绿色证书交易的国际比较及其对中国的启示
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摘要
随着我国经济转型与能源结构调整进程,可再生能源发电产业的顶层制度设计即可再生能源配额制,其科学设计对我国能源结构优化和电力市场化改革具有重要现实意义。根据国际上典型国家的可再生能源配额制的实施情况,从配额目标、配额义务主体、绿色证书监管、绿色证书市场交易方式和绿色证书价格等方面进行比较分析,总结国外成功实施经验,为我国实施绿色证书交易制度提供参考。最后,对我国绿色证书自愿认购与强制购买市场的协调发展以及绿证市场对电力市场的波及影响进行分析。
With China′s economic transformation and energy structural adjustment process, renewable portfolio standard system(RPSs) is the top-level system design of renewable energy power generation industry. Its scientific design has important practical significance for China′s energy structure optimization and power market reform. According to the implementation of the RPSs in typical countries in the world, this paper analyzes and compares the targets of quota, subjects of quota obligation, supervision of tradable green certificate(TGC), transaction methods of TGC market and TGC price,etc., summarizes the successful experience of foreign countries, and provided reference for the implementation TGCs in China. Finally, it analyzes the coordinated development of China′s green certificate voluntary subscription and compulsory purchase market and the impact of TGC market on the electricity market.
With China′s economic transformation and energy structural adjustment process, renewable portfolio standard system(RPSs) is the top-level system design of renewable energy power generation industry. Its scientific design has important practical significance for China′s energy structure optimization and power market reform. According to the implementation of the RPSs in typical countries in the world, this paper analyzes and compares the targets of quota, subjects of quota obligation, supervision of tradable green certificate(TGC), transaction methods of TGC market and TGC price,etc., summarizes the successful experience of foreign countries, and provided reference for the implementation TGCs in China. Finally, it analyzes the coordinated development of China′s green certificate voluntary subscription and compulsory purchase market and the impact of TGC market on the electricity market.
引文
[1] 赵新刚,任领志,万冠.可再生能源配额制、发电厂商的策略行为与演化[J].中国管理科学,2018(10):168-179.
[2] 国家发展和改革委员会赴美国、澳大利亚可再生能源立法考察团.美国、澳大利亚可再生能源立法考察报告[R].北京:国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所,2004.
[3] 国家发展和改革委员会赴欧洲可再生能源立法考察团.欧洲可再生能源立法考察报告[R].北京:国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所,2004.
[4] 朱发根.绿色电力证书:国际经验、国内前景和发电对策[J].中国电力企业管理,2018(16):66-71.
[5] 黄碧斌,李琼慧,谢国辉.意大利可再生能源配额制及对我国的启示[J].风能,2013(11):54-59.
[6] 邹占,史玉民.墨西哥发展可再生能源新政策探析[J].科技管理研究,2016(5):23-29.
[7] 任东明,谢旭轩.构建可再生能源绿色证书交易系统的国际经验[J].中国能源,2013(9):12-15.
[8] 孔令丞.可再生能源电力配额制:国际经验与国内借鉴[J].福建论坛(人文社会科学版),2014(10):18-24.
[9] 崔珈郡,韩丽红.发达国家可再生能源配额制实施对我国的启示[J].风能产业,2015(4):44-48.
[10] Shrimali G,Tirumalachetty S.Renewable Energy Certificate Markets in India—A review[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2013(26):702-716.
[11] 李化.澳大利亚的可再生能源发展与可再生能源证书制度[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2011(6):83-87.
[12] Schaeffer G.J,J.Sonnemans.The Influence Of Banking and Borrowing Under Different Penalty Regimes in Tradable Green Certificate Markets-Results from an Experimental Economics Laboratory Experiment[J].Energy and Environment,2000(4):407-420.
[13] Holland S P,Moore M R.Market Design in Cap and Trade Programs:Permit Validity and Compliance Timing[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2013(3):671-687.
[14] Stranlund J K,Moffitt L J.Enforcement and Price Controls in Emissions Trading[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2014(1):20-38.
[15] Vogstad K.Combining System Dynamics and Experimental Economics to Analyse the Design of Tradable Green Certificates[C]// Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,IEEE,2005.
[16] Chng M T.A Model of Price Discovery and Market Design:Theory and Empirical Evidence[J].Journal of Futures Markets,2004(12):1107-1146.
[17] Hasani-Marzooni M,Hosseini S H.Trading Strategies for Wind Capacity Investment in a Dynamic Model of Combined Tradable Green Certificate and Electricity Markets[J].IET Generation,Transmission & Distribution,2012(4):320.
[18] 戴建军.瑞典绿色电力证书制度促进可再生能源发展的实践及启示[N].中国经济时报,2013-05-29(005).
[19] 谢旭轩,王田,任东明.美国可再生能源配额制最新进展及对我国的启示[J].中国能源,2012(3):33-37+46.
[20] Bhattacharya S,Giannakas K,Schoengold K.Market and Welfare Effects of Renewable Portfolio Standards in United States Electricity Markets[J].Energy Economics,2017(64):384-401.
[21] Byrnes L,Brown C,Foster J,et al.Australian Renewable Energy Policy:Barriers and Challenges[J].Renewable Energy,2013(1):711-721.
[22] Fagiani R,Hakvoort R.The Role of Regulatory Uncertainty in Certificate Markets:a Case Study of the Swedish/Norwegian Market[J].Energy Policy,2014(65):608-618.
(1)不同国家的命名不同,比如美国称为可再生能源证书(Renewable Energy Certificate,简称REC),英国称为可再生能源义务证书(Renewable Obligation Certificate,简称ROC),瑞典称为可交易绿色电力证书(Tradable Green Certificate,简称TGC)。
(2)此处的价格上限与价格下限的界定与微观经济学的定义有所区别。
[2] 国家发展和改革委员会赴美国、澳大利亚可再生能源立法考察团.美国、澳大利亚可再生能源立法考察报告[R].北京:国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所,2004.
[3] 国家发展和改革委员会赴欧洲可再生能源立法考察团.欧洲可再生能源立法考察报告[R].北京:国家发展和改革委员会能源研究所,2004.
[4] 朱发根.绿色电力证书:国际经验、国内前景和发电对策[J].中国电力企业管理,2018(16):66-71.
[5] 黄碧斌,李琼慧,谢国辉.意大利可再生能源配额制及对我国的启示[J].风能,2013(11):54-59.
[6] 邹占,史玉民.墨西哥发展可再生能源新政策探析[J].科技管理研究,2016(5):23-29.
[7] 任东明,谢旭轩.构建可再生能源绿色证书交易系统的国际经验[J].中国能源,2013(9):12-15.
[8] 孔令丞.可再生能源电力配额制:国际经验与国内借鉴[J].福建论坛(人文社会科学版),2014(10):18-24.
[9] 崔珈郡,韩丽红.发达国家可再生能源配额制实施对我国的启示[J].风能产业,2015(4):44-48.
[10] Shrimali G,Tirumalachetty S.Renewable Energy Certificate Markets in India—A review[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2013(26):702-716.
[11] 李化.澳大利亚的可再生能源发展与可再生能源证书制度[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2011(6):83-87.
[12] Schaeffer G.J,J.Sonnemans.The Influence Of Banking and Borrowing Under Different Penalty Regimes in Tradable Green Certificate Markets-Results from an Experimental Economics Laboratory Experiment[J].Energy and Environment,2000(4):407-420.
[13] Holland S P,Moore M R.Market Design in Cap and Trade Programs:Permit Validity and Compliance Timing[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2013(3):671-687.
[14] Stranlund J K,Moffitt L J.Enforcement and Price Controls in Emissions Trading[J].Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,2014(1):20-38.
[15] Vogstad K.Combining System Dynamics and Experimental Economics to Analyse the Design of Tradable Green Certificates[C]// Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,IEEE,2005.
[16] Chng M T.A Model of Price Discovery and Market Design:Theory and Empirical Evidence[J].Journal of Futures Markets,2004(12):1107-1146.
[17] Hasani-Marzooni M,Hosseini S H.Trading Strategies for Wind Capacity Investment in a Dynamic Model of Combined Tradable Green Certificate and Electricity Markets[J].IET Generation,Transmission & Distribution,2012(4):320.
[18] 戴建军.瑞典绿色电力证书制度促进可再生能源发展的实践及启示[N].中国经济时报,2013-05-29(005).
[19] 谢旭轩,王田,任东明.美国可再生能源配额制最新进展及对我国的启示[J].中国能源,2012(3):33-37+46.
[20] Bhattacharya S,Giannakas K,Schoengold K.Market and Welfare Effects of Renewable Portfolio Standards in United States Electricity Markets[J].Energy Economics,2017(64):384-401.
[21] Byrnes L,Brown C,Foster J,et al.Australian Renewable Energy Policy:Barriers and Challenges[J].Renewable Energy,2013(1):711-721.
[22] Fagiani R,Hakvoort R.The Role of Regulatory Uncertainty in Certificate Markets:a Case Study of the Swedish/Norwegian Market[J].Energy Policy,2014(65):608-618.
(1)不同国家的命名不同,比如美国称为可再生能源证书(Renewable Energy Certificate,简称REC),英国称为可再生能源义务证书(Renewable Obligation Certificate,简称ROC),瑞典称为可交易绿色电力证书(Tradable Green Certificate,简称TGC)。
(2)此处的价格上限与价格下限的界定与微观经济学的定义有所区别。