父母成人依恋、怜悯与亲子关系质量:主客体互倚分析
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摘要
本研究考察了父母的成人依恋对亲子关系的影响以及怜悯的中介作用。采用方便取样法调查广东省某市小学2～5年级学生的父母。534对父母自我报告了各自的成人依恋、怜悯和亲子关系质量。主客体互倚模型分析发现:(1)父母各自的依恋焦虑和依恋回避显著负向预测自己与孩子的关系质量(主体效应),但无法显著预测伴侣与孩子的关系质量(客体效应);(2)父母各自的怜悯在上述主体效应中起到中介作用;(3)母亲的怜悯在自身依恋回避对父子关系的客体效应中起到"遮掩效应";(4)母亲的怜悯在自身依恋焦虑对父子关系的客体效应中起到中介作用。研究结果有利于从成对关系视角理解父母成人依恋如何影响亲子关系,实际干预中可以通过提高父母的怜悯能力来改善亲子关系。
The present study aimed to examine the associations between parental adult attachment and parent-child relationship quality,and further to explore the mediating role of compassion. A convenience sampling method was used to investigate the parents of Grade 2 ～ 5 students in a primary school in Guangdong Province. 534 pairs of parents self-reported their adult attachment,compassion,and relationship quality with their child. Data was analyzed by the Actor-Partner Interdependent Model. Results revealed that:( 1) both attachment anxiety and avoidance had significant negative actor effect on parent-child relationship quality,but no partner effect;( 2) parents' own compassion mediated own actor effects;( 3) mothers' compassion had the suppressing effects in the relationship between maternal attachment avoidance and father-child relationship.( 4) mothers' compassion mediated the association between the maternal attachment anxiety and father-child relationship. Our results contribute to understand how parental adult attachment impacts parent-child relationship quality from the dyadic interactions. Moreover,the findings indicate that to improve the quality of parent-child relationship,intervention programs can aim at promoting parents' compassion.
The present study aimed to examine the associations between parental adult attachment and parent-child relationship quality,and further to explore the mediating role of compassion. A convenience sampling method was used to investigate the parents of Grade 2 ～ 5 students in a primary school in Guangdong Province. 534 pairs of parents self-reported their adult attachment,compassion,and relationship quality with their child. Data was analyzed by the Actor-Partner Interdependent Model. Results revealed that:( 1) both attachment anxiety and avoidance had significant negative actor effect on parent-child relationship quality,but no partner effect;( 2) parents' own compassion mediated own actor effects;( 3) mothers' compassion had the suppressing effects in the relationship between maternal attachment avoidance and father-child relationship.( 4) mothers' compassion mediated the association between the maternal attachment anxiety and father-child relationship. Our results contribute to understand how parental adult attachment impacts parent-child relationship quality from the dyadic interactions. Moreover,the findings indicate that to improve the quality of parent-child relationship,intervention programs can aim at promoting parents' compassion.
引文
Allen,J.P.,Mcelhaney,K.B.,Land,D.J.,Kuperminc,G.P.,Moore,C.W.,O’Beirne-Kelly,H.,et al.(2003).A secure base in adolescence:Markers of attachment security in the mother-adolescent relationship.Child Development,74(1),292-307.
Al-Yagon,M.(2011).Adolescents’subtypes of attachment security with fathers and mothers and self-perceptions of socioemotional adjustment.Psychology,2(4),291-299.
Ainsworth,M.D.S.,Blehar,M.C,Waters,E.,&Wall,S.(1978).Patterns of attachment:A psychological study of the strange situation.Hillsdale,NJ:Erlbaum.
Berlin,L.J.,Whiteside-Mansell,L.,Roggman,L.A.,Green,B.L.,Robinson,J.,&Spieker,S.(2011).Testing maternal depression and attachment style as moderators of Early Head Start’s effects on parenting.Attachment&Human Development,13(1),49-67.
Brennan,K.A.,Clark,C.L.,&Shaver,P.R.(1998).Self-report measurement of adult attachment:An integrative overview.In J.A.Simpson&W.S.Rholes(Eds.),Attachment theory and close relationships(pp.46-76).New York,NY:Guilford Press.
Bowlby,J.(1969).Attachment and loss:Vol.1.New York:Basic Books.
Bowlby,J.(1982).Attachment(2 ed.)(vols.1).New York:Basic Books.
Brunstein,J.C.,Dangelmayer,G.,&Schultheiss,O.C.(1996).Personal goals and social support in close relationships:Effects on relationship mood and marital satisfaction.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,71(5),1006-1019.
Ceglian,C.,&Gardner,S.(2001).Attachment style and the“wicked stepmother”spiral.Journal of Divorce&Remarriage,34(1-2),111-129.
Cosley,B.J.,Mccoy,S.K.,Saslow,L.R.,&Epel,E.S.(2010).Is compassion for others stress buffering?consequences of compassion and social support for physiological reactivity to stress.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,46(5),816-823.
Crocker,J.,&Canevello,A.(2008).Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships:The role of compassionate and selfimage goals.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,95(3),555-575.
Del,G.M.(2011).Sex differences in romantic attachment:A meta-analysis.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,37(2),193-214.
Doron,G.,Moulding,R.,Kyrios,M.,Nedeljkovic,M.,&Mikulincer,M.(2009).Adult attachment insecurities are related to obsessive compulsive phenomena.Journal of Social&Clinical Psychology,28(8),1022-1049.
Duncan,L.G.,Coatsworth,J.D.,&Greenberg,M.T.(2009).Amodel of mindful parenting:Implications for parent-child relationships and prevention research.Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review,12(3),255-270.
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Feeney,J.A.(2006).Parental attachment and conflict behavior:Implications for offspring’s attachment,loneliness,and relationship satisfaction.Personal Relationships,13(1),19-36.
Feeney,B.C.,Collins,N.L.,Vleet,M.V.,&Tomlinson,J.M.(2013).Motivations for providing a secure base:Links with attachment orientation and secure base support behavior.Attachment&Human Development,15(3),261-280.
Feeney,B.C.,&Thrush,R.L.(2010).Relationship influences on exploration in adulthood:The characteristics and function of a secure base.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,98(1),57-76.
Feeney,J.A.(2010).Parental attachment and conflict behavior:Implications for offspring’s attachment,loneliness,and relationship satisfaction.Personal Relationships,13(1),19-36.
Fraley,R.C.,Heffernan,M.E.,Vicary,A.M.,&Brumbaugh,C.C.(2011).The experiences in close relationships-relationship structures questionnaire:A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships.Psychological Assessment,23(3),615-625.
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Hazan,C.,&Shaver,P.R.(1987).Conceptualizing romantic love as an attachment process.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,29(3),270-280.
Jazaieri,H.,Jinpa,G.T.,Mcgonigal,K.,Rosenberg,E.L.,Finkelstein,J.,&Simonthomas,E.,et al.(2013).Enhancing compassion:A randomized controlled trial of a compassion cultivation training program.Journal of Happiness Studies,14(4),1113-1126.
Jones,J.D.,Cassidy,J.,&Shaver,P.R.(2015).Parents’self-reported attachment styles:A review of links with parenting behaviors,emotions,and cognitions.Personality&Social Psychology Review,19(1),1-33.
Kenny,D.A.,Kashy,D.A.,&Cook,W.L.(2006).Dyadic data analysis.New York:Guilford Press.
Kenny,D.A.,&Ledermann,T.(2010).Detecting,measuring,and testing dyadic patterns in the actor-partner interdependence model.Journal of Family Psychology,24(3),359-366.
Leerkes,E.M.,&Siepak,K.J.(2006).Attachment linked predictors of women’s emotional and cognitive responses to infant distress.Attachment&Human Development,8(1),11-32.
Mackinnon,D.P.,Krull,J.L.,&Lockwood,C.M.(2000).E-quivalence of the mediation,confounding and suppression effect.Prevention Science the Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research,1(4),173-181.
Mario,M.P.D.,Victor,F.P.D.,Philip,A.C.P.D.,&Carolyn,P.C.P.D.(2010).Attachment security in couple relationships:A systemic model and its implications for family dynamics.Family Process,41(3),405-434.
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Mc Hale,J.P.(1995).Coparenting and triadic interactions during infancy:The roles of marital distress and child gender.Developmental Psychology,31(6),985-996.
Mikulincer,M.,&Florian,V.(1998).The relationship between adult attachment styles and emotional and cognitive reactions to stressful events.In J.A.Simpson&W.S.Rholes(Eds.),Attachment theory and close relationships(pp.143-165)New York NY,us:The Guilford Press.
Mikulincer,M.,Gillath,O.,Halevy,V.,Avihou,N.,Avidan,S.,&Eshkoli,N.(2001).Attachment theory and reactions to others’needs:Evidence that activiation of the sense of attachment security promotes empathic responses.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81(6),1205-1224.
Mikulincer,M.,&Shaver,P.R.(2003).The attachment behavioral system in adulthood:Activation,psychodynamics,and interpersonal processes.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,35(3),53-152.
Mikulincer,M.,&Shaver,P.R.(2007).Attachment in adulthood:Structure,dynamics,and change.New York NY,US:The Guilford Press.
Mikulincer,M.,Shaver,P.R.,Gillath,O.,&Nitzberg,R.A.(2005).Attachment,caregiving,and altruism:Boosting attachment security increases compassion and helping.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,89(5),817-39.
Mills-Koonce,W.R.,Appleyard,K.,Barnett,M.,Deng,M.,Putallaz,M.,&Cox,M.(2011).Adult attachment style and stress as risk factors for early maternal sensitivity and negativity.Infant mental health journal,32(3),277-285.
Minuchin,P.(1988).Relationships within the family:A systems perspective on development.In Relationships within families:Mutual influences(pp.7-26).Oxford,England:Clarend onPress.
Missotten,L.C.,Luyckx,K.,Leeuwen,K.V.,Klimstra,T.,&Branje,S.(2016).Adolescents’conflict resolution styles toward mothers:The role of parenting and personality.Journal of Child&Family Studies,25(8),2480-2497.
Molero,F.,Shaver,P.R.,Fernández,I.,Alonso-Arbiol,I.,&Recio,P.(2016).Long-term partners’relationship satisfaction and their perceptions of each other’s attachment insecurities.Personal Relationships,23(1),159-171.
Moreira,H.,Carona,C.,Silva,N.,Nunes,J.,&Canavarro,M.C.(2015).Exploring the link between maternal attachment-related anxiety and avoidance and mindful parenting:The mediating role of selfcompassion.Psychology&Psychotherapy,89(4),369-384.
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Berlin,L.J.,Whiteside-Mansell,L.,Roggman,L.A.,Green,B.L.,Robinson,J.,&Spieker,S.(2011).Testing maternal depression and attachment style as moderators of Early Head Start’s effects on parenting.Attachment&Human Development,13(1),49-67.
Brennan,K.A.,Clark,C.L.,&Shaver,P.R.(1998).Self-report measurement of adult attachment:An integrative overview.In J.A.Simpson&W.S.Rholes(Eds.),Attachment theory and close relationships(pp.46-76).New York,NY:Guilford Press.
Bowlby,J.(1969).Attachment and loss:Vol.1.New York:Basic Books.
Bowlby,J.(1982).Attachment(2 ed.)(vols.1).New York:Basic Books.
Brunstein,J.C.,Dangelmayer,G.,&Schultheiss,O.C.(1996).Personal goals and social support in close relationships:Effects on relationship mood and marital satisfaction.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,71(5),1006-1019.
Ceglian,C.,&Gardner,S.(2001).Attachment style and the“wicked stepmother”spiral.Journal of Divorce&Remarriage,34(1-2),111-129.
Cosley,B.J.,Mccoy,S.K.,Saslow,L.R.,&Epel,E.S.(2010).Is compassion for others stress buffering?consequences of compassion and social support for physiological reactivity to stress.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,46(5),816-823.
Crocker,J.,&Canevello,A.(2008).Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships:The role of compassionate and selfimage goals.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,95(3),555-575.
Del,G.M.(2011).Sex differences in romantic attachment:A meta-analysis.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,37(2),193-214.
Doron,G.,Moulding,R.,Kyrios,M.,Nedeljkovic,M.,&Mikulincer,M.(2009).Adult attachment insecurities are related to obsessive compulsive phenomena.Journal of Social&Clinical Psychology,28(8),1022-1049.
Duncan,L.G.,Coatsworth,J.D.,&Greenberg,M.T.(2009).Amodel of mindful parenting:Implications for parent-child relationships and prevention research.Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review,12(3),255-270.
Edelstein,R.S.,Alexander,K.W.,Shaver,P.R.,Schaaf,J.M.,Quas,J.A.,Lovas,G.S.,&Goodman,G.S.(2004).Adult attachment style and parental responsiveness during a stressful event.Attachment&Human Development,6(1),31-52.
Feeney,J.A.(2006).Parental attachment and conflict behavior:Implications for offspring’s attachment,loneliness,and relationship satisfaction.Personal Relationships,13(1),19-36.
Feeney,B.C.,Collins,N.L.,Vleet,M.V.,&Tomlinson,J.M.(2013).Motivations for providing a secure base:Links with attachment orientation and secure base support behavior.Attachment&Human Development,15(3),261-280.
Feeney,B.C.,&Thrush,R.L.(2010).Relationship influences on exploration in adulthood:The characteristics and function of a secure base.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,98(1),57-76.
Feeney,J.A.(2010).Parental attachment and conflict behavior:Implications for offspring’s attachment,loneliness,and relationship satisfaction.Personal Relationships,13(1),19-36.
Fraley,R.C.,Heffernan,M.E.,Vicary,A.M.,&Brumbaugh,C.C.(2011).The experiences in close relationships-relationship structures questionnaire:A method for assessing attachment orientations across relationships.Psychological Assessment,23(3),615-625.
Gilbert,P.(2005).Compassion and cruelty:A biopsychosocial approach.In P.Gilbert(Ed.),Compassion:Conceptualisations,research and use in psychotherapy(pp.9-74).London:Routledge.
Gilbert,P.(2017).Compassion as a social mentality.In P.Gilbert(Ed.),Compassion Concepts,Research and Applications(pp.31-68).London UK:Routledge.
Goetz,J.L.,Keltner,D.,&Simonthomas,E.(2010).Compassion:an evolutionary analysis and empirical review.Psychological Bulletin,136(3),351-374.
Hazan,C.,&Shaver,P.R.(1987).Conceptualizing romantic love as an attachment process.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,29(3),270-280.
Jazaieri,H.,Jinpa,G.T.,Mcgonigal,K.,Rosenberg,E.L.,Finkelstein,J.,&Simonthomas,E.,et al.(2013).Enhancing compassion:A randomized controlled trial of a compassion cultivation training program.Journal of Happiness Studies,14(4),1113-1126.
Jones,J.D.,Cassidy,J.,&Shaver,P.R.(2015).Parents’self-reported attachment styles:A review of links with parenting behaviors,emotions,and cognitions.Personality&Social Psychology Review,19(1),1-33.
Kenny,D.A.,Kashy,D.A.,&Cook,W.L.(2006).Dyadic data analysis.New York:Guilford Press.
Kenny,D.A.,&Ledermann,T.(2010).Detecting,measuring,and testing dyadic patterns in the actor-partner interdependence model.Journal of Family Psychology,24(3),359-366.
Leerkes,E.M.,&Siepak,K.J.(2006).Attachment linked predictors of women’s emotional and cognitive responses to infant distress.Attachment&Human Development,8(1),11-32.
Mackinnon,D.P.,Krull,J.L.,&Lockwood,C.M.(2000).E-quivalence of the mediation,confounding and suppression effect.Prevention Science the Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research,1(4),173-181.
Mario,M.P.D.,Victor,F.P.D.,Philip,A.C.P.D.,&Carolyn,P.C.P.D.(2010).Attachment security in couple relationships:A systemic model and its implications for family dynamics.Family Process,41(3),405-434.
Masten,A.S.,&Garmezy,N.(1985).Risk,vulnerability,and protective factors in developmental psychopathology.In Advances in Clinical Child Psychology(pp.1-52).Springer,Boston,MA.
Mc Hale,J.P.(1995).Coparenting and triadic interactions during infancy:The roles of marital distress and child gender.Developmental Psychology,31(6),985-996.
Mikulincer,M.,&Florian,V.(1998).The relationship between adult attachment styles and emotional and cognitive reactions to stressful events.In J.A.Simpson&W.S.Rholes(Eds.),Attachment theory and close relationships(pp.143-165)New York NY,us:The Guilford Press.
Mikulincer,M.,Gillath,O.,Halevy,V.,Avihou,N.,Avidan,S.,&Eshkoli,N.(2001).Attachment theory and reactions to others’needs:Evidence that activiation of the sense of attachment security promotes empathic responses.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81(6),1205-1224.
Mikulincer,M.,&Shaver,P.R.(2003).The attachment behavioral system in adulthood:Activation,psychodynamics,and interpersonal processes.Advances in Experimental Social Psychology,35(3),53-152.
Mikulincer,M.,&Shaver,P.R.(2007).Attachment in adulthood:Structure,dynamics,and change.New York NY,US:The Guilford Press.
Mikulincer,M.,Shaver,P.R.,Gillath,O.,&Nitzberg,R.A.(2005).Attachment,caregiving,and altruism:Boosting attachment security increases compassion and helping.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,89(5),817-39.
Mills-Koonce,W.R.,Appleyard,K.,Barnett,M.,Deng,M.,Putallaz,M.,&Cox,M.(2011).Adult attachment style and stress as risk factors for early maternal sensitivity and negativity.Infant mental health journal,32(3),277-285.
Minuchin,P.(1988).Relationships within the family:A systems perspective on development.In Relationships within families:Mutual influences(pp.7-26).Oxford,England:Clarend onPress.
Missotten,L.C.,Luyckx,K.,Leeuwen,K.V.,Klimstra,T.,&Branje,S.(2016).Adolescents’conflict resolution styles toward mothers:The role of parenting and personality.Journal of Child&Family Studies,25(8),2480-2497.
Molero,F.,Shaver,P.R.,Fernández,I.,Alonso-Arbiol,I.,&Recio,P.(2016).Long-term partners’relationship satisfaction and their perceptions of each other’s attachment insecurities.Personal Relationships,23(1),159-171.
Moreira,H.,Carona,C.,Silva,N.,Nunes,J.,&Canavarro,M.C.(2015).Exploring the link between maternal attachment-related anxiety and avoidance and mindful parenting:The mediating role of selfcompassion.Psychology&Psychotherapy,89(4),369-384.
Nathanson,A.I.,&Manohar,U.(2012).Attachment,working models of parenting,and expectations for using television in childrearing.Family Relations,61(3),441-454.
Neff,K.D.(2003).Self-compassion:An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself.Self and Identity,2(2),85-101.
Nokali,N.E.E.,Bachman,H.J.,&Votrubadrzal,E.(2010).Parent involvement and children’s academic and social development in elementary school.Child Development,81(3),988-1005.
Pepping,C.A.,Davis,P.J.,O’Donovan,A.,&Pal,J.(2015).Individual differences in self-compassion:The role of attachment and experiences of parenting in childhood.Self&Identity,14(1),104-117.
Pianta,R.C.(1992).Child-Parent Relationship Scale.Virginia.University of Virginia,427.
Priel,B.,&Besser,A.(2000).Adult attachment styles,early relationships,antenatal attachment,and perceptions of infant temperament:A study of first-time mothers.Personal Relationships,7(3),291-310.
Pommier,E.A.(2010).The compassion scale.Dissertation Abstracts International Section A:Humanities and Social Sciences,72,1174.
Rothbaum,F.,Rosen,K.S.,Pott,M,&Beatty,M.(1995).Early parent-child relationships and later problem behavior:A longitudinal study.Merrill-Palmer Quarterly,41(2),133-151.
Scher,A.,&Dror,E.(2003).Attachment,caregiving,and sleep:The tie that keeps infants and mothers awake.Sleep and Hypnosis,5,27-37.
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