新中国70年扶贫历程、特色、意义与挑战
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摘要
新中国70年来,虽然由于不同历史时期面对的物质基础、技术条件、扶贫经验、国际国内环境等不同,因而扶贫采取的政策措施和方式方法呈现出阶段性特征,但是党和政府扶贫的决心是一贯的、坚决的。改革开放前29年,党和政府领导全国人民进行了艰难的扶贫探索,为改革开放后41年的扶贫奠定了坚实的物质基础和丰富的经验基础。改革开放后扶贫事业取得了举世瞩目的成就,基本消除了绝对贫困。新中国70年扶贫成就斐然,既具有鲜明的中国特色,也具有重大的世界意义。新中国70年扶贫具有指导思想上、扶贫理念上和行为方式上的三个鲜明中国特色。具有六个方面的重大世界意义:一是高度重视贫困问题;二是坚持共同富裕的社会主义价值观和政府主导扶贫;三是提高扶贫精准度;四是激发贫困人口内生脱贫的动力;五是注重教育脱贫;六是创新扶贫理念和方式方法等。回顾和总结新中国70年扶贫历程,揭示其中国特色和世界意义,既有利于为世界扶贫事业贡献中国智慧和中国方案,也有利于为面对2020年打赢脱贫攻坚战、防止返贫和后2020年时代消除相对贫困等带来的三大挑战提供理论和经验指导。
During the 70 years since the founding of New China,due to the different material foundations,technical conditions,poverty alleviation experience,and international and domestic environment faced in different historical periods,the policy measures and the approaches adopted by poverty alleviation show stage characteristics. The determination of the party and the government to help the poor has been consistent and determined. In the 29 years before the reform and opening up,the party and the government led the people of the whole country to carry out difficult poverty alleviation explorations and laid a solid foundation in materials and experience for the 41 years poverty alleviation after the reform and opening up. After the reform and opening up,the poverty alleviation has achieved remarkable achievements,and the absolute poverty has been basically eliminated. New China's achievements in poverty alleviation in the past 70 years have both distinctive Chinese characteristics and great world significance. New China's 70 years of poverty alleviation has distinctive Chinese characteristics in the guiding ideology,the concept of poverty alleviation and the behavioral mode. Its world significance is manifested in six aspects: first,attach great importance to poverty; second,adhere to the socialist concept of common prosperity and government-led poverty alleviation; third,improve the accuracy of poverty alleviation; fourth,stimulate the poverty-stricken people's motive to alleviate poverty; the fifth is to focus on educational poverty alleviation; and the last is to innovate poverty alleviation concepts and methods. Reviewing and summarizing the 70 years poverty alleviation in New China,revealing its Chinese characteristics and world significance is conducive to contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese programs to the world's poverty alleviation cause,to defeat poverty in 2020,to prevent people from returning to poverty and to provide theoretical and empirical guidance to beat off the three major challenges brought about by the alleviation of relative poverty after 2020.
During the 70 years since the founding of New China,due to the different material foundations,technical conditions,poverty alleviation experience,and international and domestic environment faced in different historical periods,the policy measures and the approaches adopted by poverty alleviation show stage characteristics. The determination of the party and the government to help the poor has been consistent and determined. In the 29 years before the reform and opening up,the party and the government led the people of the whole country to carry out difficult poverty alleviation explorations and laid a solid foundation in materials and experience for the 41 years poverty alleviation after the reform and opening up. After the reform and opening up,the poverty alleviation has achieved remarkable achievements,and the absolute poverty has been basically eliminated. New China's achievements in poverty alleviation in the past 70 years have both distinctive Chinese characteristics and great world significance. New China's 70 years of poverty alleviation has distinctive Chinese characteristics in the guiding ideology,the concept of poverty alleviation and the behavioral mode. Its world significance is manifested in six aspects: first,attach great importance to poverty; second,adhere to the socialist concept of common prosperity and government-led poverty alleviation; third,improve the accuracy of poverty alleviation; fourth,stimulate the poverty-stricken people's motive to alleviate poverty; the fifth is to focus on educational poverty alleviation; and the last is to innovate poverty alleviation concepts and methods. Reviewing and summarizing the 70 years poverty alleviation in New China,revealing its Chinese characteristics and world significance is conducive to contribute Chinese wisdom and Chinese programs to the world's poverty alleviation cause,to defeat poverty in 2020,to prevent people from returning to poverty and to provide theoretical and empirical guidance to beat off the three major challenges brought about by the alleviation of relative poverty after 2020.
引文
[1]统计局:改革开放以来中国农村贫困人口减少7亿[EB/OL].(2015-10-16). http://news. xinhuanet. com/politics/2015-10/16/c_1116848645. htm.
[2]程承坪.中国特色社会主义政治经济学应提炼和总结六大经济实践经验[J].经济纵横,2017(10):27-34.
[3]简新华.为什么我国实行土地私有化是有害的[J].红旗文稿,2013(19):21-26.
[4]黄承伟.中国扶贫开发道路研究:评述与展望[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016(10):5-17.
[5]董忠.下决心解决农田水利建设滞后问题[J].中国发展观察,2011(2):11-13.
[6]程承坪,胡姜.中国经济奇迹探析:写在中国改革开放40周年之际[J].河北学刊,2018(3):129-141.
[7]程承坪,邱依婷.改革开放以来中国经济持续高增长的理论及实践[J].中国软科学,2018(2):160-167.
[8]邓小平.邓小平文选(第3卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,1993:237.
[9]龚晓宽.中国农村扶贫模式创新研究[DB/OL]. CNKI中国知网全国博士论文全文选数据库,2006.
[10]刘清荣.试论我国扶贫开发的历程、模式及创新[J].老区建设,2013(8):4-10.
[11]唐丽霞.中国对国际减贫经验的借鉴[J].团结,2016(4):39-42.
[12]刘义圣,许彩玲.习近平反贫困思想及对发展中国家的理论借鉴[J].东南学术,2016(2):1-9.
[13]黄承伟.习近平扶贫思想体系及其丰富内涵[J].中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016(6):129-133.
[14]程承坪.十大举措促进乡村振兴[J].武汉科技大学学报(社会科学版),2019(3):250-257.
[15]袁树卓,刘沐洋,彭徽.乡村产业振兴及其对产业扶贫的发展启示[J].当代经济管理,2019(1):30-35.
[16]王曙光,王丹莉.中国扶贫开发政策框架的历史演进与制度创新(1949—2019)[J].社会科学战线,2019(5):1-8.
(1)本文不加区别地使用扶贫、脱贫和消除贫困3个概念。从定性角度而言,本文把贫困界定为,较低的收入水平无法满足基本生存需要,以及因缺乏自生能力而无法保障基本生活水平、改善基本生存状况的现象。从定量角度而言,不同国家或地区,在不同的历史时期,根据维持人们的基本生存所必需消费的物品和服务的最低费用划定一个贫困线标准,消费水平低于贫困线标准的人口属于贫困人口。本文认为,贫困是政治、经济、文化等因素综合作用的结果。
(2)1978年12月召开的党的十八届三中全会是改革开放起始的标志。因此,1949-1978年的29年为改革开放前,1978年之后为改革开放后。
(3)所谓中国特色扶贫的世界意义,是指这些扶贫经验虽然源自于中国,打上了中国特色的烙印,但它具有一定的普遍性,值得其他国家和地区借鉴。
[2]程承坪.中国特色社会主义政治经济学应提炼和总结六大经济实践经验[J].经济纵横,2017(10):27-34.
[3]简新华.为什么我国实行土地私有化是有害的[J].红旗文稿,2013(19):21-26.
[4]黄承伟.中国扶贫开发道路研究:评述与展望[J].中国农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016(10):5-17.
[5]董忠.下决心解决农田水利建设滞后问题[J].中国发展观察,2011(2):11-13.
[6]程承坪,胡姜.中国经济奇迹探析:写在中国改革开放40周年之际[J].河北学刊,2018(3):129-141.
[7]程承坪,邱依婷.改革开放以来中国经济持续高增长的理论及实践[J].中国软科学,2018(2):160-167.
[8]邓小平.邓小平文选(第3卷)[M].北京:人民出版社,1993:237.
[9]龚晓宽.中国农村扶贫模式创新研究[DB/OL]. CNKI中国知网全国博士论文全文选数据库,2006.
[10]刘清荣.试论我国扶贫开发的历程、模式及创新[J].老区建设,2013(8):4-10.
[11]唐丽霞.中国对国际减贫经验的借鉴[J].团结,2016(4):39-42.
[12]刘义圣,许彩玲.习近平反贫困思想及对发展中国家的理论借鉴[J].东南学术,2016(2):1-9.
[13]黄承伟.习近平扶贫思想体系及其丰富内涵[J].中南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),2016(6):129-133.
[14]程承坪.十大举措促进乡村振兴[J].武汉科技大学学报(社会科学版),2019(3):250-257.
[15]袁树卓,刘沐洋,彭徽.乡村产业振兴及其对产业扶贫的发展启示[J].当代经济管理,2019(1):30-35.
[16]王曙光,王丹莉.中国扶贫开发政策框架的历史演进与制度创新(1949—2019)[J].社会科学战线,2019(5):1-8.
(1)本文不加区别地使用扶贫、脱贫和消除贫困3个概念。从定性角度而言,本文把贫困界定为,较低的收入水平无法满足基本生存需要,以及因缺乏自生能力而无法保障基本生活水平、改善基本生存状况的现象。从定量角度而言,不同国家或地区,在不同的历史时期,根据维持人们的基本生存所必需消费的物品和服务的最低费用划定一个贫困线标准,消费水平低于贫困线标准的人口属于贫困人口。本文认为,贫困是政治、经济、文化等因素综合作用的结果。
(2)1978年12月召开的党的十八届三中全会是改革开放起始的标志。因此,1949-1978年的29年为改革开放前,1978年之后为改革开放后。
(3)所谓中国特色扶贫的世界意义,是指这些扶贫经验虽然源自于中国,打上了中国特色的烙印,但它具有一定的普遍性,值得其他国家和地区借鉴。