昭祥纳瑞抑或维稳消灾:改元制度功能的再分析——基于公元前140年至公元1279年的史料文本分析
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摘要
改元一直以来都被认为是古代统治者昭祥纳瑞的工具。从大量的史料中可以发现,改元的另一重要功能是维稳消灾。改元是古代应对自然灾害及社会危机的重要手段。为探究中国古代改元制度,采用内容分析法,以公元前140年至公元1279年的史料文本为研究样本,借助QSR NVivo11质性分析软件,聚焦于改元制度,研究改元制度的运作模式及其所具有的功能。研究发现,改元制度是我国古代最高统治者应对社会风险的重要手段。队伍重整——诉求满足——思想控制——政策调整——反省敬天这五项制度的动态交互构成了改元制度中具体的运作模式,改元制度所具有的强化内部控制、优化社会结构、营造社会氛围、化解社会矛盾、稳定社会秩序等功能得以有效发挥。在进行改元的过程中,统治者不仅重视对客体行为的引导和规范,同时还重视对自身行为的约束。无论是引导规范客体行为,还是约束主体行为,改元制度都起到了化解社会风险、维护社会稳定的作用。
The system of changing reign titles has always been regarded as a tool of the ancient ruler symbol of auspicious, but from a large number of historical materials, it can be found that the most important function of the system of changing reign titles is to maintain stability and eliminate disasters. In order to explore the ancient Chinese system and its functions, the content analysis method was used to study the historical texts from 140 BC to 1279 AD, and the QSR NVivo11 qualitative analysis software was used to focus on the reform system and study the system reform, the mode of operation and the functions it has. The study found that the system of changing reign titles is an important means for the highest rulers in ancient China to deal with social risks. The dynamic interaction of these five systems, including team reorganization, appeal satisfaction, ideological control, policy adjustment and respect the heavens, constitutes a specific mode of operation in the system of reforming. Under this model, the internal control of the reformed system is strengthened. The functions of optimizing social structure, creating a social atmosphere, resolving social contradictions, and stabilizing social order can be effectively exerted. In the process of revising the reign titles, the ruler not only attaches importance to the guidance and regulation of the object behavior, but also attaches importance to the constraints on his own behavior. In terms of guiding the normative object behavior or constraining the subject behavior, the reforming system has played a role in resolving social risks and maintaining social stability.
The system of changing reign titles has always been regarded as a tool of the ancient ruler symbol of auspicious, but from a large number of historical materials, it can be found that the most important function of the system of changing reign titles is to maintain stability and eliminate disasters. In order to explore the ancient Chinese system and its functions, the content analysis method was used to study the historical texts from 140 BC to 1279 AD, and the QSR NVivo11 qualitative analysis software was used to focus on the reform system and study the system reform, the mode of operation and the functions it has. The study found that the system of changing reign titles is an important means for the highest rulers in ancient China to deal with social risks. The dynamic interaction of these five systems, including team reorganization, appeal satisfaction, ideological control, policy adjustment and respect the heavens, constitutes a specific mode of operation in the system of reforming. Under this model, the internal control of the reformed system is strengthened. The functions of optimizing social structure, creating a social atmosphere, resolving social contradictions, and stabilizing social order can be effectively exerted. In the process of revising the reign titles, the ruler not only attaches importance to the guidance and regulation of the object behavior, but also attaches importance to the constraints on his own behavior. In terms of guiding the normative object behavior or constraining the subject behavior, the reforming system has played a role in resolving social risks and maintaining social stability.
引文
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[3]许正弘.刘齐阜昌改元始年小考[J].中国史研究,2011(02).
[4]史苏苑.年号的起源与变迁[J].文史知识,1986(02).
[5]陈灵海.唐代改元小考[J].浙江学刊,2012(03).
[6]李华瑞.宋代建元与政治[J].中国史研究,1996(04).
[7]许继莹.汉宣帝凤字年号文化背景与政治意图考论[J].湖南大学学报(社会科学版),2016.30(01).
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[24][南朝]沈约.宋书:卷三 [M].北京:中华书局,2015.
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