面孔吸引力在认知过程中的作用及其神经机制
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摘要
面孔吸引力是与进化有关的重要信息。面孔吸引力能被快速的感知,进而影响其它认知加工。近年来,学者在注意、时间知觉、学习、记忆和决策五个方面对面孔吸引力在认知过程中的作用及其神经机制做了大量研究。现有研究存在的争议主要集中于在相似的实验任务中面孔吸引力所诱发的行为反应或神经活动不同。而且以往研究在内容、技术手段和刺激材料等方面还存在可改进或扩展之处。未来研究应更多使用fMRI技术对面孔吸引力影响认知过程的脑机制进行深入探讨。
Facial attractiveness is of particular relevance to evolution. Facial attractiveness can be perceived rapidly and subsequently pose large impacts on other cognitive processes. Researchers have done a lot of behavioral and neural studies on the roles of facial attractiveness from the perspectives of attention, temporal perception, learning, memory, and decision-making over recent years. The discrepancies in past research mainly focused on the different behavioral and neural responses evoked by facial attractiveness in similar experimental tasks. There are also several extensible aspects in this line of research, such as the topics, technical methods and materials. Future f MRI studies are needed to further explore the neural mechanisms of how facial attractiveness influences cognition.
Facial attractiveness is of particular relevance to evolution. Facial attractiveness can be perceived rapidly and subsequently pose large impacts on other cognitive processes. Researchers have done a lot of behavioral and neural studies on the roles of facial attractiveness from the perspectives of attention, temporal perception, learning, memory, and decision-making over recent years. The discrepancies in past research mainly focused on the different behavioral and neural responses evoked by facial attractiveness in similar experimental tasks. There are also several extensible aspects in this line of research, such as the topics, technical methods and materials. Future f MRI studies are needed to further explore the neural mechanisms of how facial attractiveness influences cognition.
引文
丁晓君,周昌乐.(2006).审美的神经机制研究及其美学意义.心理科学,29(5),1247-1249.
黄子岚,张卫东.(2012).神经美学:探索审美与大脑的关系.心理科学进展,20(5),672-681.
寇慧,苏艳华,张妍,孔繁昌,胡媛艳,王洋,陈红.(2013).面孔吸引力的影响因素:观察者假设.心理科学进展,21(12),2144-2153.
李鸥,陈红.(2010).面孔吸引力的回顾与前瞻.心理科学进展,18(3),472-479.
马华维,俞琴燕,陈浩.(2007).面孔吸引力研究方法综述.心理科学,30(4),906-908.
王乃弋,罗跃嘉,董奇.(2010).审美的神经机制.心理科学进展,18(1),19-27.
温义媛,龚茜,孙君洁,李东斌.(2015).高校女教师面孔吸引力对大学生内隐模仿行为的影响.心理与行为研究,13(4),528-533.
吴宝沛,吴静,张雷,李璐.(2014).择偶与人类嗓音.心理科学进展,22(12),1953-1963.
徐华伟,牛盾,李倩.(2016).面孔吸引力和配偶价值:进化心理学视角.心理科学进展,24(7),1130-1138.
张小将,刘迎杰,刘昌.(2015).面孔审美加工的神经机制及个体差异.心理科学,38(3),574-579.
张妍,孔繁昌,陈红,向燕辉,高笑,陈敏燕.(2010).男性对女性面孔吸引力的认知偏好:来自ERP的证据.心理学报,42(11),1060-1072.
张妍,孔繁昌,郭英,任俊,陈红.(2012).内隐还是外显记忆:对女性面孔吸引力记忆偏好的ERP研究.北京大学学报(自然科学版),48(1),160-168.
郑怡,尚俊辰,李伯冉,梁耀文,何嘉梅,由一林,蒋重清.(2017).人类嗓音吸引力的影响因素.心理科学进展,25(2),237-246.
Arantes,J.,Berg,M.E.,&Wearden,J.H.(2013).Females’duration estimates of briefly-viewed male,but not female,photographs depend on attractiveness.Evolutionary Psychology,11(1),104-119.
Beck,S.M.,Locke,H.S.,Savine,A.C.,Jimura,K.,&Braver,T.S.(2010).Primary and secondary rewards differentially modulate neural activity dynamics during working memory.PLo S ONE,5,e9251.
Brigham,J.C.(1990).Target person distinctiveness and attractiveness as moderator variables in the confidenceaccuracy relationship in eyewitness identifications.Basic and Applied Social Psychology,11(1),101-115.
Chatterjee,A.(2004).Prospects for a cognitive neuroscience of visual aesthetics.Bulletin of Psychology and the Arts,4,55-59.
Chatterjee,A.,&Vartanian,O.(2016).Neuroscience of aesthetics.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1369,172-194.
Chen,J.,Zhong,J.,Zhang,Y.X.,Li,P.,Zhang,A.Q.,Tan,Q.B.,&Li,H.(2012).Electrophysiological correlates of processing facial attractiveness and its influence on cooperative behavior.Neuroscience Letters,517,65-70.
Chen,W.F.,Liu,C.H.,&Nakabayashi,K.(2012).Beauty hinders attention switch in change detection:The role of facial attractiveness and distinctiveness.PLo S ONE,7,e32897.
Cubukcu,F.(2013).The significance of teachers’academic emotions.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,70,649-653.
Fink,B.,Neave,N.,Manning,J.T.,&Grammer,K.(2006).Facial symmetry and judgements of attractiveness,health and personality.Personality and Individual Differences,41,491-499.
Hahn,A.C.,&Perrett,D.I.(2014).Neural and behavioral responses to attractiveness in adult and infant faces.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,46,591-603.
Hamermesh,D.S.,&Biddle,J.E.(1994).Beauty and the labor market.The American Economic Review,84,1174-1194.
Hung,S.-M.,Nieh,C.-H.,&Hsieh,P.-J.(2016).Unconscious processing of facial attractiveness:Invisible attractive faces orient visual attention.Scientific Reports,6,37117.
Jiang,Y.,Costello,P.,Fang,F.,Huang,M.,&He,S.(2006).A gender-and sexual orientation-dependent spatial attentional effect of invisible images.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,103(45),17048-17052.
Johnston,V.S.,&Oliver-Rodriguez,J.C.(1997).Facial beauty and the late positive component of event-related potentials.Journal of Sex Research,34,188-198.
Jones,B.C.,Little,A.C.,Feinberg,D.R.,Penton-Voak,I.S.,Tiddeman,B.P.,&Perrett,D.I.(2004).The relationship between shape symmetry and perceived skin condition in male facial attractiveness.Evolution and Human Behavior,25,24-30.
Kajimura,S.,Himichi,T.,&Nomura,M.(2014).Beautiful faces enhance verbal working memory performance:An NIRS study.Psychologia,57,49-57.
Langlois,J.H.,Kalakanis,L.,Rubenstein,A.J.,Larson,A.,Hallam,M.,&Smoot,M.(2000).Maxims or myths of beauty?A meta-analytic and theoretical review.Psychological Bulletin,126(3),390-423.
Leder,H.,Mitrovic,A.,&Goller,J.(2016).How beauty determines gaze!Facial attractiveness and gaze duration in images of real world scenes.i-Perception,7(4),1-12.
Leder,H.,Tinio,P.P.L.,Fuchs,I.M.,&Bohrn,I.(2010).When attractiveness demands longer looks:The effects of situation and gender.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,63(9),1858-1871.
Lindell,A.K.,&Lindell,K.L.(2014).Beauty captures the attention of the beholder.Journal of Cognitive Psychology,26(7),768-780.
Liu,C.H.,&Chen,W.F.(2012).Beauty is better pursued:Effects of attractiveness in multiple-face tracking.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,65(3),553-564.
Li,J.,Oksama,L.,&Hy?n?,J.(2016).How facial attractiveness affects sustained attention.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,57,383-392.
Li,J.,&Zhou,X.L.(2014).Sex,attractiveness,and third-party punishment in fairness consideration.PLo SONE,9,e94004.
Ma,Q.G.,Hu,Y.,Jiang,S.S.,&Meng,L.(2015).The undermining effect of facial attractiveness on brain responses to fairness in the ultimatum game:An ERP study.Frontiers in Neuroscience,9,77.
Ma,Q.G.,&Hu,Y.(2015).Beauty matters:social preferences in a three-person ultimatum game.PLo S ONE,10(5),e0125806.
Maner,J.K.,Kenrick,D.T.,Becker,D.V.,Delton,A.W.,Hofer,B.,Wilbur,C.J.,&Neuberg,S.L.(2003).Sexually selective cognition:Beauty captures the mind of the beholder.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85,1107-1120.
Maner,J.K.,Gailliot,M.T.,&De Wall,C.N.(2007).Adaptive attentional attunement:Evidence for matingrelated perceptual bias.Evolution and Human Behavior,28,28-36.
Maner,J.K.,Gailliot,M.T.,Rouby,D.A.,&Miller,S.L.(2007).Can't take my eyes off you:Attentional adhesion to mates and rivals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,93(3),389-401.
Marlowe,C.M.,Schneider,S.L.,&Nelson,C.E.(1996).Gender and attractiveness biases in hiring decisions:Are more experienced managers less biased?Journal of Applied Psychology,81(1),11-21.
Marzi,T.,&Viggiano,M.P.(2010).When memory meets beauty:Insights from event-related potentials.Biological Psychology,84(2),192-205.
Mitrovic,A.,Tinio,P.P.L.&Leder,H.(2016).Consequences of beauty:Effects of rater sex and sexual orientation on the visual exploration and evaluation of attractiveness in real world scenes.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,10,122.
Mulford,M.,Orbell,J.,Shatto,C.,&Stockard,J.(1998).Physical attractiveness,opportunity,and success in everyday exchange.American Journal of Sociology,103(6),1565-1562.
Nakamura,K.,&Kawabata,H.(2014).Attractive faces temporally modulate visual attention.Frontiers in Psychology,5,620.
Ogden,R.S.(2013).The effect of facial attractiveness on temporal perception.Cognition&Emotion,27(7),1292-1304.
Olson,I.R.,&Marshuetz,C.(2005).Facial attractiveness is appraised in a glance.Emotion,5,498-502.
Poutvaara,P.(2014).Facial appearance and leadership:An overview and challenges for new research.The Leadership Quarterly,25,801-804.
Quist,M.C.,De Bruine,L.M.,Little,A.C.,&Jones,B.C.(2012).Integrating social knowledge and physical cues when judging the attractiveness of potential mates.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48,770-773.
Rhodes,G.(2006).The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty.Annual Review of Psychology,57,199-226.
Schein,S.S.,&Langlois,J.H.(2015).Unattractive infant faces elicit negative affect from adults.Infant Behavior&Development,38,130-134.
Solnick,S.J.,&Schweitzer,M.E.(1999).The influence of physical attractiveness and gender on ultimatum game decisions.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,79,199-215.
Sui,J.,&Liu,C.H.(2009).Can beauty be ignored?Effects of facial attractiveness on covert attention.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,16,276-281.
Thornhill,R.,&Gangestad,S.W.(1999).Facial attractiveness.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,3,452-460.
Tomas,J.,&?pani?,A.M.(2016).Angry and beautiful:The interactive effect of facial expression and attractiveness on time perception.Psihologijske Teme,25(2),299-315.
Valuch,C.,Pflüger,L.S.,Wallner,B.,Laeng,B.,&Ansorge,U.(2015).Using eye tracking to test for individual differences in attention to attractive faces.Frontiers in Psychology,6,42.
van Hooff,J.C.,Crawford,H.,&van Vugt,M.(2011).The wandering mind of men:ERP evidence for gender differences in attention bias towards attractive opposite sex faces.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,6,477-485.
van Leeuwen,M.L.,Veling,H.,van Baaren,R.B.,&Dijksterhuis,A.(2009).The influence of facial attractiveness on imitation.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45,1295-1298.
Werheid,K.,Schacht,A.,&Sommer,W.(2007).Facial attractiveness modulates early and late event-related brain potentials.Biological Psychology,76(1-2),100-108.
Westfall,R.,Millar,M.,&Walsh,M.(2016).Effects of instructor attractiveness on learning.The Journal of General Psychology,143(3),161-171.
Wickham,L.H.V.,&Morris,P.E.(2003).Attractiveness,distinctiveness,and recognition of faces:Attractive faces can be typical or distinctive but are not better recognized.American Journal of Psychology,116,455-468.
Wiese,H.,Altmann,C.S.,&Schweinberger,S.R.(2014).Effects of attractiveness on face memory separated from distinctiveness:Evidence from event-related brain potentials.Neuropsychologia,56,26-36.
Wilson,R.K.,&Eckel,C.C.(2006).Judging a book by its cover:Beauty and expectations in the trust game.Political Research Quarterly,59,189-202.
Yang,C.,Ji,L.Y.,Chen,W.F.,&Fu,X.L.(2014).Positive affective learning improves memory.In Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics,Lecture notes in computer science(pp.293-300).Cham:Springer.
Yu,H.B.,Zhou,Z.H.,&Zhou,X.L.(2013).The amygdalostriatal and corticostriatal effective connectivity in anticipation and evaluation of facial attractiveness.Brain and Cognition,82,291-300.
Zaidel,D.W.,Aarde,S.M.,&Baig,K.(2005).Appearance of symmetry,beauty,and health in human faces.Brain and Cognition,57,261-263.
Zhang,Y.,Kong,F.C.,Chen,H.,Jackson,T.,Han,L.,Meng,J.,Yang,Z.,…ul Hasan,A.N.(2011).Identifying cognitive preferences for attractive female faces:An eventrelated potential experiment using a study-test paradigm.Journal of Neuroscience Research,89,1887-1893.
Zhang,Y.,Wei,B.,Zhao,P.Q.,Zheng,M.X.,&Zhang,L.L.(2016).Gender differences in memory processing of female facial attractiveness:Evidence from event-related potentials.Neurocase,22(3),317-323.
黄子岚,张卫东.(2012).神经美学:探索审美与大脑的关系.心理科学进展,20(5),672-681.
寇慧,苏艳华,张妍,孔繁昌,胡媛艳,王洋,陈红.(2013).面孔吸引力的影响因素:观察者假设.心理科学进展,21(12),2144-2153.
李鸥,陈红.(2010).面孔吸引力的回顾与前瞻.心理科学进展,18(3),472-479.
马华维,俞琴燕,陈浩.(2007).面孔吸引力研究方法综述.心理科学,30(4),906-908.
王乃弋,罗跃嘉,董奇.(2010).审美的神经机制.心理科学进展,18(1),19-27.
温义媛,龚茜,孙君洁,李东斌.(2015).高校女教师面孔吸引力对大学生内隐模仿行为的影响.心理与行为研究,13(4),528-533.
吴宝沛,吴静,张雷,李璐.(2014).择偶与人类嗓音.心理科学进展,22(12),1953-1963.
徐华伟,牛盾,李倩.(2016).面孔吸引力和配偶价值:进化心理学视角.心理科学进展,24(7),1130-1138.
张小将,刘迎杰,刘昌.(2015).面孔审美加工的神经机制及个体差异.心理科学,38(3),574-579.
张妍,孔繁昌,陈红,向燕辉,高笑,陈敏燕.(2010).男性对女性面孔吸引力的认知偏好:来自ERP的证据.心理学报,42(11),1060-1072.
张妍,孔繁昌,郭英,任俊,陈红.(2012).内隐还是外显记忆:对女性面孔吸引力记忆偏好的ERP研究.北京大学学报(自然科学版),48(1),160-168.
郑怡,尚俊辰,李伯冉,梁耀文,何嘉梅,由一林,蒋重清.(2017).人类嗓音吸引力的影响因素.心理科学进展,25(2),237-246.
Arantes,J.,Berg,M.E.,&Wearden,J.H.(2013).Females’duration estimates of briefly-viewed male,but not female,photographs depend on attractiveness.Evolutionary Psychology,11(1),104-119.
Beck,S.M.,Locke,H.S.,Savine,A.C.,Jimura,K.,&Braver,T.S.(2010).Primary and secondary rewards differentially modulate neural activity dynamics during working memory.PLo S ONE,5,e9251.
Brigham,J.C.(1990).Target person distinctiveness and attractiveness as moderator variables in the confidenceaccuracy relationship in eyewitness identifications.Basic and Applied Social Psychology,11(1),101-115.
Chatterjee,A.(2004).Prospects for a cognitive neuroscience of visual aesthetics.Bulletin of Psychology and the Arts,4,55-59.
Chatterjee,A.,&Vartanian,O.(2016).Neuroscience of aesthetics.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,1369,172-194.
Chen,J.,Zhong,J.,Zhang,Y.X.,Li,P.,Zhang,A.Q.,Tan,Q.B.,&Li,H.(2012).Electrophysiological correlates of processing facial attractiveness and its influence on cooperative behavior.Neuroscience Letters,517,65-70.
Chen,W.F.,Liu,C.H.,&Nakabayashi,K.(2012).Beauty hinders attention switch in change detection:The role of facial attractiveness and distinctiveness.PLo S ONE,7,e32897.
Cubukcu,F.(2013).The significance of teachers’academic emotions.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,70,649-653.
Fink,B.,Neave,N.,Manning,J.T.,&Grammer,K.(2006).Facial symmetry and judgements of attractiveness,health and personality.Personality and Individual Differences,41,491-499.
Hahn,A.C.,&Perrett,D.I.(2014).Neural and behavioral responses to attractiveness in adult and infant faces.Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews,46,591-603.
Hamermesh,D.S.,&Biddle,J.E.(1994).Beauty and the labor market.The American Economic Review,84,1174-1194.
Hung,S.-M.,Nieh,C.-H.,&Hsieh,P.-J.(2016).Unconscious processing of facial attractiveness:Invisible attractive faces orient visual attention.Scientific Reports,6,37117.
Jiang,Y.,Costello,P.,Fang,F.,Huang,M.,&He,S.(2006).A gender-and sexual orientation-dependent spatial attentional effect of invisible images.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,103(45),17048-17052.
Johnston,V.S.,&Oliver-Rodriguez,J.C.(1997).Facial beauty and the late positive component of event-related potentials.Journal of Sex Research,34,188-198.
Jones,B.C.,Little,A.C.,Feinberg,D.R.,Penton-Voak,I.S.,Tiddeman,B.P.,&Perrett,D.I.(2004).The relationship between shape symmetry and perceived skin condition in male facial attractiveness.Evolution and Human Behavior,25,24-30.
Kajimura,S.,Himichi,T.,&Nomura,M.(2014).Beautiful faces enhance verbal working memory performance:An NIRS study.Psychologia,57,49-57.
Langlois,J.H.,Kalakanis,L.,Rubenstein,A.J.,Larson,A.,Hallam,M.,&Smoot,M.(2000).Maxims or myths of beauty?A meta-analytic and theoretical review.Psychological Bulletin,126(3),390-423.
Leder,H.,Mitrovic,A.,&Goller,J.(2016).How beauty determines gaze!Facial attractiveness and gaze duration in images of real world scenes.i-Perception,7(4),1-12.
Leder,H.,Tinio,P.P.L.,Fuchs,I.M.,&Bohrn,I.(2010).When attractiveness demands longer looks:The effects of situation and gender.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,63(9),1858-1871.
Lindell,A.K.,&Lindell,K.L.(2014).Beauty captures the attention of the beholder.Journal of Cognitive Psychology,26(7),768-780.
Liu,C.H.,&Chen,W.F.(2012).Beauty is better pursued:Effects of attractiveness in multiple-face tracking.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,65(3),553-564.
Li,J.,Oksama,L.,&Hy?n?,J.(2016).How facial attractiveness affects sustained attention.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,57,383-392.
Li,J.,&Zhou,X.L.(2014).Sex,attractiveness,and third-party punishment in fairness consideration.PLo SONE,9,e94004.
Ma,Q.G.,Hu,Y.,Jiang,S.S.,&Meng,L.(2015).The undermining effect of facial attractiveness on brain responses to fairness in the ultimatum game:An ERP study.Frontiers in Neuroscience,9,77.
Ma,Q.G.,&Hu,Y.(2015).Beauty matters:social preferences in a three-person ultimatum game.PLo S ONE,10(5),e0125806.
Maner,J.K.,Kenrick,D.T.,Becker,D.V.,Delton,A.W.,Hofer,B.,Wilbur,C.J.,&Neuberg,S.L.(2003).Sexually selective cognition:Beauty captures the mind of the beholder.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85,1107-1120.
Maner,J.K.,Gailliot,M.T.,&De Wall,C.N.(2007).Adaptive attentional attunement:Evidence for matingrelated perceptual bias.Evolution and Human Behavior,28,28-36.
Maner,J.K.,Gailliot,M.T.,Rouby,D.A.,&Miller,S.L.(2007).Can't take my eyes off you:Attentional adhesion to mates and rivals.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,93(3),389-401.
Marlowe,C.M.,Schneider,S.L.,&Nelson,C.E.(1996).Gender and attractiveness biases in hiring decisions:Are more experienced managers less biased?Journal of Applied Psychology,81(1),11-21.
Marzi,T.,&Viggiano,M.P.(2010).When memory meets beauty:Insights from event-related potentials.Biological Psychology,84(2),192-205.
Mitrovic,A.,Tinio,P.P.L.&Leder,H.(2016).Consequences of beauty:Effects of rater sex and sexual orientation on the visual exploration and evaluation of attractiveness in real world scenes.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,10,122.
Mulford,M.,Orbell,J.,Shatto,C.,&Stockard,J.(1998).Physical attractiveness,opportunity,and success in everyday exchange.American Journal of Sociology,103(6),1565-1562.
Nakamura,K.,&Kawabata,H.(2014).Attractive faces temporally modulate visual attention.Frontiers in Psychology,5,620.
Ogden,R.S.(2013).The effect of facial attractiveness on temporal perception.Cognition&Emotion,27(7),1292-1304.
Olson,I.R.,&Marshuetz,C.(2005).Facial attractiveness is appraised in a glance.Emotion,5,498-502.
Poutvaara,P.(2014).Facial appearance and leadership:An overview and challenges for new research.The Leadership Quarterly,25,801-804.
Quist,M.C.,De Bruine,L.M.,Little,A.C.,&Jones,B.C.(2012).Integrating social knowledge and physical cues when judging the attractiveness of potential mates.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48,770-773.
Rhodes,G.(2006).The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty.Annual Review of Psychology,57,199-226.
Schein,S.S.,&Langlois,J.H.(2015).Unattractive infant faces elicit negative affect from adults.Infant Behavior&Development,38,130-134.
Solnick,S.J.,&Schweitzer,M.E.(1999).The influence of physical attractiveness and gender on ultimatum game decisions.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,79,199-215.
Sui,J.,&Liu,C.H.(2009).Can beauty be ignored?Effects of facial attractiveness on covert attention.Psychonomic Bulletin&Review,16,276-281.
Thornhill,R.,&Gangestad,S.W.(1999).Facial attractiveness.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,3,452-460.
Tomas,J.,&?pani?,A.M.(2016).Angry and beautiful:The interactive effect of facial expression and attractiveness on time perception.Psihologijske Teme,25(2),299-315.
Valuch,C.,Pflüger,L.S.,Wallner,B.,Laeng,B.,&Ansorge,U.(2015).Using eye tracking to test for individual differences in attention to attractive faces.Frontiers in Psychology,6,42.
van Hooff,J.C.,Crawford,H.,&van Vugt,M.(2011).The wandering mind of men:ERP evidence for gender differences in attention bias towards attractive opposite sex faces.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,6,477-485.
van Leeuwen,M.L.,Veling,H.,van Baaren,R.B.,&Dijksterhuis,A.(2009).The influence of facial attractiveness on imitation.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45,1295-1298.
Werheid,K.,Schacht,A.,&Sommer,W.(2007).Facial attractiveness modulates early and late event-related brain potentials.Biological Psychology,76(1-2),100-108.
Westfall,R.,Millar,M.,&Walsh,M.(2016).Effects of instructor attractiveness on learning.The Journal of General Psychology,143(3),161-171.
Wickham,L.H.V.,&Morris,P.E.(2003).Attractiveness,distinctiveness,and recognition of faces:Attractive faces can be typical or distinctive but are not better recognized.American Journal of Psychology,116,455-468.
Wiese,H.,Altmann,C.S.,&Schweinberger,S.R.(2014).Effects of attractiveness on face memory separated from distinctiveness:Evidence from event-related brain potentials.Neuropsychologia,56,26-36.
Wilson,R.K.,&Eckel,C.C.(2006).Judging a book by its cover:Beauty and expectations in the trust game.Political Research Quarterly,59,189-202.
Yang,C.,Ji,L.Y.,Chen,W.F.,&Fu,X.L.(2014).Positive affective learning improves memory.In Engineering psychology and cognitive ergonomics,Lecture notes in computer science(pp.293-300).Cham:Springer.
Yu,H.B.,Zhou,Z.H.,&Zhou,X.L.(2013).The amygdalostriatal and corticostriatal effective connectivity in anticipation and evaluation of facial attractiveness.Brain and Cognition,82,291-300.
Zaidel,D.W.,Aarde,S.M.,&Baig,K.(2005).Appearance of symmetry,beauty,and health in human faces.Brain and Cognition,57,261-263.
Zhang,Y.,Kong,F.C.,Chen,H.,Jackson,T.,Han,L.,Meng,J.,Yang,Z.,…ul Hasan,A.N.(2011).Identifying cognitive preferences for attractive female faces:An eventrelated potential experiment using a study-test paradigm.Journal of Neuroscience Research,89,1887-1893.
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