三亚珊瑚礁珊瑚藻种类及其空间特征与环境因子的关系
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摘要
珊瑚藻是珊瑚礁生态系统中重要的功能性群体。2010年通过水肺潜水分析了三亚珊瑚礁区的珊瑚藻种类组成和丰度,以及群落空间特征与环境因子的关系。共鉴定出3科10属25种珊瑚藻,其中珊瑚藻科占优势地位。三亚珊瑚礁区的珊瑚藻优势种分别为叉节藻Amphiroaephedraea、拟中叶藻Mesophyllumsimulans、串胞新角石藻Neogoniolithon fosliei、中叶藻M. mesomorphum、圆锥呼叶藻Pneophyllum conicum、孔石藻Porolithon onkodes和布氏水石藻Hydrolithon boergesenii。基于多元统计的分析结果,将调查采样站位分为近岸型和离岸型2个主要集群,其中近岸型的珊瑚藻种类以浊度、沉积速率(0～63μm)和悬浮物耐受种类为主,离岸型则以光依赖-沉积物敏感种类为主。以珊瑚藻种类组成和丰度为基础的群落相似性分析结果表明,其空间变异处于显著性水平。生物与非生物变量的相关分析结果表明,最佳两变量组合(浊度和盐度)显著影响三亚珊瑚礁区2种类型调查站位中的珊瑚藻集合。在同一个研究站位,因受干扰程度不同,深水处的珊瑚藻的覆盖率比浅水处高。分析结果表明,在三亚独特的珊瑚礁区中,自然或人为的物理干扰因素都对调节珊瑚藻群落结构非常重要。
Coralline algae are important functional group in the coral reef ecosystem. This study was carried out by a series of line transects run underwater with SCUBA apparatus from the reef flat to a depth of 9 m in each of the 11 research stations within the Sanya Coral Reefs in 2010. Among the inshore sites and the offshore sites of Sanya reefs, species composition and abundance of coralline algae were examined in relation to environmental factors. A total of 25 species belonging to three families and 10 genuses were identified, with the family Corallinaceae dominated in the study area. The eight dominant species were Amphiroa ephedraea, Mesophyllum simulans, Neogoniolithon fosliei, M. mesomorphum, Pneophyllum conicum,Porolithon onkodes, and Hydrolithon boergesenii. The sampling stations were divided into inshore type and offshore type based on the results of multivariate statistical analysis. The coralline algae species at the inshore sites were mainly turbidity,deposition rate(0～63 μm) and suspended solids(SS) tolerance species, while the species at the offshore sites were mainly light-dependent and sediment sensitive species. The results of community similarity analysis based on species composition and abundance of coralline algae showed the significant spatial variability. The correlation analysis between biotic and abiotic variables indicated that the best 2-variable combination(turbidity and salinity) showed a significant effect on the pattern of coralline algae assemblages between the two types of research sites in Sanya reefs. The living cover of coralline algae showed that deeper water is higher than that in shallow water due to the different degree of disturbance at the same study sites. This result suggests that physical disturbance, either natural or man-made, is a more important factor in regulating the coralline algae community structure within the coral reef distinct zone of Sanya.
Coralline algae are important functional group in the coral reef ecosystem. This study was carried out by a series of line transects run underwater with SCUBA apparatus from the reef flat to a depth of 9 m in each of the 11 research stations within the Sanya Coral Reefs in 2010. Among the inshore sites and the offshore sites of Sanya reefs, species composition and abundance of coralline algae were examined in relation to environmental factors. A total of 25 species belonging to three families and 10 genuses were identified, with the family Corallinaceae dominated in the study area. The eight dominant species were Amphiroa ephedraea, Mesophyllum simulans, Neogoniolithon fosliei, M. mesomorphum, Pneophyllum conicum,Porolithon onkodes, and Hydrolithon boergesenii. The sampling stations were divided into inshore type and offshore type based on the results of multivariate statistical analysis. The coralline algae species at the inshore sites were mainly turbidity,deposition rate(0～63 μm) and suspended solids(SS) tolerance species, while the species at the offshore sites were mainly light-dependent and sediment sensitive species. The results of community similarity analysis based on species composition and abundance of coralline algae showed the significant spatial variability. The correlation analysis between biotic and abiotic variables indicated that the best 2-variable combination(turbidity and salinity) showed a significant effect on the pattern of coralline algae assemblages between the two types of research sites in Sanya reefs. The living cover of coralline algae showed that deeper water is higher than that in shallow water due to the different degree of disturbance at the same study sites. This result suggests that physical disturbance, either natural or man-made, is a more important factor in regulating the coralline algae community structure within the coral reef distinct zone of Sanya.
引文
李秀保,2011.三亚造礁石珊瑚群落组成、时空分布及主要影响因子识别研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院:1-115.LIXIUBAO.2011.Identification of major factors influencing the composition,spatial and temporal variation of scleractinian coral community in Sanya China[D].Beijing:Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences:1-115(in Chinese with English abstract).
练健生,黄晖,黄良民,等,2010.三亚珊瑚礁及其生物多样性[M].北京:海洋出版社:1-106.LIAN JIANSHENG,HUANG HUI,HUANG LIANGMIN,et al,2010.Coral reef and its biodiversity of Sanya[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press:1-106(in Chinese).
邢帅,谭烨辉,周林滨,等,2012.水体浑浊度对不同造礁石珊瑚种类共生虫黄藻的影响[J].科学通报,57(5):348-354.XING SHUAI,TAN YEHUI,ZHOU LINBIN,et al,2012.Effects of water turbidity on the symbiotic zooxanthella of hermatypic corals[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,57(5):348-354(in Chinese with English abstract).
徐兆礼,陈亚瞿,1989.东黄海秋季浮游动物优势种聚集强度与鲐鲹渔场的关系[J].生态学杂志,8(4):13-15.Xu ZHAOLI,CHEN YAQU,1989.Aggregated intensity of dominant species of Zooplankton in Autumn in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea[J].Journal of Ecology,8(4):13-15(in Chinese with English abstract).
张德瑞,周锦华,1978.西沙群岛珊瑚藻科的研究Ⅰ[J].海洋科学集刊,12:17-23.ZHANG DERUI,ZHOU JINHUA,1978.Studies on the Corallinaceae of the Xisha islands,Guangdong Province,China.Ⅰ[J].Studia Marina Sinica,12:17-23(in Chinese with English abstract).
ADEY W H,TOWNSEND R A,BOYKINS W T,1982.The crustose coralline algae(Rhodophyta:Corallinaceae)of the Hawaiian Islands[M].Washington:Smithsonian Institution Press:1-74.
ANTHONY K R N,KLINE D I,DIAZ-PULIDO G,et al,2008.Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,105(45):17442-17446.
BARNES D J,CHALKER B E,1990.Calcification and photosynthesis in reef-building corals and algae[M]//DUBINSKY Z.Ecosystems of the world.Amsterdam,the Netherlands:Elsevier.
BRAGA J C,BOSENCE D W J,STENECK R S,1993.New anatomical characters in fossil coralline algae and their taxonomic implications[J].Palaeontology,36:535-547.
BRODIE J,ZUCCARELLO G C,2007.Systematics of the species-rich algae:Red algal classification,phylogeny and speciation[M]//HODKINSON R T,PARNELL J,WALDRENS.The taxonomy and systematics of large and species-rich taxa:building and using the tree of life.Boca Raton:CRCPress:323-336.
CARAGNANO A,COLOMBO F,RODONDI G,et al,2009.3-Ddistribution of nongeniculate corallinales:a case study from a reef crest of South Sinai(Red Sea,Egypt)[J].Coral Reefs,28(4):881-891.
CLARKE K R,GORLEY R N,2006a.Primer V6:user manual/tutorial[M].Plymouth:Primer-E:1-126.
CLARKE K R,WARWICK R M,2006b.Change in marine communities:an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation[M].Plymouth:PRIMER-E.
FABRICIUS K,DE’ATH G,2001.Environmental factors associated with the spatial distribution of crustose coralline algae on the Great Barrier Reef[J].Coral Reefs,19(4):303-309.
FARR T,BROOM J,HART D,et al,2009.Common coralline algae of northern New Zealand:an identification guide[M].Wellington:NIWA:1-125.
GARBARY D J,JOHANSEN H W,1982.Scanning electron microscopy of Corallina and Haliptilon(Corallinaceae,Rhodophyta):surface features and their taxonomic implications[J].Journal of Phycology,18(2):211-219.
HARVEY A S,WOELKERLING W J,2007.A guide to nongeniculate coralline red algal(Corallinales,Rhodophyta)rhodolith identification[J].Ciencias Marinas,33(4):411-426.
HEYWARD A J,NEGRI A P,1999.Natural inducers for coral larval metamorphosis[J].Coral Reefs,18(3):273-279.
HUANG LIANGMIN,TAN YEHUI,SONG XINGYU,et al,2003.The status of the ecological environment and a proposed protection strategy in Sanya Bay,Hainan Island,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,47(1-6):180-186.
IRYU Y,MATSUDA S,1988.Depth distribution,abundance and species assemblages of nonarticulated coralline algae in the Ryukyu Islands,southwestern Japan[C]//Proceedings of the6th international coral reef symposium.Townsville,Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium Executive Committee,3:101-106.
KLUMPP D W,MCKINNON A D,1992.Community structure,biomass and productivity of epilithic algal communities on the great barrier reef:dynamics at different spatial scales[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,86:77-89.
KUFFNER I B,ANDERSSON A J,JOKIEL P L,et al,2008.Decreased abundance of crustose coralline algae due to ocean acidification[J].Nature Geoscience,1(2):114-117.
LASKER H R,KIM K,1996.Larval development and settlement behavior of the gorgonian coral Plexaura kuna(Lasker,Kim and Coffroth)[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,207(1-2):161-175.
LITTLER D S,LITTLER M M,2003.South Pacific reef plants:a divers'guide to the plant life of South Pacific coral reefs[M].Washington,D.C.:Offshore Graphics:1-331.
LITTLER M M,LITTLER D S,1984.Models of tropical reef biogenesis:the contribution of algae[M]//ROUND F E,CHAPMAN D J.Progress in phycological research.Amsterdam:Elsevier Biomedical Press,3:323-364.
MAUDSLEY B,1990.Defenders of the reef[J].New Scientist,126(1714):52-56.
MINTON D,CONKLIN E,COUCH C S,et al,2011.Survey of the coral reefs of Pelekane Bay[R].Honolulu:The Nature Conservancy:1-69.
OLIVER R L,MITROVIC S M,REES C,2010.Influence of salinity on light conditions and phytoplankton growth in a turbid river[J].River Research and Applications,26(7):894-903.
STELLER D L,FOSTER M S.1995.Environmental factors influencing distribution and morphology of rhodoliths in Bahía Concepción,B.C.S.,México[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,194(2):201-212.
STENECK R S,TESTA V,1997.Are calcareous algae important to reefs today or in the past?[C]//Proceedings of 8th International coral reef symposium.Panama:Balboa,1:685-688.
SZMANT A M,2001.Introduction to the special issue of Coral Reefs on“Coral Reef Algal Community Dynamics”-Why are coral reefs world-wide becoming overgrown by algae?‘Algae,algae everywhere,and nowhere a bite to eat!’[J].Coral Reefs,19(4):299-302.
TSENG C K,1983.Common seaweeds of China[M].Beijing:Science Press:1-316.
VAN DER MEIJ S E T,SUHARSONO,HOEKSEMA B W,2010.Long-term changes in coral assemblages under natural and anthropogenic stress in Jakarta Bay(1920-2005)[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,60(9):1442-1454.
VIDAL R,MENESES I,SMITH M,2003.Molecular genetic identification of crustose representatives of the order Corallinales(Rhodophyta)in Chile[J].Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,28(3):404-419.
WALKER D I,ORMOND R F G,1982.Coral Death from Sewage and Phosphate Pollution at Aqaba,Red Sea[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,13(1):21-25.
WILLIAMS E A,CRAIGIE A,YEATES A,et al,2008.Articulated coralline algae of the genus Amphiroa are highly effective natural inducers of settlement in the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina[J].Biological Bulletin,215(1):98-107.
WILSON S,BLAKE C,BERGES J A,et al,2004.Environmental tolerances of free-living coralline algae(maerl):implications for European marine conservation[J].Biological Conservation,120(2):279-289.
WOELKERLING W J,1988.The coralline red algae:an analysis of the genera and subfamilies of nongeniculate corallinaceae[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press:1-127.
WOELKERLING W J,HARVEY A,1993.An account of southern Australian species of Mesophyllum(Corallinaceae,Rhodophyta)[J].Australian Systematic Botany,6(6):571-673.
练健生,黄晖,黄良民,等,2010.三亚珊瑚礁及其生物多样性[M].北京:海洋出版社:1-106.LIAN JIANSHENG,HUANG HUI,HUANG LIANGMIN,et al,2010.Coral reef and its biodiversity of Sanya[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press:1-106(in Chinese).
邢帅,谭烨辉,周林滨,等,2012.水体浑浊度对不同造礁石珊瑚种类共生虫黄藻的影响[J].科学通报,57(5):348-354.XING SHUAI,TAN YEHUI,ZHOU LINBIN,et al,2012.Effects of water turbidity on the symbiotic zooxanthella of hermatypic corals[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,57(5):348-354(in Chinese with English abstract).
徐兆礼,陈亚瞿,1989.东黄海秋季浮游动物优势种聚集强度与鲐鲹渔场的关系[J].生态学杂志,8(4):13-15.Xu ZHAOLI,CHEN YAQU,1989.Aggregated intensity of dominant species of Zooplankton in Autumn in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea[J].Journal of Ecology,8(4):13-15(in Chinese with English abstract).
张德瑞,周锦华,1978.西沙群岛珊瑚藻科的研究Ⅰ[J].海洋科学集刊,12:17-23.ZHANG DERUI,ZHOU JINHUA,1978.Studies on the Corallinaceae of the Xisha islands,Guangdong Province,China.Ⅰ[J].Studia Marina Sinica,12:17-23(in Chinese with English abstract).
ADEY W H,TOWNSEND R A,BOYKINS W T,1982.The crustose coralline algae(Rhodophyta:Corallinaceae)of the Hawaiian Islands[M].Washington:Smithsonian Institution Press:1-74.
ANTHONY K R N,KLINE D I,DIAZ-PULIDO G,et al,2008.Ocean acidification causes bleaching and productivity loss in coral reef builders[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,105(45):17442-17446.
BARNES D J,CHALKER B E,1990.Calcification and photosynthesis in reef-building corals and algae[M]//DUBINSKY Z.Ecosystems of the world.Amsterdam,the Netherlands:Elsevier.
BRAGA J C,BOSENCE D W J,STENECK R S,1993.New anatomical characters in fossil coralline algae and their taxonomic implications[J].Palaeontology,36:535-547.
BRODIE J,ZUCCARELLO G C,2007.Systematics of the species-rich algae:Red algal classification,phylogeny and speciation[M]//HODKINSON R T,PARNELL J,WALDRENS.The taxonomy and systematics of large and species-rich taxa:building and using the tree of life.Boca Raton:CRCPress:323-336.
CARAGNANO A,COLOMBO F,RODONDI G,et al,2009.3-Ddistribution of nongeniculate corallinales:a case study from a reef crest of South Sinai(Red Sea,Egypt)[J].Coral Reefs,28(4):881-891.
CLARKE K R,GORLEY R N,2006a.Primer V6:user manual/tutorial[M].Plymouth:Primer-E:1-126.
CLARKE K R,WARWICK R M,2006b.Change in marine communities:an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation[M].Plymouth:PRIMER-E.
FABRICIUS K,DE’ATH G,2001.Environmental factors associated with the spatial distribution of crustose coralline algae on the Great Barrier Reef[J].Coral Reefs,19(4):303-309.
FARR T,BROOM J,HART D,et al,2009.Common coralline algae of northern New Zealand:an identification guide[M].Wellington:NIWA:1-125.
GARBARY D J,JOHANSEN H W,1982.Scanning electron microscopy of Corallina and Haliptilon(Corallinaceae,Rhodophyta):surface features and their taxonomic implications[J].Journal of Phycology,18(2):211-219.
HARVEY A S,WOELKERLING W J,2007.A guide to nongeniculate coralline red algal(Corallinales,Rhodophyta)rhodolith identification[J].Ciencias Marinas,33(4):411-426.
HEYWARD A J,NEGRI A P,1999.Natural inducers for coral larval metamorphosis[J].Coral Reefs,18(3):273-279.
HUANG LIANGMIN,TAN YEHUI,SONG XINGYU,et al,2003.The status of the ecological environment and a proposed protection strategy in Sanya Bay,Hainan Island,China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,47(1-6):180-186.
IRYU Y,MATSUDA S,1988.Depth distribution,abundance and species assemblages of nonarticulated coralline algae in the Ryukyu Islands,southwestern Japan[C]//Proceedings of the6th international coral reef symposium.Townsville,Sixth International Coral Reef Symposium Executive Committee,3:101-106.
KLUMPP D W,MCKINNON A D,1992.Community structure,biomass and productivity of epilithic algal communities on the great barrier reef:dynamics at different spatial scales[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series,86:77-89.
KUFFNER I B,ANDERSSON A J,JOKIEL P L,et al,2008.Decreased abundance of crustose coralline algae due to ocean acidification[J].Nature Geoscience,1(2):114-117.
LASKER H R,KIM K,1996.Larval development and settlement behavior of the gorgonian coral Plexaura kuna(Lasker,Kim and Coffroth)[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,207(1-2):161-175.
LITTLER D S,LITTLER M M,2003.South Pacific reef plants:a divers'guide to the plant life of South Pacific coral reefs[M].Washington,D.C.:Offshore Graphics:1-331.
LITTLER M M,LITTLER D S,1984.Models of tropical reef biogenesis:the contribution of algae[M]//ROUND F E,CHAPMAN D J.Progress in phycological research.Amsterdam:Elsevier Biomedical Press,3:323-364.
MAUDSLEY B,1990.Defenders of the reef[J].New Scientist,126(1714):52-56.
MINTON D,CONKLIN E,COUCH C S,et al,2011.Survey of the coral reefs of Pelekane Bay[R].Honolulu:The Nature Conservancy:1-69.
OLIVER R L,MITROVIC S M,REES C,2010.Influence of salinity on light conditions and phytoplankton growth in a turbid river[J].River Research and Applications,26(7):894-903.
STELLER D L,FOSTER M S.1995.Environmental factors influencing distribution and morphology of rhodoliths in Bahía Concepción,B.C.S.,México[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,194(2):201-212.
STENECK R S,TESTA V,1997.Are calcareous algae important to reefs today or in the past?[C]//Proceedings of 8th International coral reef symposium.Panama:Balboa,1:685-688.
SZMANT A M,2001.Introduction to the special issue of Coral Reefs on“Coral Reef Algal Community Dynamics”-Why are coral reefs world-wide becoming overgrown by algae?‘Algae,algae everywhere,and nowhere a bite to eat!’[J].Coral Reefs,19(4):299-302.
TSENG C K,1983.Common seaweeds of China[M].Beijing:Science Press:1-316.
VAN DER MEIJ S E T,SUHARSONO,HOEKSEMA B W,2010.Long-term changes in coral assemblages under natural and anthropogenic stress in Jakarta Bay(1920-2005)[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,60(9):1442-1454.
VIDAL R,MENESES I,SMITH M,2003.Molecular genetic identification of crustose representatives of the order Corallinales(Rhodophyta)in Chile[J].Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution,28(3):404-419.
WALKER D I,ORMOND R F G,1982.Coral Death from Sewage and Phosphate Pollution at Aqaba,Red Sea[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,13(1):21-25.
WILLIAMS E A,CRAIGIE A,YEATES A,et al,2008.Articulated coralline algae of the genus Amphiroa are highly effective natural inducers of settlement in the tropical abalone Haliotis asinina[J].Biological Bulletin,215(1):98-107.
WILSON S,BLAKE C,BERGES J A,et al,2004.Environmental tolerances of free-living coralline algae(maerl):implications for European marine conservation[J].Biological Conservation,120(2):279-289.
WOELKERLING W J,1988.The coralline red algae:an analysis of the genera and subfamilies of nongeniculate corallinaceae[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press:1-127.
WOELKERLING W J,HARVEY A,1993.An account of southern Australian species of Mesophyllum(Corallinaceae,Rhodophyta)[J].Australian Systematic Botany,6(6):571-673.