Yield and Fruit and Wine Composition of Vitis vinifera L.Graciano and Carignan[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2010,61(3):372-381.
[4]Nicolosi E,Continella A,Gentile A,et al.Influence of early leaf removal on autochthonous and international grapevines in Sicily[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2012,146:1-6.
[5]张大鹏,姜红英,陈星黎.叶幕微气候与葡萄生理对产量和品质形成之间的基本关系[J].园艺学报,1995,22(2):110-116.
[6]Poni S.A three-year survey on the impact of pre-flowering leaf removal on berry growth components and grape composition in CV.Barebera vines[J].Journal International Des Sciences De La Vigne Et Du Vin,2010,44(1):21-30.
[7]Lohitnavy N,Bastian S,Collins C.Early leaf removal increases flower abscission in Vitis vinifera'Semillon'[J].Vitis,2010,49(2):51-53.
[8]Kotseridis Y,Georgiadou A,Tikos P,et al.Effects of Severity of Post-flowering Leaf Removal on Berry Growth and Composition of Three Red Vitis vinifera L.Cultivars Grown under Semiarid Conditions[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2012,60(23):6000-6010.
[9]Feng H,Yuan F,Skinkis P A,et al.Influence of cluster zone leaf removal on Pinot noir grape chemical and volatile composition[J].Food Chemistry,2015,173:414-423.
[10]Bravetti B,Lanari V,Manni E,et al.Canopy Density Modification and Crop Control Strategies on'Montepulciano'(Vitis vinifera L.)[A].In:Xxviii International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People[C].2012:331-337.
[11]Palliotti A,Cini R,Silvestroni O,et al.Effects of Late Mechanized Leaf Removal above the Clusters Zone to Delay Grape Ripening in'Sangiovese'Vines[C].In:I International Workshop on Vineyard Mechanization and Grape and Wine Quality[C].2013.
[12]Lanari V,Lattanzi T,Borghesi L,et al.Post-Veraison Mechanical Leaf Removal Delays Berry Ripening on‘Sangiovese’and‘Montepulciano’Grapevines[A].In:I International Workshop on Vineyard Mechanization and Grape and Wine Quality[C].2013.
[13]Bubola M,Persuric D,Ganic K K,et al.Effects of Fruit Zone Leaf Removal on the Concentrations of Phenolic and Organic Acids in Istrian Malvasia Grape Juice and Wine[J].Food Technology and Biotechnology,2012,50(2):159-166.
[14]Sternad Lemut M,Trost K,Sivilotti P,et al.Early versus late leaf removal strategies for Pinot Noir(Vitis vinifera L.):effect on colour-related phenolics in young wines following alcoholic fermentation[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2013,93(15):3670-3681.
[15]Diago M P,Ayestaran B,Guadalupe Z,et al.Impact of Prebloom and Fruit Set Basal Leaf Removal on the Flavonol and Anthocyanin Composition of Tempranillo Grapes[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2012,63(3):367-376.
[16]Potter G H,Daudt C E,Brackamnn A,et al.Partial de foliation on vines and its effects on Cabernet Sauvignon grapes and wines from the southwest of Rio Grande do Sul,Brazil[J].Ciencia Rural,2010,40(9):2011-2016.
[17]Filippetti I,Allegro G,Valentini G.,et al.Effects of mechanical prebloom defoliation on cordon de royat pruned sangiovese(Vitis vinifera)Le Vines[J].Journal International Des Sciences De La Vigne Et Du Vin,2011,45(1):19-25.
[18]Intrieri C,Allegro G,Valentini G,et al.Effect of pre-bloom antitranspirant treatments and leaf removal on'Sangiovese'(Vitis vinifera L.)winegrapes[J].Vitis,2013,52(3):117-124.
[19]Diago M P,Blanco J A,Tardaguila J,et al.Mechanical Crop Thinning and Early Defoliation as Novel Tools for Yield Management in VSP Grapevines[A].In:I International Workshop on Vineyard Mechanization and Grape and Wine Quality[C].2013.
[20]Moreno D,Vilanova M,Gamero E,et al.Effects of Preflowering Leaf Removal on Phenolic Composition of Tempranillo in the Semiarid Terroir of Western Spain[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2015,66(2):204-211.
[21]Lee J,Skinkis P A.Oregon'Pinot noir'grape anthocyanin enhancement by early leaf removal[J].Food Chemistry,2013,139(1-4):893-901.
[22]Pisciotta A,Scafidi P,Di Lorenzo R,et al.Manual and Mechanical Leaf Removal in the Bunch Zone(Vitis vinifera L.'Nero d'Avola'):Effects on Plant Physiology,Vegetative Parameters,Yield and Grape Quality in a Warm Area[A].In:I International Workshop on Vineyard Mechanization and Grape and Wine Quality[C].2013.
[23]Matsuyama S,Tanzawa F,Kobayashi H,et al.Leaf Removal Accelerated Accumulation of Delphinidin-based Anthocyanins in'Muscat Bailey A'Vitis×labruscana(Bailey)and Vitis vinifera(Muscat Hamburg)Grape Skin[J].Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science,2014,83(1):17-22.
[24]Tessarin P,Boliani A C,Botelho R V,et al.Effects of late defoliations on chemical and sensory characteristics of cv.Uva Longanesi wines[J].Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2015,14(4):1021-1038.
[25]Palliotti A,Gardi T,Berrios J G,et al.Early source limitation as a tool for yield control and wine quality improvement in a highyielding red Vitis vinifera L.cultivar[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2012,145:10-16.
[26]Vilanova M,Diago M P,Genisheva Z,et al.Early leaf removal impact on volatile composition of Tempranillo wines[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2012,92(4):935-942.
[27]Sidhu D,Lund J,Kotseridis Y,et al.Methoxypyrazine Analysis and Influence of Viticultural and Enological Procedures on their Levels in Grapes,Musts,and Wines[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,2015,55(4):485-502.
[28]Sala C,Busto O,Guasch J,et al.Influence of vine training and sunlight exposure on the 3-alkyl-2-methoxpyrazines content in musts and wines from the Vitis vinifera variety Cabernet Sauvignon[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2004,52:3492-3497.
[29]Hashizume K,Samuta T.Grape maturity and light exposure affect berry methoxypyrazine concentration[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,1999,50(2):194-198.
[30]Roujou-de-Boubée D,Cumsille A M,Pons D,et al.Location of 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine in Cabernet sauvignon bunches and its extractability during vinification[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2002,53:1-5.
[31]Suklje K,Antalick G,Buica A,et al.Clonal differences and impact of defoliation on Sauvignon blanc(Vitis vinifera L.)wines:a chemical and sensory investigation[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture,2016,96(3):915-926.
[32]Dunlevy J D,Dennis E G,Soole K L,et al.A methyltransferase essential for the methoxypyrazine-derived flavour of wine[J].Plant Journal,2013,75(4):606-617.
[33]Scheiner J J,Sacks G L,Pan B,et al.Impact of Severity and Timing of Basal Leaf Removal on 3-Isobutyl-2-Methoxypyrazine Concentrations in Red Winegrapes[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2010,61(3):358-364.
[34]Ryona I,Pan B S,Intrigliolo D,et al.Effects of Cluster Light Exposure on 3-Isobutyl-2-methoxypyrazine Accumulation and Degradation Patterns in Red Wine Grapes(Vitis vinifera L.Cv.Cabernet Franc)[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2008,56(22):10838-10846.
[35]Tardaguila J,Blanco J A,Poni S,et al.Mechanical yield regulation in winegrapes:comparison of early defoliation and crop thinning[J].Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research,2012,18(3):344-352.
[36]Poni S,Casalini L,Bernizzoni F,et al.Effects of early defoliation on shoot photosynthesis,yield components,and grape quality[J].Am J Enol Vitic,2006,57:397-407.
[37]Palliotti A,Gatti M,Poni S.Early Leaf Removal to Improve Vineyard Efficiency:Gas Exchange,Source-to-Sink Balance,and Reserve Storage Responses[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2011,62(2):219-228.
[38]Uriarte D,Picon J,Mancha L A,et al.Early Defoliation of'Tempranillo'Grapevines in Semi-Arid Terroirs of Spain[A].In:Xxviii International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People[C].2012:299-306.
[39]Anzanello R,de Souza P V D,Coelho P F.Defoliation of american and vinifera grapevines in the pre ripening of fruits[J].Ciencia Rural,2011,7(41):1132-1135.
[40]Molitor D,Behr M,Fischer S,et al.Timing of cluster-zone leaf removal and its impact on canopy morphology,cluster structure and bunch rot susceptibility of grape[J].Journal International Des Sciences De La Vigne Et Du Vin,2011,45(3):149-159.
[41]Diago M P,Vilanova M,Tardaguila J.Effects of timing of manual and mechanical early defoliation on the aroma of Vitis vinifera L.Tempranillo wine[J].Am J Enol Vitic,2013,61(3):382-391.
[42]Hed B,Ngugi H K,Travis J W.Short-and Long-Term Effects of Leaf Removal and Gibberellin on Chardonnay Grapes in the Lake Erie Region of Pennsylvania[J].American Journal of Enology and Viticulture,2010,1(66):22-29.
[43]Latorre B A,Briceno E X,Torres R.Increase in Cladosporium spp.populations and rot of wine grapes associated with leaf removal[J].Crop Protection,2011,30(1):52-56.