顾及空间集聚程度的中国高温灾害危险性评价
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摘要
高温危险性评估是高温灾害研究的基础性工作。本研究在传统高温灾害危险性评价的基础上增加了高温空间集聚程度指标,完善了高温危险性的评价角度,考虑了高温灾害群发对高温危险性的增强作用。基于高温日数、高温强度、高温空间集聚程度对1979-2017年中国高温危险性进行了综合评价,并分析了各项指标及其年际变化速率的空间分布特征,提取出高温综合高危区及和各指标同时增强的区域。研究结果表明:①不考虑高温空间集聚程度会造成内蒙古西部及东北部、山西北部等地的高温危险性被低估,存在4级高温危险性被低估为2级或3级;②目前高温综合危险性最强的地区分布在新疆天山南部、湖南东部等地,表现为年平均高温日数2036 d,高温强度1.190～2.180℃,平均集聚程度13.390～18.710个;③江苏、内蒙古甘肃交界处及四川重庆交界处等地的3项评价指标均逐年显著增强,具体表现为从1979-2017年,年平均高温日数变率0.419～0.740天/年,高温强度变率0.30～0.42℃/10年,平均集聚程度变率0.250～0.390个/年。今后这些地区可能成为高温综合危险性最高的地区。该高温危险性评价方法有助于提升高温灾害风险评估的准确性,危险性变化趋势结果有助于预估未来高温灾害的高危区。
Hazardness assessment is the basis of high temperature hazard(HTH) research. The spatial aggregation of multiple extreme high temperature events will magnify the impacts of extreme events, which not only strengthen high temperature risk, but also increase the vulnerability of disaster-bearing bodies. Previous studies mainly use high temperature days and high temperature intensity to depict HTH, yet seldom consider the the spatial agglomeration of high temperature events. To address this gap, the HTH assessment in this paper integrates the traditional HTH assessment and the spatial agglomeration of high temperature events. In so doing,the evaluation of HTH is more comprehensive by accunting for the synergy effect of high temperature hazard agglomeration. Based on high temperature days, high temperature intensity, and high temperature spatial agglomeration,HTH in China from 1979 to 2017 was evaluated integratively. The spatial distribution characteristics of these indices were illustrated and their inter-annual variations were analyzed. Finally, areas with the highest integrative high temperature intensity and regions with simultaneous enhancement of the three indices were idenified separately. The results show that the strength of HTH in western and northeastern Inner Mongolia and northern Shanxi is underestimated due to the lack of consideration of high temperature spatial agglomeration, where the Grade 4 HTH is underestimated to be Grade 2 or 3. On the other hand, if HTH assessment considered only the number of high temperature days, the high temperature hazardness in most areas of Inner Mongolia,Heilongjiang, Shandong, and the northern part of western Shaxi would have been underestimated. This indicates that HTH assessment needs to account for the three indices simultaneouly. From the results of integrative assessment, for now, the most dangerous areas due to high temperature are located in southern Tianshan Mountains and eastern Hunan, where high temperature days are 20-36 days, high temperature intensity ranges from 1.190 ℃ to 2.180 ℃ and high temperature spatial agglomeration ranges from 13.390 to 18.710. From the results of inter-annual variations, all of the three indices significantly increased in the junction of Inner Mongolia and Gansu, Jiangsu, and the junction of Sichuan and Chongqing. These areas may become the most dangerous areas of high temperature hazards in the future, where from 1979 to 2017 the variability of high temperature days is 0.419-0.740 days/year, the variability of high temperature intensity is 0.30-0.42 ℃/10 years and the variability of high temperature spatial agglomeration is 0.250-0.390 per year. The proposed HTH assessment method is helpful to improve the accuracy of risk assessment of high temperature hazards, and the results of our trend analysis of these indices can help predict the high-risk areas. In addition, the method can identify the high-risk areas of each hazard factor and also the dominant factor of each high-risk area. It provides a scientific basis for targeted high temperature prevention and mitigation, as well as resource allocation over the whole China.
Hazardness assessment is the basis of high temperature hazard(HTH) research. The spatial aggregation of multiple extreme high temperature events will magnify the impacts of extreme events, which not only strengthen high temperature risk, but also increase the vulnerability of disaster-bearing bodies. Previous studies mainly use high temperature days and high temperature intensity to depict HTH, yet seldom consider the the spatial agglomeration of high temperature events. To address this gap, the HTH assessment in this paper integrates the traditional HTH assessment and the spatial agglomeration of high temperature events. In so doing,the evaluation of HTH is more comprehensive by accunting for the synergy effect of high temperature hazard agglomeration. Based on high temperature days, high temperature intensity, and high temperature spatial agglomeration,HTH in China from 1979 to 2017 was evaluated integratively. The spatial distribution characteristics of these indices were illustrated and their inter-annual variations were analyzed. Finally, areas with the highest integrative high temperature intensity and regions with simultaneous enhancement of the three indices were idenified separately. The results show that the strength of HTH in western and northeastern Inner Mongolia and northern Shanxi is underestimated due to the lack of consideration of high temperature spatial agglomeration, where the Grade 4 HTH is underestimated to be Grade 2 or 3. On the other hand, if HTH assessment considered only the number of high temperature days, the high temperature hazardness in most areas of Inner Mongolia,Heilongjiang, Shandong, and the northern part of western Shaxi would have been underestimated. This indicates that HTH assessment needs to account for the three indices simultaneouly. From the results of integrative assessment, for now, the most dangerous areas due to high temperature are located in southern Tianshan Mountains and eastern Hunan, where high temperature days are 20-36 days, high temperature intensity ranges from 1.190 ℃ to 2.180 ℃ and high temperature spatial agglomeration ranges from 13.390 to 18.710. From the results of inter-annual variations, all of the three indices significantly increased in the junction of Inner Mongolia and Gansu, Jiangsu, and the junction of Sichuan and Chongqing. These areas may become the most dangerous areas of high temperature hazards in the future, where from 1979 to 2017 the variability of high temperature days is 0.419-0.740 days/year, the variability of high temperature intensity is 0.30-0.42 ℃/10 years and the variability of high temperature spatial agglomeration is 0.250-0.390 per year. The proposed HTH assessment method is helpful to improve the accuracy of risk assessment of high temperature hazards, and the results of our trend analysis of these indices can help predict the high-risk areas. In addition, the method can identify the high-risk areas of each hazard factor and also the dominant factor of each high-risk area. It provides a scientific basis for targeted high temperature prevention and mitigation, as well as resource allocation over the whole China.
引文
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[18]谢盼,王仰麟,刘焱序,等.基于社会脆弱性的中国高温灾害人群健康风险评价[J].地理学报,2015,70(7):1041-1051.[Xie P, Wang Y L, Liu Y X, et al. Incorporating social vulnerability to assess population health risk due to heat stress in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015,70(7):1041-1051.]
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[20]苗爱梅,贾利冬,李苗,等.近50年山西高温日的时空分布及环流特征[J].地理科学进展,2011,30(7):837-845.[Miao A M, Jia L D, Li M, et al. The temporal and spatial distributions and circulation features of high temperature days during last 50 years in Shanxi[J]. Progress in Geography, 2011,30(7):837-845.]
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(1)http://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets。