非均匀介质地震AVO响应模拟及分析
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摘要
地震AVO(amplitude versus offset)技术是一项利用振幅信息研究岩性、检测油气的地震勘探技术。常规方法基于Zoeppritz方程计算模型界面处的反射系数,而实际地下非均匀介质中地震反射特征不仅与入射角度、物性差异有关,还与入射波频率、地层厚度、薄互层结构等因素有关。为此,应用传播矩阵理论充分考虑与这些因素有关的调谐干涉等传播效应,针对实际数据计算非均匀地下介质的高精度合成地震记录,对比Zoeppritz方程、Shuey二项近似方程、Shuey三项近似方程以及传播矩阵算法的模拟效果。研究发现:在小角度入射时Zoeppritz方程、Shuey二项近似方程和Shuey三项近似方程的反射振幅和波形基本一致,大角度入射时Zoeppritz方程与Shuey三项近似方程接近;Zoeppritz算法的模拟结果在小角度入射和浅层情况下与传播矩阵算法差别较小,而在大角度入射和深层情况下与传播矩阵差别较大,说明层间多次波的调谐干涉等传播效应不可忽略。
AVO(amplitude versus offset)is a technique for studying lithology and detecting hydrocarbon seismic exploration by using amplitude information.Conventional single interface reflection coefficient can be calculated by Zoeppritz equation;however,the reflection characteristics of layered media seismic wave is not only related to incident angle,but also differences of physical property,incident wave frequency,formation thickness,thin interbedded structure,the formation non-uniformity and other factors,and all the factors related tuning effects are fully considered in the theory of propagation matrix.Based on the data calculation of high-precision synthetic seismogram in heterogeneous underground media,we compared the simulation results of Zoeppritz equation,Shuey two-term approximation equation,Shuey three-term approximate equation,and propagation matrix algorithm.The study shows that at a small incident angle,the reflection amplitude and waveforms of Zoeppritz equation,Shuey two-terms,and Shuey three-term approximation are basically the same;while at a large incident angle,those of Zoeppritz equation and Shuey three-term approximation are closer.Under the condition of small incident angles and shallow layers,the seismic responses of Zoeppritz equation and propagation matrix algorithm is almost the same,but different at large incident angles and deep layers.It is illustrated that the tuning effects and multiple wave interferences cannot be ignored.
AVO(amplitude versus offset)is a technique for studying lithology and detecting hydrocarbon seismic exploration by using amplitude information.Conventional single interface reflection coefficient can be calculated by Zoeppritz equation;however,the reflection characteristics of layered media seismic wave is not only related to incident angle,but also differences of physical property,incident wave frequency,formation thickness,thin interbedded structure,the formation non-uniformity and other factors,and all the factors related tuning effects are fully considered in the theory of propagation matrix.Based on the data calculation of high-precision synthetic seismogram in heterogeneous underground media,we compared the simulation results of Zoeppritz equation,Shuey two-term approximation equation,Shuey three-term approximate equation,and propagation matrix algorithm.The study shows that at a small incident angle,the reflection amplitude and waveforms of Zoeppritz equation,Shuey two-terms,and Shuey three-term approximation are basically the same;while at a large incident angle,those of Zoeppritz equation and Shuey three-term approximation are closer.Under the condition of small incident angles and shallow layers,the seismic responses of Zoeppritz equation and propagation matrix algorithm is almost the same,but different at large incident angles and deep layers.It is illustrated that the tuning effects and multiple wave interferences cannot be ignored.
引文
[1]Zoeppritz K.ber Reflexionad Durchgang Seismischer Wellen Durch Unstetigkeitsflchen[J].Erdbebenwellen,1919,VIIb:66-84.
[2]Bortfeld R.Approximations to the Reflection and Transmission Coefficients of Plane Longitudinal and Transverse Waves[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1961,9(4):485-502.
[3]Chapman C H.Exact and Approximate Generalized Ray Theory in Vertically Inhomogeneous Media[J].Geophysical Journal International,1976,46(2):201-233.
[4]Richards P G,Frasier C W.Scattering of Elastic Eaves from Depth-Dependent Inhomogeneities[J].Geophysics,1976,41(3):441.
[5]Koefoed O.On the Effect of Poission’s Ratios of Rock Strata on the Reflection Coefficients of Plane Wave[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1955,3(4):381-387.
[6]Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative Seismology:Theory and Methods[M].San Francisco:Freeman,1980.
[7]Shuey B R T.A Simplification of the ZoeppritzEquations[J].Geophysics,1985,50(4):609-614.
[8]Fuchs K,Müller G.Computation of Synthetic Seismograms with the Reflectivity Method and Comparison with Observations[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1971,23(4):417-433.
[9]Kennett B L.Seismic Wave Propagation in Stratified Media[M].Cambridge:Cambrigde University Press,1983.
[10]Fryer G J,Frazer L N.Seismic Waves in Stratified Anisotropic Media[J].Geophysical Journal International,1984,78(3):691-710.
[11]Carcione J M.AVO Effects of a Hydrocarbon SourceRock Layer[J].Geophysics,2012,66(2):419-427.
[12]Liu Y,Schmitt D R.Amplitude and AVO Responses of a Single Thin Bed[J].Geophysics,2003,68(4):1161-1168.
[13]郭智奇,刘财,李向阳,等.非弹性层状介质地震波频变AVO响应模拟及分析[J].地球物理学报,2016,59(2):664-672.Guo Zhiqi,Liu Cai,Li Xiangyang,et al.Modeling and Analysis of Frequency-Dependent AVOResponses in Inelastic Stratified Media[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2016,59(2):664-672.
[14]郭智奇,刘财,冯晅,等.各向异性衰减与AVO分析[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2010,40(2):432-438.Guo Zhiqi,Liu Cai,Feng Xuan,et al.Attenuation Anisotropy and AVO Analysis[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2010,40(2):432-438.
[15]郭智奇,刘财,张凤琴.层状粘弹性介质中SH波的反射、透射问题[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2005,35(增刊1):61-65.Guo Zhiqi,Liu Cai,Zhang Fengqin.Reflection and Transmission Problem of SH Waves in Layered Viscoelastic Medium[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2005,35(Sup.1):61-65.
[16]兰慧田.裂缝性孔隙介质波场模拟与频变AVO储层参数反演[D].长春:吉林大学,2014.Lan Huitian.Wave Field Modeling in Fractured Porous Media and Frequency-Dependent AVOReservoir Parameters Inversion[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2014.
[17]Rokhlin S I,Wang Y J.Equivalent Boundary Conditions for Thin Orthrotropi Clayer Between Two Solids:Reflection,Refraction,and Interface Waves[J].Journal of Acoustic Society of America,1992,91:1875-1887.
[18]Ursin B,Stovas A.Reflection and Transmission Responses of a Layered Isotropic Viscoelastic Medium[J].Geophysics,2002,67(1):307-323.
[19]Carcione J M.AVO Effects of a Hydrocarbon SourceRock Layer[J].Geophysics,2012,66(2):419-427.
[20]逄硕,刘财,郭智奇,等.基于岩石物理模型的页岩孔隙结构反演及横波速度预测[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2017,47(2):606-615.Pang Shuo,Liu Cai,Guo Zhiqi,et al.Estimation of Pore-Shape and Shear Wave Velocity Based on RockPhysics Model in Shale[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2017,47(2):606-615.
[2]Bortfeld R.Approximations to the Reflection and Transmission Coefficients of Plane Longitudinal and Transverse Waves[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1961,9(4):485-502.
[3]Chapman C H.Exact and Approximate Generalized Ray Theory in Vertically Inhomogeneous Media[J].Geophysical Journal International,1976,46(2):201-233.
[4]Richards P G,Frasier C W.Scattering of Elastic Eaves from Depth-Dependent Inhomogeneities[J].Geophysics,1976,41(3):441.
[5]Koefoed O.On the Effect of Poission’s Ratios of Rock Strata on the Reflection Coefficients of Plane Wave[J].Geophysical Prospecting,1955,3(4):381-387.
[6]Aki K,Richards P G.Quantitative Seismology:Theory and Methods[M].San Francisco:Freeman,1980.
[7]Shuey B R T.A Simplification of the ZoeppritzEquations[J].Geophysics,1985,50(4):609-614.
[8]Fuchs K,Müller G.Computation of Synthetic Seismograms with the Reflectivity Method and Comparison with Observations[J].Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,1971,23(4):417-433.
[9]Kennett B L.Seismic Wave Propagation in Stratified Media[M].Cambridge:Cambrigde University Press,1983.
[10]Fryer G J,Frazer L N.Seismic Waves in Stratified Anisotropic Media[J].Geophysical Journal International,1984,78(3):691-710.
[11]Carcione J M.AVO Effects of a Hydrocarbon SourceRock Layer[J].Geophysics,2012,66(2):419-427.
[12]Liu Y,Schmitt D R.Amplitude and AVO Responses of a Single Thin Bed[J].Geophysics,2003,68(4):1161-1168.
[13]郭智奇,刘财,李向阳,等.非弹性层状介质地震波频变AVO响应模拟及分析[J].地球物理学报,2016,59(2):664-672.Guo Zhiqi,Liu Cai,Li Xiangyang,et al.Modeling and Analysis of Frequency-Dependent AVOResponses in Inelastic Stratified Media[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2016,59(2):664-672.
[14]郭智奇,刘财,冯晅,等.各向异性衰减与AVO分析[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2010,40(2):432-438.Guo Zhiqi,Liu Cai,Feng Xuan,et al.Attenuation Anisotropy and AVO Analysis[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2010,40(2):432-438.
[15]郭智奇,刘财,张凤琴.层状粘弹性介质中SH波的反射、透射问题[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2005,35(增刊1):61-65.Guo Zhiqi,Liu Cai,Zhang Fengqin.Reflection and Transmission Problem of SH Waves in Layered Viscoelastic Medium[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2005,35(Sup.1):61-65.
[16]兰慧田.裂缝性孔隙介质波场模拟与频变AVO储层参数反演[D].长春:吉林大学,2014.Lan Huitian.Wave Field Modeling in Fractured Porous Media and Frequency-Dependent AVOReservoir Parameters Inversion[D].Changchun:Jilin University,2014.
[17]Rokhlin S I,Wang Y J.Equivalent Boundary Conditions for Thin Orthrotropi Clayer Between Two Solids:Reflection,Refraction,and Interface Waves[J].Journal of Acoustic Society of America,1992,91:1875-1887.
[18]Ursin B,Stovas A.Reflection and Transmission Responses of a Layered Isotropic Viscoelastic Medium[J].Geophysics,2002,67(1):307-323.
[19]Carcione J M.AVO Effects of a Hydrocarbon SourceRock Layer[J].Geophysics,2012,66(2):419-427.
[20]逄硕,刘财,郭智奇,等.基于岩石物理模型的页岩孔隙结构反演及横波速度预测[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2017,47(2):606-615.Pang Shuo,Liu Cai,Guo Zhiqi,et al.Estimation of Pore-Shape and Shear Wave Velocity Based on RockPhysics Model in Shale[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2017,47(2):606-615.