情绪面孔注意偏向的加工机制:愤怒和快乐优势效应
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摘要
由于情绪信息在个体社交生活中的重要地位,情绪面孔的注意偏向问题已成为当今注意研究领域中的一个热点问题。然而,目前对于情绪面孔注意偏向加工机制的问题还存在很大争论。即使采用相似的实验程序和刺激材料,不同研究者获得的研究结果仍不一致或存在冲突。部分结果表明,愤怒面孔会自动吸引注意,表现愤怒优势效应;相反,越来越多的证据支持存在注意偏向的是快乐面孔而非愤怒面孔,即存在快乐优势效应。本文对支持不同优势效应的行为和认知神经科学证据进行整合,指出刺激材料选择、实验程序设定以及加工进程这三个方面的差异可能是造成这两种优势冲突的主要原因。根据既往研究的对比分析,未来还需要进一步对实验材料和程序进行控制,并结合认知神经科学技术手段对愤怒和快乐优势效应的加工机制进一步深入研究,以解决其背后的争论。
Emotional information is critical for our social life, in which attentional bias is now a focus in the study on attention. However,the attentional bias processing mechanism of emotional faces still arouses huge controversy. Using similar experimental paradigms and stimuli, the published studies have yielded contradictory results. Some studies suggest that angry faces could automatically stimulate attention, that is, there is an anger superiority effect. On the contrary, lines of growing evidence support the existence of a happiness superiority effect, suggesting that the superiority effect is shown in happy faces rather than angry faces. In the present paper, the behavioral and neuroscience studies of anger and happiness superiority effects are combined. It is found that there are three major reasons for the debate over the two types of effects, which include the choice of stimulus materials, the difference of paradigm setting,and the different stages of emotional processing. By comparatively integrating the previous published results, we highlight that the future studies should further control the experimental materials and procedures, and investigate the processing mechanism of anger and happiness superiority effects by combining cognitive neurobiology means to resolve the disputes.
Emotional information is critical for our social life, in which attentional bias is now a focus in the study on attention. However,the attentional bias processing mechanism of emotional faces still arouses huge controversy. Using similar experimental paradigms and stimuli, the published studies have yielded contradictory results. Some studies suggest that angry faces could automatically stimulate attention, that is, there is an anger superiority effect. On the contrary, lines of growing evidence support the existence of a happiness superiority effect, suggesting that the superiority effect is shown in happy faces rather than angry faces. In the present paper, the behavioral and neuroscience studies of anger and happiness superiority effects are combined. It is found that there are three major reasons for the debate over the two types of effects, which include the choice of stimulus materials, the difference of paradigm setting,and the different stages of emotional processing. By comparatively integrating the previous published results, we highlight that the future studies should further control the experimental materials and procedures, and investigate the processing mechanism of anger and happiness superiority effects by combining cognitive neurobiology means to resolve the disputes.
引文
1 Ro T,Russell C,Lavie N.Changing faces:A detection advantage in the flicker paradigm.Psychol Sci 2001;12(1):94-99.
2 Horstmann G,Bauland A.Search asymmetries with real faces:testing the anger-superiority effect.Emotion 2006;6(2):193-207.
3 Fox E,Lester V,Russo R,Bowles RJ,Pichler A,Dutton K.Facial expressions of emotion:Are angry faces detected more efficiently?Cogn Emot 2000;14(1):61-92.
4 Hansen CH,Hansen RD.Finding the face in the crowd:An anger superiority effect.J Pers Soc Psychol 1988;54(6):917-924.
5 Pinkham AE,Griffin M,Baron R,Sasson NJ,Gur RC.The face in the crowd effect:Anger superiority when using real faces and multiple identities.Emotion 2010;10(1):141-146.
6 Becker DV,Neel R,Srinivasan N,Neufeld S,Kumar D,Fouse S.The vividness of happiness in dynamic facial displays of emotion.PLoS One 2012;7(1):e26551.
7 Becker DV,Anderson US,Mortensen CR,Neufeld SL,Neel R.The face in the crowd effect unconfounded:happy faces,not angry faces,are more efficiently detected in single-and multiple-target visual search tasks.J Exp Psychol Gen 2011;140(4):637-659.
8 Calvo MG,Nummenmaa L.Detection of emotional faces:salient physical features guide effective visual search.J Exp Psychol Gen 2008;137(3):471-494.
9 Juth P,Lundqvist D,Karlsson A,Ohman A.Looking for foes and friends:Perceptual and emotional factors when finding a face in the crowd.Emotion 2005;5(4):379-395.
10 Purcell DG,Stewart AL,Skov RB.It takes a confounded face to pop out of a crowd.Perception 1996;25(9):1091-1108.
11 Ohman A,Lundqvist D,Esteves F.The face in the crowd revisited:a threat advantage with schematic stimuli.J Pers Soc Psychol 2001;80(3):381-396.
12 Frischen A,Eastwood JD,Smilek D.Visual search for faces with emotional expressions.Psychol Bull 2008;134(5):662-676.
13 Horstmann G.Visual search for schematic affective faces:Stability and variability of search slopes with different instances.Cogn Emot 2009;23(2):355-379.
14 Reynolds MG,Eastwood JD,Partanen M,Frischen A,Smilek D.Monitoring eye movements while searching for affective faces.Vis Cogn 2009;17(3):318-333.
15 Feldmann-Wustefeld T,Schmidt-Daffy M,Schubo A.Neural evidence for the threat detection advantage:Differential attention allocation to angry and happy faces.Psychophysiology 2011;48(5):697-707.
16 Byrne A,Eysenck MW.Trait anxiety,anxious mood,and threat detection.Cogn Emot 1995;9(6):549-562.
17 Ekman P.Pictures of Facial Affect.Consulting Psychologists Press,1976.
18 Calvo MG,Nummenmaa L,Avero P.Visual search of emotional faces.Eye-movement assessment of component processes.Exp Psychol 2008;55(6):359-370.
19 Brosch T,Sander D,Pourtois G,Scherer KR.Beyond fearRapid spatial orienting toward positive emotional stimuli.Psychol Sci 2008;19(4):362-370.
20 Craig BM,Becker SI,Lipp OV.Different faces in the crowd:a happiness superiority effect for schematic faces in heterogeneous backgrounds.Emotion 2014;14(4):794-803.
21 Maratos FA,Mogg K,Bradley BP.Identification of angry faces in the attentional blink.Cogn Emot 2008;22(7):1340-1352.
22 Miyazawa S,Iwasaki S.Do happy faces capture attention?The happiness superiority effect in attentional blink.Emotion 2010;10(5):712-716.
23 Lyyra P,Hietanen JK,Astikainen P.Anger superiority effect for change detection and change blindness.Conscious Cogn2014;30:1-12.
24?vegar D,Kardum I,Poli?M.Happy face superiority effect in change detection paradigm.Psychol Topics 2013;22(2):249-269.
25 Xu Z(徐展),Li C.Emotional and perceptual explanations for search asymmetries of emotional faces.Adv Psychol Sci(心理科学进展)2014;22(2):259-268(in Chinese with English abstract).
26 Becker SI,Horstmann G,Remington RW.Perceptual grouping,not emotion,accounts for search asymmetries with schematic faces.J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2011;37(6):1739-1757.
27 Mak-Fan KM,Thompson WF,Green RE.Visual search for schematic emotional faces risks perceptual confound.Cogn Emot 2011;25(4):573-584.
28 Savage RA,Becker SI,Lipp OV.Visual search for emotional expressions:Effect of stimulus set on anger and happiness superiority.Cogn Emot 2016;30(4):713-730.
29 Savage RA,Lipp OV,Craig BM,Becker SI,Horstmann G.In search of the emotional face:anger versus happiness superiority in visual search.Emotion 2013;13(4):758-768.
30 Liu TT,Mu SK,He HM,Zhang LC,Fan C,Ren J,Zhang MM,He WQ,Luo WB.The N170 component is sensitive to face-like stimuli:a study of Chinese Peking opera makeup.Cogn Neurodyn 2016;10(6):535-541.
31 Luo S,Luo W,He W,Chen X,Luo Y.P1 and N170 components distinguish human-like and animal-like makeup stimuli.Neuroreport 2013;24(9):482-486.
32 Horstmann G,Lipp OV,Becker SI.Of toothy grins and angry snarls--open mouth displays contribute to efficiency gains in search for emotional faces.J Vis 2012;12(5):7.
33 Li S(李帅霞),Li P,Wang W,He W,Luo W.The neural mechanisms of the processing of facial expressions based on cues from eye region.Adv Psychol Sci(心理科学进展)2017;25(2):221-229(in Chinese with English abstract).
34 Fox E,Damjanovic L.The eyes are sufficient to produce a threat superiority effect.Emotion 2006;6(3):534-539.
35 Xia T(夏涛),Zhuang L,Xu X,Qi Z,Luo W.How do different emotional states represent in human brain?-Evidence from multi-variate pattern analysis based on functional MRI.Chin Sci Bull(科学通报)2017;63(3):241-247(in Chinese with English abstract).
36 Lundqvist D,Juth P,Ohman A.Using facial emotional stimuli in visual search experiments:The arousal factor explains contradictory results.Cogn Emot 2014;28(6):1012-1029.
37 Zhang MM(张明明),Liu T,Ren J,Yu Y,He H,He W,Luo W.Tears of joy-the dimorphous expressions of positive emotion.J Psychol Sci(心理科学)2017;40(3):565-571(in Chinese with English abstract).
38 Becker DV.Facial gender interferes with decisions about facial expressions of anger and happiness.J Exp Psychol Gen 2017;146(4):457-463.
39 Becker DV,Kenrick DT,Neuberg SL,Blackwell KC,Smith DM.The confounded nature of angry men and happy women.J Pers Soc Psychol 2007;92(2):179-190.
40 Yao S,Ding C,Qi S,Yang D.The“anger superiority effect”in the discrimination task is independent of temporal task demands.Neurosci Lett 2013;548:275-279.
41 Mather M,Carstensen LL.Aging and motivated cognition:the positivity effect in attention and memory.Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9(10):496-502.
42 Hahn S,Carlson C,Singer S,Gronlund SD.Aging and visual search:automatic and controlled attentional bias to threat faces.Acta Psychol(Amst)2006;123(3):312-336.
43 Lonsdorf TB,Juth P,Rohde C,Schalling M,Ohman A.Attention biases and habituation of attention biases are associated with 5-HTTLPR and COMTval158met.Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2014;14(1):354-363.
44 Ceccarini F,Caudek C.Anger superiority effect:The importance of dynamic emotional facial expressions.Vis cogn2013;21(4):498-540.
45 Shasteen JR,Sasson NJ,Pinkham AE.Eye tracking the face in the crowd task:Why are angry faces found more quickly?PLoS One 2014;9(4):e93914.
46 LoBue V.More than just another face in the crowd:superior detection of threatening facial expressions in children and adults.Dev Sci 2009;12(2):305-313.
47 Cooper RM,Langton SR.Attentional bias to angry faces using the dot-probe task?It depends when you look for it.Behav Res Ther 2006;44(9):1321-1329.
48 Zhang Y(张禹),Luo Y,Zhao S,Chen W,Li H.Attentional bias towards threat:Facilitated attentional orienting or impaired attentional disengagement?Adv Psychol Sci(心理科学进展)2014;22(7):1129-1138(in Chinese with English abstract).
49 Fox E,Russo R,Bowles R,Dutton K.Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety?J Exp Psychol Gen 2001;130(4):681-700.
50 Fox E,Russo R,Dutton K.Attentional bias for threat:Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces.Cogn Emot 2002;16(3):355-379.
51 Li P,Wang W,Fan C,Zhu C,Li S,Zhang Z,Qi Z,Luo W.Distraction and expressive suppression strategies in regulation of high-and low-intensity negative emotions.Sci Rep2017;7(1):13062.
52 Williams MA,Moss SA,Bradshaw JL,Mattingley JB.Look at me,I’m smiling:Visual search for threatening and nonthreatening facial expressions.Vis Cogn 2005;12(1):29-50.
53 Eimer M,Holmes A.Event-related brain potential correlates of emotional face processing.Neuropsychologia 2007;45(1):15-31.
54 Kesler ML,Andersen AH,Smith CD,Avison MJ,Davis CE,Kryscio RJ,Blonder LX.Neural substrates of facial emotion processing using fMRI.Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2001;11(2):213-226.
55 Ding R,Li P,Wang W,Luo W.Emotion processing by ERPcombined with development and plasticity.Neural Plast2017;2017:5282670.
56 Luo W,Feng W,He W,Wang N,Luo Y.Three stages of facial expression processing:ERP study with rapid serial visual presentation.Neuroimage 2010;49(2):1857-1867.
57 Zhang D,Luo W,Luo Y.Single-trial ERP evidence for the three-stage scheme of facial expression processing.Sci China Life Sci 2013;56(9):835-847.
58 Zhang D,Luo W,Luo Y.Single-trial ERP analysis reveals facial expression category in a three-stage scheme.Brain Res 2013;1512:78-88.
59 Zhang D,He W,Wang T,Luo W,Zhu X,Gu R,Li H,Luo YJ.Three stages of emotional word processing:an ERPstudy with rapid serial visual presentation.Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014;9(12):1897-1903.
60 Zhu CL,He WQ,Qi ZY,Wang LL,Song DQ,Zhan L,Yi SN,Luo YJ,Luo WB.The time course of emotional picture processing:an event-related potential study using a rapid serial visual presentation paradigm.Front Psychol 2015;6:954.
61 Cisler JM,Koster EH.Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders:An integrative review.Clin Psychol Rev 2010;30(2):203-216.
62 Calvo MG,Beltran D.Recognition advantage of happy faces:tracing the neurocognitive processes.Neuropsychologia2013;51(11):2051-2061.
63 Nummenmaa L,Calvo MG.Dissociation between recognition and detection advantage for facial expressions:A metaanalysis.Emotion 2015;15(2):243-256.
64 Fredrickson BL.The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2004;359(1449):1367-1378.
65 Adolphs R.Neural systems for recognizing emotion.Curr Opin Neurobiol 2002;12(2):169-177.
66 Bentin S,Allison T,Puce A,Perez E,McCarthy G.Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans.J Cogn Neurosci 1996;8(6):551-565.
67 Liu J,Harris A,Kanwisher N.Stages of processing in face perception:an MEG study.Nat Neurosci 2002;5(9):910-916.
68 Vuilleumier P.How brains beware:Neural mechanisms of emotional attention.Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9(12):585-594.
69 Krumhuber EG,Kappas A,Manstead ASR.Effects of dynamic aspects of facial expressions:A review.Emot Rev2013;5(1):41-46.
70 Gilbert T,Martin R,Coulson M.Attentional biases using the body in the crowd task:Are angry body postures detected more rapidly?Cogn Emot 2011;25(4):700-708.
71 Schirmer A,Adolphs R.Emotion perception from face,voice,and touch:Comparisons and convergence.Trends Cogn Sci 2017;21(3):216-228.
2 Horstmann G,Bauland A.Search asymmetries with real faces:testing the anger-superiority effect.Emotion 2006;6(2):193-207.
3 Fox E,Lester V,Russo R,Bowles RJ,Pichler A,Dutton K.Facial expressions of emotion:Are angry faces detected more efficiently?Cogn Emot 2000;14(1):61-92.
4 Hansen CH,Hansen RD.Finding the face in the crowd:An anger superiority effect.J Pers Soc Psychol 1988;54(6):917-924.
5 Pinkham AE,Griffin M,Baron R,Sasson NJ,Gur RC.The face in the crowd effect:Anger superiority when using real faces and multiple identities.Emotion 2010;10(1):141-146.
6 Becker DV,Neel R,Srinivasan N,Neufeld S,Kumar D,Fouse S.The vividness of happiness in dynamic facial displays of emotion.PLoS One 2012;7(1):e26551.
7 Becker DV,Anderson US,Mortensen CR,Neufeld SL,Neel R.The face in the crowd effect unconfounded:happy faces,not angry faces,are more efficiently detected in single-and multiple-target visual search tasks.J Exp Psychol Gen 2011;140(4):637-659.
8 Calvo MG,Nummenmaa L.Detection of emotional faces:salient physical features guide effective visual search.J Exp Psychol Gen 2008;137(3):471-494.
9 Juth P,Lundqvist D,Karlsson A,Ohman A.Looking for foes and friends:Perceptual and emotional factors when finding a face in the crowd.Emotion 2005;5(4):379-395.
10 Purcell DG,Stewart AL,Skov RB.It takes a confounded face to pop out of a crowd.Perception 1996;25(9):1091-1108.
11 Ohman A,Lundqvist D,Esteves F.The face in the crowd revisited:a threat advantage with schematic stimuli.J Pers Soc Psychol 2001;80(3):381-396.
12 Frischen A,Eastwood JD,Smilek D.Visual search for faces with emotional expressions.Psychol Bull 2008;134(5):662-676.
13 Horstmann G.Visual search for schematic affective faces:Stability and variability of search slopes with different instances.Cogn Emot 2009;23(2):355-379.
14 Reynolds MG,Eastwood JD,Partanen M,Frischen A,Smilek D.Monitoring eye movements while searching for affective faces.Vis Cogn 2009;17(3):318-333.
15 Feldmann-Wustefeld T,Schmidt-Daffy M,Schubo A.Neural evidence for the threat detection advantage:Differential attention allocation to angry and happy faces.Psychophysiology 2011;48(5):697-707.
16 Byrne A,Eysenck MW.Trait anxiety,anxious mood,and threat detection.Cogn Emot 1995;9(6):549-562.
17 Ekman P.Pictures of Facial Affect.Consulting Psychologists Press,1976.
18 Calvo MG,Nummenmaa L,Avero P.Visual search of emotional faces.Eye-movement assessment of component processes.Exp Psychol 2008;55(6):359-370.
19 Brosch T,Sander D,Pourtois G,Scherer KR.Beyond fearRapid spatial orienting toward positive emotional stimuli.Psychol Sci 2008;19(4):362-370.
20 Craig BM,Becker SI,Lipp OV.Different faces in the crowd:a happiness superiority effect for schematic faces in heterogeneous backgrounds.Emotion 2014;14(4):794-803.
21 Maratos FA,Mogg K,Bradley BP.Identification of angry faces in the attentional blink.Cogn Emot 2008;22(7):1340-1352.
22 Miyazawa S,Iwasaki S.Do happy faces capture attention?The happiness superiority effect in attentional blink.Emotion 2010;10(5):712-716.
23 Lyyra P,Hietanen JK,Astikainen P.Anger superiority effect for change detection and change blindness.Conscious Cogn2014;30:1-12.
24?vegar D,Kardum I,Poli?M.Happy face superiority effect in change detection paradigm.Psychol Topics 2013;22(2):249-269.
25 Xu Z(徐展),Li C.Emotional and perceptual explanations for search asymmetries of emotional faces.Adv Psychol Sci(心理科学进展)2014;22(2):259-268(in Chinese with English abstract).
26 Becker SI,Horstmann G,Remington RW.Perceptual grouping,not emotion,accounts for search asymmetries with schematic faces.J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2011;37(6):1739-1757.
27 Mak-Fan KM,Thompson WF,Green RE.Visual search for schematic emotional faces risks perceptual confound.Cogn Emot 2011;25(4):573-584.
28 Savage RA,Becker SI,Lipp OV.Visual search for emotional expressions:Effect of stimulus set on anger and happiness superiority.Cogn Emot 2016;30(4):713-730.
29 Savage RA,Lipp OV,Craig BM,Becker SI,Horstmann G.In search of the emotional face:anger versus happiness superiority in visual search.Emotion 2013;13(4):758-768.
30 Liu TT,Mu SK,He HM,Zhang LC,Fan C,Ren J,Zhang MM,He WQ,Luo WB.The N170 component is sensitive to face-like stimuli:a study of Chinese Peking opera makeup.Cogn Neurodyn 2016;10(6):535-541.
31 Luo S,Luo W,He W,Chen X,Luo Y.P1 and N170 components distinguish human-like and animal-like makeup stimuli.Neuroreport 2013;24(9):482-486.
32 Horstmann G,Lipp OV,Becker SI.Of toothy grins and angry snarls--open mouth displays contribute to efficiency gains in search for emotional faces.J Vis 2012;12(5):7.
33 Li S(李帅霞),Li P,Wang W,He W,Luo W.The neural mechanisms of the processing of facial expressions based on cues from eye region.Adv Psychol Sci(心理科学进展)2017;25(2):221-229(in Chinese with English abstract).
34 Fox E,Damjanovic L.The eyes are sufficient to produce a threat superiority effect.Emotion 2006;6(3):534-539.
35 Xia T(夏涛),Zhuang L,Xu X,Qi Z,Luo W.How do different emotional states represent in human brain?-Evidence from multi-variate pattern analysis based on functional MRI.Chin Sci Bull(科学通报)2017;63(3):241-247(in Chinese with English abstract).
36 Lundqvist D,Juth P,Ohman A.Using facial emotional stimuli in visual search experiments:The arousal factor explains contradictory results.Cogn Emot 2014;28(6):1012-1029.
37 Zhang MM(张明明),Liu T,Ren J,Yu Y,He H,He W,Luo W.Tears of joy-the dimorphous expressions of positive emotion.J Psychol Sci(心理科学)2017;40(3):565-571(in Chinese with English abstract).
38 Becker DV.Facial gender interferes with decisions about facial expressions of anger and happiness.J Exp Psychol Gen 2017;146(4):457-463.
39 Becker DV,Kenrick DT,Neuberg SL,Blackwell KC,Smith DM.The confounded nature of angry men and happy women.J Pers Soc Psychol 2007;92(2):179-190.
40 Yao S,Ding C,Qi S,Yang D.The“anger superiority effect”in the discrimination task is independent of temporal task demands.Neurosci Lett 2013;548:275-279.
41 Mather M,Carstensen LL.Aging and motivated cognition:the positivity effect in attention and memory.Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9(10):496-502.
42 Hahn S,Carlson C,Singer S,Gronlund SD.Aging and visual search:automatic and controlled attentional bias to threat faces.Acta Psychol(Amst)2006;123(3):312-336.
43 Lonsdorf TB,Juth P,Rohde C,Schalling M,Ohman A.Attention biases and habituation of attention biases are associated with 5-HTTLPR and COMTval158met.Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2014;14(1):354-363.
44 Ceccarini F,Caudek C.Anger superiority effect:The importance of dynamic emotional facial expressions.Vis cogn2013;21(4):498-540.
45 Shasteen JR,Sasson NJ,Pinkham AE.Eye tracking the face in the crowd task:Why are angry faces found more quickly?PLoS One 2014;9(4):e93914.
46 LoBue V.More than just another face in the crowd:superior detection of threatening facial expressions in children and adults.Dev Sci 2009;12(2):305-313.
47 Cooper RM,Langton SR.Attentional bias to angry faces using the dot-probe task?It depends when you look for it.Behav Res Ther 2006;44(9):1321-1329.
48 Zhang Y(张禹),Luo Y,Zhao S,Chen W,Li H.Attentional bias towards threat:Facilitated attentional orienting or impaired attentional disengagement?Adv Psychol Sci(心理科学进展)2014;22(7):1129-1138(in Chinese with English abstract).
49 Fox E,Russo R,Bowles R,Dutton K.Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety?J Exp Psychol Gen 2001;130(4):681-700.
50 Fox E,Russo R,Dutton K.Attentional bias for threat:Evidence for delayed disengagement from emotional faces.Cogn Emot 2002;16(3):355-379.
51 Li P,Wang W,Fan C,Zhu C,Li S,Zhang Z,Qi Z,Luo W.Distraction and expressive suppression strategies in regulation of high-and low-intensity negative emotions.Sci Rep2017;7(1):13062.
52 Williams MA,Moss SA,Bradshaw JL,Mattingley JB.Look at me,I’m smiling:Visual search for threatening and nonthreatening facial expressions.Vis Cogn 2005;12(1):29-50.
53 Eimer M,Holmes A.Event-related brain potential correlates of emotional face processing.Neuropsychologia 2007;45(1):15-31.
54 Kesler ML,Andersen AH,Smith CD,Avison MJ,Davis CE,Kryscio RJ,Blonder LX.Neural substrates of facial emotion processing using fMRI.Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2001;11(2):213-226.
55 Ding R,Li P,Wang W,Luo W.Emotion processing by ERPcombined with development and plasticity.Neural Plast2017;2017:5282670.
56 Luo W,Feng W,He W,Wang N,Luo Y.Three stages of facial expression processing:ERP study with rapid serial visual presentation.Neuroimage 2010;49(2):1857-1867.
57 Zhang D,Luo W,Luo Y.Single-trial ERP evidence for the three-stage scheme of facial expression processing.Sci China Life Sci 2013;56(9):835-847.
58 Zhang D,Luo W,Luo Y.Single-trial ERP analysis reveals facial expression category in a three-stage scheme.Brain Res 2013;1512:78-88.
59 Zhang D,He W,Wang T,Luo W,Zhu X,Gu R,Li H,Luo YJ.Three stages of emotional word processing:an ERPstudy with rapid serial visual presentation.Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2014;9(12):1897-1903.
60 Zhu CL,He WQ,Qi ZY,Wang LL,Song DQ,Zhan L,Yi SN,Luo YJ,Luo WB.The time course of emotional picture processing:an event-related potential study using a rapid serial visual presentation paradigm.Front Psychol 2015;6:954.
61 Cisler JM,Koster EH.Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders:An integrative review.Clin Psychol Rev 2010;30(2):203-216.
62 Calvo MG,Beltran D.Recognition advantage of happy faces:tracing the neurocognitive processes.Neuropsychologia2013;51(11):2051-2061.
63 Nummenmaa L,Calvo MG.Dissociation between recognition and detection advantage for facial expressions:A metaanalysis.Emotion 2015;15(2):243-256.
64 Fredrickson BL.The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2004;359(1449):1367-1378.
65 Adolphs R.Neural systems for recognizing emotion.Curr Opin Neurobiol 2002;12(2):169-177.
66 Bentin S,Allison T,Puce A,Perez E,McCarthy G.Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans.J Cogn Neurosci 1996;8(6):551-565.
67 Liu J,Harris A,Kanwisher N.Stages of processing in face perception:an MEG study.Nat Neurosci 2002;5(9):910-916.
68 Vuilleumier P.How brains beware:Neural mechanisms of emotional attention.Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9(12):585-594.
69 Krumhuber EG,Kappas A,Manstead ASR.Effects of dynamic aspects of facial expressions:A review.Emot Rev2013;5(1):41-46.
70 Gilbert T,Martin R,Coulson M.Attentional biases using the body in the crowd task:Are angry body postures detected more rapidly?Cogn Emot 2011;25(4):700-708.
71 Schirmer A,Adolphs R.Emotion perception from face,voice,and touch:Comparisons and convergence.Trends Cogn Sci 2017;21(3):216-228.