竞争任务下面孔吸引力对结果评价的影响
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摘要
选取在校男大学生24名,采用改编的竞争任务和ERP技术,操控不同吸引力的女性面孔图片,记录男性参与者在评价竞争任务结果时的脑电特征,考察作为竞争对手的女性的面孔吸引力是否影响男性对竞争任务结果的评价。结果显示,在与高面孔吸引力同伴竞争条件下,输钱和赢钱结果反馈引发的FRN以及P300波幅差异更大。这说明面孔吸引力影响竞争任务结果的评价。
Facial attractiveness refers to the index of the target characters' faces causing other people's pleasure, and plays an important role in people's social behavior. Previous studies used game, investment and other tasks to investigate the impact of facial attractiveness on fair distribution, trust, investment and so on. It remains unclear whether or not facial attractiveness affect the outcome evaluation in competitive tasks.24 male college students took part in the EPR experiment. The participants competed with a different attractive female confederate to complete a gambling game. Each of them chucked one dice sequentially and randomly. The dice points of the participants was greater than the opponent is the winner, they would win 50 Yuan in the trial; otherwise the trial is lost, they would lose 50 Yuan. The final reward would be portioned out equally between them. After they chucked the two dices, a feedback screen informed about whether they win or loss. Competitive outcome feedback was included in the final statistical analyses. For FRN analysis, we measured the average amplitude in the 270~320 ms time window for monetary feedback. P300 amplitude was quantified as the positive peak in the time window of 340~420 ms after feedback onset.The results of FRN showed that the competitive outcome difference of FRN amplitudes were greater in the condition of high facial attractiveness than low facial attractiveness. The main effect of competitive outcome was not significant, but further comparison found that FRN was greater after losses than gains; the results of P300 analysis showed that, the main effect of competition outcome was significant, indicating that P300 was greater after gains than losses. The interaction between facial attractiveness and competition outcome was significant. The simple effects test showed that the competitive outcome difference of P300 amplitudes were greater in the condition of high facial attractiveness than low facial attractiveness.These findings show that facial attractiveness has an impact on the outcome evaluation of FRN and P300 in the competitive task. Facial attractiveness affects early FRN, because when individuals compete with high facial attractiveness partners, individuals have high expectations for high facial attractiveness partners. When the expectation is not in conformity with the actual result, individuals will have a feeling of disappointment, frustration, and also have a greater inner conflict. In the later stage of outcome evaluation, the late P300 may be a product of multiple evaluations of feedback stimuli and is influenced by social attention resources. In this study, the subjects competed with high facial attractiveness partners, the participants were more motivated, input more attention resources. Therefore, the P300 amplitude was greater in the condition of high facial attractiveness than low facial attractiveness. This further confirms the existence of the "beauty reward" effect in the social environment.
Facial attractiveness refers to the index of the target characters' faces causing other people's pleasure, and plays an important role in people's social behavior. Previous studies used game, investment and other tasks to investigate the impact of facial attractiveness on fair distribution, trust, investment and so on. It remains unclear whether or not facial attractiveness affect the outcome evaluation in competitive tasks.24 male college students took part in the EPR experiment. The participants competed with a different attractive female confederate to complete a gambling game. Each of them chucked one dice sequentially and randomly. The dice points of the participants was greater than the opponent is the winner, they would win 50 Yuan in the trial; otherwise the trial is lost, they would lose 50 Yuan. The final reward would be portioned out equally between them. After they chucked the two dices, a feedback screen informed about whether they win or loss. Competitive outcome feedback was included in the final statistical analyses. For FRN analysis, we measured the average amplitude in the 270~320 ms time window for monetary feedback. P300 amplitude was quantified as the positive peak in the time window of 340~420 ms after feedback onset.The results of FRN showed that the competitive outcome difference of FRN amplitudes were greater in the condition of high facial attractiveness than low facial attractiveness. The main effect of competitive outcome was not significant, but further comparison found that FRN was greater after losses than gains; the results of P300 analysis showed that, the main effect of competition outcome was significant, indicating that P300 was greater after gains than losses. The interaction between facial attractiveness and competition outcome was significant. The simple effects test showed that the competitive outcome difference of P300 amplitudes were greater in the condition of high facial attractiveness than low facial attractiveness.These findings show that facial attractiveness has an impact on the outcome evaluation of FRN and P300 in the competitive task. Facial attractiveness affects early FRN, because when individuals compete with high facial attractiveness partners, individuals have high expectations for high facial attractiveness partners. When the expectation is not in conformity with the actual result, individuals will have a feeling of disappointment, frustration, and also have a greater inner conflict. In the later stage of outcome evaluation, the late P300 may be a product of multiple evaluations of feedback stimuli and is influenced by social attention resources. In this study, the subjects competed with high facial attractiveness partners, the participants were more motivated, input more attention resources. Therefore, the P300 amplitude was greater in the condition of high facial attractiveness than low facial attractiveness. This further confirms the existence of the "beauty reward" effect in the social environment.
引文
Chen,J.,Zhong,J.,Zhang,Y.,Li,P.,Zhang,A.,&Tan,Q.,et al.(2012).Electrophysiological correlates of processing facial attractiveness and its influence on cooperative behavior.Neuroscience Letters,517(2),65-70.
Clayson,P.E.,Clawson,A.,&Larson,M.J.(2011).Sex differences in electrophysiological indices of conflict monitoring.Biological Psychology,87(2),282-289.
Cloutier,J.,Heatherton,T.F.,Whalen,P.J.,&Kelley,W.M.(2008).Are attractive people rewarding?sex differences in the neural substrates of facial attractiveness.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20(6),941-51.
Dion,K.,Berscheid,E.,&Walster,E.(1972).What is beautiful is good.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,24(3),285-90.
Eckel,C.C.,&Petrie,R.(2011).Face value.American Economic Review,101(4),1497-1513.
Eisenthal,Y.,Dror,G.,Thornhill,E.R.,&Gangestad,S.W.(1999).Facial attractiveness.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,3(12),452-460.
Gray,H.M.,Ambady,N.,Lowenthal,W.T.,&Deldin,P.(2004).P300 as an index of attention to self-relevant stimuli.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,40(2),216-224.
Gehring,W.J.,&Willoughby,A.R.(2002).The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses.Science,295(5563),2279-82.
Gehring W J,Fencsik D E.(2001).Functions of the medial frontal cortex in the processing of conflict and errors.Journal of Neurosci,21,9430-9437
Hajcak,G.,Macnamara,A.,&Olvet,D.M.(2010).Event-related potentials,emotion,and emotion regulation:An integrative review.Developmental Neuropsychology,35(2),129.
Hajcak,G.,Holroyd,C.B.,Moser,J.S.,&Simons,R.F.(2005).Brain potentials associated with expected and unexpected good and bad outcomes.Psychophysiology,42(2),161-170.
Hajcak,G.,Moser,J.S.,Holroyd,C.B.,&Simons,R.F.(2007).It's worse than you thought:The feedback negativityand violations of reward prediction in gambling tasks.Psychophysiology,44(6),905-912.
Holroyd,C.B.,&Coles,M.G.(2002).The neural basis of human error processing:Reinforcement learning,dopamine,and the error-related negativity.Psychological Review,109(4),679-709.
Holroyd,C.B.,&Krigolson,O.E.(2007).Reward prediction error signals associated with a modified time estimation task.Psychophysiology,44(6),913-917.
Hooff,J.C.V.,Crawford,H.,&Vugt,A.M.V.(2011).The wandering mind of men:erp evidence for gender differences in attention bias towards attractive opposite sex faces.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,6(4),477.
Itagaki,S.,&Katayama,J.(2008).Self-relevant criteria determine the evaluation of outcomes induced by others.Neuroreport,19(3),383-7.
Jia,S.,Li,H.,Luo,Y.,Chen,A.,Wang,B.,&Zhou,X.(2007).Detecting perceptual conflict by the feedback-related negativity in brain potentials.Neuroreport,18(13),1385.
Johnston,V.S.,&Oliver-Rodriguez,J.C.(1997).Facial beauty and the late positive component of event-related potentials.The Journal of Sex Research,34(2),188-198.
Leng,Y.,&Zhou,X.(2010).Modulation of the brain activity in outcome evaluation by interpersonal relationship:An ERP study.Neuropsychologia,48(48),448-55.
Li,N.P.,Bailey,J.M.,Kenrick,D.T.,&Linsenmeier,J.A.(2002).The necessities and luxuries of mate preferences:Testing the tradeoffs.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,82(6),947-55.
Li,P.,Jia,S.,Feng,T.,Liu,Q.,Suo,T.,&Li,H.(2010).The influence of the diffusion of responsibility effect on outcome evaluations:Electrophysiological evidence from an erp study.Neuro Image,52(4),1727-33.
Long,Y.,Jiang,X.,&Zhou,X.(2012).To believe or not to believe:Trust choice modulates brain responses in outcome evaluation.Neuroscience,200(1),50-58.
Ma,Q.,&Hu,Y.(2014).Beauty matters:social preferences in a three-person ultimatum game.PLo S ONE,10(5).
Ma,Q.,Hu,Y.,Jiang,S.,&Meng,L.(2015).The undermining effect of facial attractiveness on brain responses to fairness in the ultimatum game:An erp study.Frontiers in Neurosc Ience,9,77.
Ma,Q.,Shen,Q.,Xu,Q.,Li,D.,Shu,L.,&Weber,B.(2011).Empathic responses to others'gains and losses:an electrophysiological investigation.Neuro Image,54(3),2472-80.
Masaki,H.,Takeuchi,S.,Gehring,W.J.,Takasawa,N.,&Yamazaki,K.(2006).Affective-motivational influences on feedback-related erps in a gambling task.Brain Research,1105(1),110-21.
Mennes,M.,Wouters,H.,Bergh,B.V.D.,Lagae,L.,&Stiers,P.(2008).ERPcorrelates of complex human decision making in a gambling paradigm:Detection and resolution of conflict.Psychophysiology,45(5),714-720.
Nieuwenhuis,S.,Aston-Jones,G.,&Cohen,J.D.(2005).Decision making,the p3,and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system.Psychological Bulletin,131(4),510-32.
Olofsson,J.K.,Nordin,S.,Sequeira,H.,&Polich,J.(2008).Affective picture processing:An integrative review of erp findings.Biological Psychology,77(3),247-265.
Scholz,J.K.,&Sicinski,K.(2015).Facial attractiveness and lifetime earnings:Evidence from a cohort study.The Review of Economics and Statistics,97(1),14-28.
Tian,T.,Feng,X.,Gu,R.,Broster,L.S.,Feng,C.,&Wang,L.,et al.(2015).Modulation of the brain activity in outcome evaluation by the presence of an audience:An electrophysiological investigation.Brain Research,1615,139-147.
Tsukiura,T.,&Cabeza,R.(2011).Remembering beauty:Roles of orbitofrontal and hippocampal regions in successful memory encoding of attractive faces.Neuro Image,54(1),653-660.
Walsh,B.J.,Buonocore,M.H.,Carter,C.S.,&Mangun,G.R.(2011).Integrating conflict detection and attentional control mechanisms.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,23(9),2211-2221.
Werheid,K.,Schacht,A.,&Sommer,W.(2007).Facial attractiveness modulates early and late event-related brain potentials.Biological Psychology,76(2),100-108
Yeung,N.,&Sanfey,A.G.(2004).Independent coding of reward magnitude and valence in the human brain.Journal of Neuroscience:The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience,24(28),6258-64.
Clayson,P.E.,Clawson,A.,&Larson,M.J.(2011).Sex differences in electrophysiological indices of conflict monitoring.Biological Psychology,87(2),282-289.
Cloutier,J.,Heatherton,T.F.,Whalen,P.J.,&Kelley,W.M.(2008).Are attractive people rewarding?sex differences in the neural substrates of facial attractiveness.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20(6),941-51.
Dion,K.,Berscheid,E.,&Walster,E.(1972).What is beautiful is good.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,24(3),285-90.
Eckel,C.C.,&Petrie,R.(2011).Face value.American Economic Review,101(4),1497-1513.
Eisenthal,Y.,Dror,G.,Thornhill,E.R.,&Gangestad,S.W.(1999).Facial attractiveness.Trends in Cognitive Sciences,3(12),452-460.
Gray,H.M.,Ambady,N.,Lowenthal,W.T.,&Deldin,P.(2004).P300 as an index of attention to self-relevant stimuli.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,40(2),216-224.
Gehring,W.J.,&Willoughby,A.R.(2002).The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses.Science,295(5563),2279-82.
Gehring W J,Fencsik D E.(2001).Functions of the medial frontal cortex in the processing of conflict and errors.Journal of Neurosci,21,9430-9437
Hajcak,G.,Macnamara,A.,&Olvet,D.M.(2010).Event-related potentials,emotion,and emotion regulation:An integrative review.Developmental Neuropsychology,35(2),129.
Hajcak,G.,Holroyd,C.B.,Moser,J.S.,&Simons,R.F.(2005).Brain potentials associated with expected and unexpected good and bad outcomes.Psychophysiology,42(2),161-170.
Hajcak,G.,Moser,J.S.,Holroyd,C.B.,&Simons,R.F.(2007).It's worse than you thought:The feedback negativityand violations of reward prediction in gambling tasks.Psychophysiology,44(6),905-912.
Holroyd,C.B.,&Coles,M.G.(2002).The neural basis of human error processing:Reinforcement learning,dopamine,and the error-related negativity.Psychological Review,109(4),679-709.
Holroyd,C.B.,&Krigolson,O.E.(2007).Reward prediction error signals associated with a modified time estimation task.Psychophysiology,44(6),913-917.
Hooff,J.C.V.,Crawford,H.,&Vugt,A.M.V.(2011).The wandering mind of men:erp evidence for gender differences in attention bias towards attractive opposite sex faces.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,6(4),477.
Itagaki,S.,&Katayama,J.(2008).Self-relevant criteria determine the evaluation of outcomes induced by others.Neuroreport,19(3),383-7.
Jia,S.,Li,H.,Luo,Y.,Chen,A.,Wang,B.,&Zhou,X.(2007).Detecting perceptual conflict by the feedback-related negativity in brain potentials.Neuroreport,18(13),1385.
Johnston,V.S.,&Oliver-Rodriguez,J.C.(1997).Facial beauty and the late positive component of event-related potentials.The Journal of Sex Research,34(2),188-198.
Leng,Y.,&Zhou,X.(2010).Modulation of the brain activity in outcome evaluation by interpersonal relationship:An ERP study.Neuropsychologia,48(48),448-55.
Li,N.P.,Bailey,J.M.,Kenrick,D.T.,&Linsenmeier,J.A.(2002).The necessities and luxuries of mate preferences:Testing the tradeoffs.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,82(6),947-55.
Li,P.,Jia,S.,Feng,T.,Liu,Q.,Suo,T.,&Li,H.(2010).The influence of the diffusion of responsibility effect on outcome evaluations:Electrophysiological evidence from an erp study.Neuro Image,52(4),1727-33.
Long,Y.,Jiang,X.,&Zhou,X.(2012).To believe or not to believe:Trust choice modulates brain responses in outcome evaluation.Neuroscience,200(1),50-58.
Ma,Q.,&Hu,Y.(2014).Beauty matters:social preferences in a three-person ultimatum game.PLo S ONE,10(5).
Ma,Q.,Hu,Y.,Jiang,S.,&Meng,L.(2015).The undermining effect of facial attractiveness on brain responses to fairness in the ultimatum game:An erp study.Frontiers in Neurosc Ience,9,77.
Ma,Q.,Shen,Q.,Xu,Q.,Li,D.,Shu,L.,&Weber,B.(2011).Empathic responses to others'gains and losses:an electrophysiological investigation.Neuro Image,54(3),2472-80.
Masaki,H.,Takeuchi,S.,Gehring,W.J.,Takasawa,N.,&Yamazaki,K.(2006).Affective-motivational influences on feedback-related erps in a gambling task.Brain Research,1105(1),110-21.
Mennes,M.,Wouters,H.,Bergh,B.V.D.,Lagae,L.,&Stiers,P.(2008).ERPcorrelates of complex human decision making in a gambling paradigm:Detection and resolution of conflict.Psychophysiology,45(5),714-720.
Nieuwenhuis,S.,Aston-Jones,G.,&Cohen,J.D.(2005).Decision making,the p3,and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system.Psychological Bulletin,131(4),510-32.
Olofsson,J.K.,Nordin,S.,Sequeira,H.,&Polich,J.(2008).Affective picture processing:An integrative review of erp findings.Biological Psychology,77(3),247-265.
Scholz,J.K.,&Sicinski,K.(2015).Facial attractiveness and lifetime earnings:Evidence from a cohort study.The Review of Economics and Statistics,97(1),14-28.
Tian,T.,Feng,X.,Gu,R.,Broster,L.S.,Feng,C.,&Wang,L.,et al.(2015).Modulation of the brain activity in outcome evaluation by the presence of an audience:An electrophysiological investigation.Brain Research,1615,139-147.
Tsukiura,T.,&Cabeza,R.(2011).Remembering beauty:Roles of orbitofrontal and hippocampal regions in successful memory encoding of attractive faces.Neuro Image,54(1),653-660.
Walsh,B.J.,Buonocore,M.H.,Carter,C.S.,&Mangun,G.R.(2011).Integrating conflict detection and attentional control mechanisms.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,23(9),2211-2221.
Werheid,K.,Schacht,A.,&Sommer,W.(2007).Facial attractiveness modulates early and late event-related brain potentials.Biological Psychology,76(2),100-108
Yeung,N.,&Sanfey,A.G.(2004).Independent coding of reward magnitude and valence in the human brain.Journal of Neuroscience:The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience,24(28),6258-64.