阈下安全启动改善非安全依恋女性的注意加工
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摘要
研究采用掩蔽启动范式,结合事件相关电位技术,考察阈下安全启动在非安全依恋女性对婴儿面孔注意加工上的改善效应。行为指标上,悲伤程度评分和反应时结果均表明了安全启动的改善作用。ERP结果上,在早期注意加工阶段,阈下安全启动比中性启动诱发了依恋焦虑和依恋回避女性对婴儿面孔表情更大的N1波幅以及更优的P2潜伏期,在晚期控制注意加工相关的P3波幅上同样发现了类似的改善效应。研究结果表明阈下安全启动能够提升非安全依恋女性对婴儿面孔的知觉敏感性,改善非安全依恋女性注意加工缺陷,且这种改善效应不仅仅作用于早期注意加工阶段而且还可以扩展到个体有意识的晚期控制加工阶段。
Using event related potentials,the present study adopted subliminal affective priming paradigm to explore the improvement effect of subliminal security priming on the attentional processing of infant facial expressions within insecurely attached females. In support of our hypothesis,behavioral results indicated that with subliminal security priming,anxiously and avoidantly attached females performed better in observing crying infant faces in terms of lower rating of sadness level and longer fixation time. ERP results showed that subliminal security priming resulted in greater N1 and P3 amplitudes,as well as a more optimal P2 latency to crying infant faces than subliminal neutral priming in anxiously and avoidantly attached females. These results suggest that the subliminal security priming significantly improved the attention processing defect in insecure attachment,especially for attenuating the defensive response of avoidantly attached females. Moreover,the improvement effect of subliminal security priming not only exhibited in the early attention processing but also extended to the later controlled attention processing.
Using event related potentials,the present study adopted subliminal affective priming paradigm to explore the improvement effect of subliminal security priming on the attentional processing of infant facial expressions within insecurely attached females. In support of our hypothesis,behavioral results indicated that with subliminal security priming,anxiously and avoidantly attached females performed better in observing crying infant faces in terms of lower rating of sadness level and longer fixation time. ERP results showed that subliminal security priming resulted in greater N1 and P3 amplitudes,as well as a more optimal P2 latency to crying infant faces than subliminal neutral priming in anxiously and avoidantly attached females. These results suggest that the subliminal security priming significantly improved the attention processing defect in insecure attachment,especially for attenuating the defensive response of avoidantly attached females. Moreover,the improvement effect of subliminal security priming not only exhibited in the early attention processing but also extended to the later controlled attention processing.
引文
Alain,C.,&Snyder,J.S.(2008).Age-related differences in auditory evoked responses during rapid perceptual learning.Clinical Neurophysiology,119(2),356-366.
Amodio,D.M.(2010).Coordinated roles of motivation and perception in the regulation of intergroup responses:Frontal cortical asymmetry effects on the P2 event-related potential and behavior.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,22(11),2609-2617.
Andriopoulos,P.,&Kafetsios,K.(2015).Priming the secure attachment schema:effects on emotion information processing.Psihologijske Teme,24(1),71-89.
Baldwin,M.W.,Keelan,J.P.R.,Fehr,B.,Enns,V.,&KohRangarajoo,E.(1996).Social-cognitive conceptualization of attachment working models:Availability and accessibility effects.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,71(1),94-109.
Bartholomew,K.,&Horowitz,L.M.(1991).Attachment styles among young adults:a test of a four-category model.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,61(2),226-244.
Beckes,L.,Simpson,J.A.,&Erickson,A.(2010).Of snakes and succor:Learning secure attachment associations with novel faces via negative stimulus pairings.Psychological Science,21(5),721-728.
Bowlby,J.(1969).Attachment and Loss:Attachment(Vol.2).New York:Basic Books
Bryant,R.A.,&Chan,I.(2017).Activating attachment representations during memory retrieval modulates intrusive traumatic memories.Consciousness and Cognition,55,197-204.
Carretié,L.,Mercado,F.,Tapia,M.,&Hinojosa,J.A.(2001).Emotion,attention,and the‘negativity bias’,studied through event-related potentials.International Journal of Psychophysiology,41(1),75-85.
Carnelley,K.B.,&Rowe,A.C.(2007).Repeated priming of attachment security influences later views of self and relationships.Personal Relationships,14(2),307-320.
Cassidy,J.,Shaver,P.R.,Mikulincer,M.,&Lavy,S.(2009).Experimentally induced security influences responses to psychological pain.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,28(4),463-478.
Chavis,J.M.,&Kisley,M.A.(2012).Adult attachment and motivated attention to social images:Attachment-based differences in eventrelated brain potentials to emotional images.Journal of Research in Personality,46(1),55-62.
Coan,J.A.(2008).Toward a neuroscience of attachment.Handbook of Attachment:Theory,Research,and Clinical Applications,2,241-65.
De Wall,C.N.,Masten,C.L.,Powell,C.,Combs,D.,Schurtz,D.R.,&Eisenberger,N.I.(2011).Do neural responses to rejection depend on attachment style?An f MRI study.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,7(2),184-192.
Dykas,M.J.,&Cassidy,J.(2011).Attachment and the processing of social information across the life span:theory and evidence.Psychological Bulletin,137(1),19.
Edelstein,R.S.(2006).Attachment and emotional memory:Investigating the source and extent of avoidant memory impairments.Emotion,6(2),340-345.
Edelstein,R.S.,&Gillath,O.(2008).Avoiding interference:Adult attachment and emotional processing biases.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34(2),171-181.
Foti,D.,&Hajcak,G.(2008).Deconstructing reappraisal:Descriptions preceding arousing pictures modulate the subsequent neural response.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20(6),977-988.
Fraedrich,E.M.,Lakatos,K.,&Spangler,G.(2010).Brain activity during emotion perception:the role of attachment representation.Attachment&human development,12(3),231-248.
Gillath,O.,Bunge,S.A.,Shaver,P.R.,Wendelken,C.,&Mikulincer,M.(2005).Attachment-style differences in the ability to suppress negative thoughts:Exploring the neural correlates.Neuro Image,28(4),835-847.
Gillath,O.,Giesbrecht,B.,&Shaver,P.R.(2009).Attachment,attention,and cognitive control:Attachment style and performance on general attention tasks.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(4),647-654.
Gillath,O.,&Karantzas,G.(2018).Attachment security priming:a systematic review.Current Opinion in Psychology,25,86-95.
Gillath,O.,Selcuk,E.,&Shaver,P.R.(2008).Moving toward a secure attachment style:Can repeated security priming help?Social and Personality Psychology Compass,2(4),1651-1666.
Gillath,O.,&Shaver,P.R.(2007).Long-term effects of repeated security priming.Unpublished manuscript,Department of Psychology,University of Kansas.
Green,J.D.,&Campbell,W.K.(2000).Attachment and exploration in adults:Chronic and contextual accessibility.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,26(4),452-461.
Grossmann,K.E.,Grossmann,K.,&Waters,E.(Eds.).(2006).Attachment from infancy to adulthood:The major longitudinal studies.New York:Guilford Press.
Hahn,A.C.,&Perrett,D.I.(2014).Neural and behavioral responses to attractiveness in adult and infant faces.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,46,591-603.
Hahn,A.C.,Xiao,D.,Sprengelmeyer,R.,&Perrett,D.I.(2013).Gender differences in the incentive salience of adult and infant faces.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66(1),200-208.
Hillyard,S.A.,&Anllo-Vento,L.(1998).Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,95(3),781-787.
Jarvinen,M.J.,&Paulus,T.B.(2017).Attachment and cognitive openness:Emotional underpinnings of intellectual humility.The Journal of Positive Psychology,12(1),74-86.
Karremans,J.C.,Heslenfeld,D.J.,van Dillen,L.F.,&Van Lange,P.A.(2011).Secure attachment partners attenuate neural responses to social exclusion:An f MRI investigation.International Journal of Psychophysiology,81(1),44-50.
Kouider,S.,Dehaene,S.,Jobert,A.,&Le Bihan,D.(2007).Cerebral bases of subliminal and supraliminal priming during reading.Cerebral Cortex,17(9),2019-2029.
Lenzi,D.,Trentini,C.,Pantano,P.,Macaluso,E.,Lenzi,G.L.,&Ammaniti,M.(2013).Attachment models affect brain responses in areas related to emotions and empathy in nulliparous women.Human brain Mapping,34(6),1399-1414.
Lenzi,D.,Trentini,C.,Tambelli,R.,&Pantano,P.(2015).Neural basis of attachment-caregiving systems interaction:insights from neuroimaging studies.Frontiers in Psychology,6,1241.
Leyh,R.,Heinisch,C.,Behringer,J.,Reiner,I.,&Spangler,G.(2016).Maternal Attachment Representation and Neurophysiological Processing during the Perception of Infants’Emotional Expressions.PloS One,11(2),e0147294.
Liao,R.,Wang,S.,Zhang,P.,Zhou,Y.,&Liu,X.(2017).Effect of priming with attachment security on positive affect among individuals with depression.Social Behavior and Personality:an International Journal,45(2),331-338.
Ma,Y.,Chen,X.,Ma,H.,Ran,G.,Hu,N.,Zhang,X.,et al.(under review).Attachment Security Priming Shapes Brain Processing of Infant Emotions in Insecure Attachment.Biological Psychology.
Main,M.(1981).Avoidance in the service of attachment:A working paper.In Behavioral development:The bielefeld interdisciplinary project(pp.651-693).New York,NY:Cambridge University Press.
Mikulincer,M.,Hirschberger,G.,Nachmias,O.,&Gillath,O.(2001).The affective component of the secure base schema:affective priming with representations of attachment security.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81(2),305-321.
Mikulincer,M.,&Shaver,P.R.(2007a).Boosting attachment security to promote mental health,prosocial values,and inter-group tolerance.Psychological Inquiry,18,139-156.
Mikulincer,M.,Shaver,P.R.(2007b).Attachment in Adulthood:Structure,Dynamics,and Change.New York:Guilford Press.
Norman,L.,Lawrence,N.,Iles,A.,Benattayallah,A.,&Karl,A.(2014).Attachment-security priming attenuates amygdala activation to social and linguistic threat.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,10(6),832-839.
Pan,Y.,Zhang,D.,Liu,Y.,Ran,G.,&Teng,Z.(2017).The effects of attachment style and security priming on the perception of others’pain.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,34(2),184-208.
Rowe,A.,&Carnelley,K.B.(2003).Attachment style differences in the processing of attachment-relevant information:Primed-style effects on recall,interpersonal expectations,and affect.Personal Relationships,10(1),59-75.
Salti,M.,Bar-Haim,Y.,&Lamy,D.(2012).The P3 component of the ERP reflects conscious perception,not confidence.Consciousness and Cognition,21(2),961-968.
Schutter,D.J.,de Haan,E.H.,&van Honk,J.(2004).Functionally dissociated aspects in anterior and posterior electrocortical processing of facial threat.International Journal of Psychophysiology,53(1),29-36.
Shaver,P.R.,Mikulincer,M.,Lavy,S.,&Cassidy,J.(2009).Understanding and altering hurt feelings:An attachment-theoretical perspective on the generation and regulation of emotions.In A.L.Vangelisti(Ed.),Advances in personal relationships.Feeling hurt in close relationships(pp.92-119).New York,NY,US:Cambridge University Press.
Sohlberg,S.,&Birgegard,A.(2003).Persistent complex subliminal activation effects:First experimental observations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85(2),302-316.
Spruyt,A.,Hermans,D.,Houwer,J.D.,&Eelen,P.(2002).On the nature of the affective priming effect:Affective priming of naming responses.Social Cognition,20(3),227-256.
Strathearn,L.,Fonagy,P.,Amico,J.,&Montague,P.R.(2009).Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues.Neuropsychopharmacology,34(13),2655.
Swain,J.E.,Kim,P.,&Ho,S.S.(2011).Neuroendocrinology of parental response to baby-cry.Journal of Neuroendocrinology,23(11),1036-1041.
Tacikowski,P.,&Nowicka,A.(2010).Allocation of attention to selfname and self-face:An ERP study.Biological Psychology,84(2),318-324.
Talsma,D.,&Woldorff,M.G.(2005).Selective attention and multisensory integration:multiple phases of effects on the evoked brain activity.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,17(7),1098-1114.
Vrticka,P.,&Vuilleumier,P.(2012).Neuroscience of human social interactions and adult attachment style.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,6,212.
Woodhouse,S.,Ayers,S.,&Field,A.P.(2015).The relationship between adult attachment style and post-traumatic stress symptoms:Ameta-analysis.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,35,103-117.
Wyman,P.A.,Cowen,E.L.,Work,W.C.,Hoyt-Meyers,L.,Magnus,K.B.,&Fagen,D.B.(1999).Caregiving and developmental factors differentiating young at-risk urban children showing resilient versus stress-affected outcomes:a replication and extension.Child Development,70(3),645-59.
Zhang,X.,Li,T.,&Zhou,X.(2008).Brain responses to facial expressions by adults with different attachment-orientations.Neuroreport,19(4),437-441.
程刚,张大均,关雨生,陈艳红.(2015).婴儿面孔表情标准化图片系统的初步建立.中国心理卫生杂志,29(6),406-412.
贾磊,李肖,孙晓,张庆林,李海江,蒋军.(2012).情绪图片的效价与唤醒度在注意瞬脱对抗效应中的作用:来自ERP的证据.心理发展与教育,28(4),376-383.
李同归,加藤和生.(2006).成人依恋的测量,亲密关系经历量表(ECR)中文版.心理学报,38(3),399-406.
罗笠铢,罗禹,鞠恩霞,马文娟,李红.(2011).婴儿图式及其加工的性别差异.心理科学进展,19(10),1471-1479.
马原啸,冉光明,陈旭.(2016).不安全依恋者注意偏向的形成机制及神经基础.心理科学进展,24(3),392-401.
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Amodio,D.M.(2010).Coordinated roles of motivation and perception in the regulation of intergroup responses:Frontal cortical asymmetry effects on the P2 event-related potential and behavior.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,22(11),2609-2617.
Andriopoulos,P.,&Kafetsios,K.(2015).Priming the secure attachment schema:effects on emotion information processing.Psihologijske Teme,24(1),71-89.
Baldwin,M.W.,Keelan,J.P.R.,Fehr,B.,Enns,V.,&KohRangarajoo,E.(1996).Social-cognitive conceptualization of attachment working models:Availability and accessibility effects.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,71(1),94-109.
Bartholomew,K.,&Horowitz,L.M.(1991).Attachment styles among young adults:a test of a four-category model.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,61(2),226-244.
Beckes,L.,Simpson,J.A.,&Erickson,A.(2010).Of snakes and succor:Learning secure attachment associations with novel faces via negative stimulus pairings.Psychological Science,21(5),721-728.
Bowlby,J.(1969).Attachment and Loss:Attachment(Vol.2).New York:Basic Books
Bryant,R.A.,&Chan,I.(2017).Activating attachment representations during memory retrieval modulates intrusive traumatic memories.Consciousness and Cognition,55,197-204.
Carretié,L.,Mercado,F.,Tapia,M.,&Hinojosa,J.A.(2001).Emotion,attention,and the‘negativity bias’,studied through event-related potentials.International Journal of Psychophysiology,41(1),75-85.
Carnelley,K.B.,&Rowe,A.C.(2007).Repeated priming of attachment security influences later views of self and relationships.Personal Relationships,14(2),307-320.
Cassidy,J.,Shaver,P.R.,Mikulincer,M.,&Lavy,S.(2009).Experimentally induced security influences responses to psychological pain.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,28(4),463-478.
Chavis,J.M.,&Kisley,M.A.(2012).Adult attachment and motivated attention to social images:Attachment-based differences in eventrelated brain potentials to emotional images.Journal of Research in Personality,46(1),55-62.
Coan,J.A.(2008).Toward a neuroscience of attachment.Handbook of Attachment:Theory,Research,and Clinical Applications,2,241-65.
De Wall,C.N.,Masten,C.L.,Powell,C.,Combs,D.,Schurtz,D.R.,&Eisenberger,N.I.(2011).Do neural responses to rejection depend on attachment style?An f MRI study.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,7(2),184-192.
Dykas,M.J.,&Cassidy,J.(2011).Attachment and the processing of social information across the life span:theory and evidence.Psychological Bulletin,137(1),19.
Edelstein,R.S.(2006).Attachment and emotional memory:Investigating the source and extent of avoidant memory impairments.Emotion,6(2),340-345.
Edelstein,R.S.,&Gillath,O.(2008).Avoiding interference:Adult attachment and emotional processing biases.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34(2),171-181.
Foti,D.,&Hajcak,G.(2008).Deconstructing reappraisal:Descriptions preceding arousing pictures modulate the subsequent neural response.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,20(6),977-988.
Fraedrich,E.M.,Lakatos,K.,&Spangler,G.(2010).Brain activity during emotion perception:the role of attachment representation.Attachment&human development,12(3),231-248.
Gillath,O.,Bunge,S.A.,Shaver,P.R.,Wendelken,C.,&Mikulincer,M.(2005).Attachment-style differences in the ability to suppress negative thoughts:Exploring the neural correlates.Neuro Image,28(4),835-847.
Gillath,O.,Giesbrecht,B.,&Shaver,P.R.(2009).Attachment,attention,and cognitive control:Attachment style and performance on general attention tasks.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(4),647-654.
Gillath,O.,&Karantzas,G.(2018).Attachment security priming:a systematic review.Current Opinion in Psychology,25,86-95.
Gillath,O.,Selcuk,E.,&Shaver,P.R.(2008).Moving toward a secure attachment style:Can repeated security priming help?Social and Personality Psychology Compass,2(4),1651-1666.
Gillath,O.,&Shaver,P.R.(2007).Long-term effects of repeated security priming.Unpublished manuscript,Department of Psychology,University of Kansas.
Green,J.D.,&Campbell,W.K.(2000).Attachment and exploration in adults:Chronic and contextual accessibility.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,26(4),452-461.
Grossmann,K.E.,Grossmann,K.,&Waters,E.(Eds.).(2006).Attachment from infancy to adulthood:The major longitudinal studies.New York:Guilford Press.
Hahn,A.C.,&Perrett,D.I.(2014).Neural and behavioral responses to attractiveness in adult and infant faces.Neuroscience&Biobehavioral Reviews,46,591-603.
Hahn,A.C.,Xiao,D.,Sprengelmeyer,R.,&Perrett,D.I.(2013).Gender differences in the incentive salience of adult and infant faces.The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,66(1),200-208.
Hillyard,S.A.,&Anllo-Vento,L.(1998).Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,95(3),781-787.
Jarvinen,M.J.,&Paulus,T.B.(2017).Attachment and cognitive openness:Emotional underpinnings of intellectual humility.The Journal of Positive Psychology,12(1),74-86.
Karremans,J.C.,Heslenfeld,D.J.,van Dillen,L.F.,&Van Lange,P.A.(2011).Secure attachment partners attenuate neural responses to social exclusion:An f MRI investigation.International Journal of Psychophysiology,81(1),44-50.
Kouider,S.,Dehaene,S.,Jobert,A.,&Le Bihan,D.(2007).Cerebral bases of subliminal and supraliminal priming during reading.Cerebral Cortex,17(9),2019-2029.
Lenzi,D.,Trentini,C.,Pantano,P.,Macaluso,E.,Lenzi,G.L.,&Ammaniti,M.(2013).Attachment models affect brain responses in areas related to emotions and empathy in nulliparous women.Human brain Mapping,34(6),1399-1414.
Lenzi,D.,Trentini,C.,Tambelli,R.,&Pantano,P.(2015).Neural basis of attachment-caregiving systems interaction:insights from neuroimaging studies.Frontiers in Psychology,6,1241.
Leyh,R.,Heinisch,C.,Behringer,J.,Reiner,I.,&Spangler,G.(2016).Maternal Attachment Representation and Neurophysiological Processing during the Perception of Infants’Emotional Expressions.PloS One,11(2),e0147294.
Liao,R.,Wang,S.,Zhang,P.,Zhou,Y.,&Liu,X.(2017).Effect of priming with attachment security on positive affect among individuals with depression.Social Behavior and Personality:an International Journal,45(2),331-338.
Ma,Y.,Chen,X.,Ma,H.,Ran,G.,Hu,N.,Zhang,X.,et al.(under review).Attachment Security Priming Shapes Brain Processing of Infant Emotions in Insecure Attachment.Biological Psychology.
Main,M.(1981).Avoidance in the service of attachment:A working paper.In Behavioral development:The bielefeld interdisciplinary project(pp.651-693).New York,NY:Cambridge University Press.
Mikulincer,M.,Hirschberger,G.,Nachmias,O.,&Gillath,O.(2001).The affective component of the secure base schema:affective priming with representations of attachment security.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,81(2),305-321.
Mikulincer,M.,&Shaver,P.R.(2007a).Boosting attachment security to promote mental health,prosocial values,and inter-group tolerance.Psychological Inquiry,18,139-156.
Mikulincer,M.,Shaver,P.R.(2007b).Attachment in Adulthood:Structure,Dynamics,and Change.New York:Guilford Press.
Norman,L.,Lawrence,N.,Iles,A.,Benattayallah,A.,&Karl,A.(2014).Attachment-security priming attenuates amygdala activation to social and linguistic threat.Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,10(6),832-839.
Pan,Y.,Zhang,D.,Liu,Y.,Ran,G.,&Teng,Z.(2017).The effects of attachment style and security priming on the perception of others’pain.Journal of Social and Personal Relationships,34(2),184-208.
Rowe,A.,&Carnelley,K.B.(2003).Attachment style differences in the processing of attachment-relevant information:Primed-style effects on recall,interpersonal expectations,and affect.Personal Relationships,10(1),59-75.
Salti,M.,Bar-Haim,Y.,&Lamy,D.(2012).The P3 component of the ERP reflects conscious perception,not confidence.Consciousness and Cognition,21(2),961-968.
Schutter,D.J.,de Haan,E.H.,&van Honk,J.(2004).Functionally dissociated aspects in anterior and posterior electrocortical processing of facial threat.International Journal of Psychophysiology,53(1),29-36.
Shaver,P.R.,Mikulincer,M.,Lavy,S.,&Cassidy,J.(2009).Understanding and altering hurt feelings:An attachment-theoretical perspective on the generation and regulation of emotions.In A.L.Vangelisti(Ed.),Advances in personal relationships.Feeling hurt in close relationships(pp.92-119).New York,NY,US:Cambridge University Press.
Sohlberg,S.,&Birgegard,A.(2003).Persistent complex subliminal activation effects:First experimental observations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,85(2),302-316.
Spruyt,A.,Hermans,D.,Houwer,J.D.,&Eelen,P.(2002).On the nature of the affective priming effect:Affective priming of naming responses.Social Cognition,20(3),227-256.
Strathearn,L.,Fonagy,P.,Amico,J.,&Montague,P.R.(2009).Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues.Neuropsychopharmacology,34(13),2655.
Swain,J.E.,Kim,P.,&Ho,S.S.(2011).Neuroendocrinology of parental response to baby-cry.Journal of Neuroendocrinology,23(11),1036-1041.
Tacikowski,P.,&Nowicka,A.(2010).Allocation of attention to selfname and self-face:An ERP study.Biological Psychology,84(2),318-324.
Talsma,D.,&Woldorff,M.G.(2005).Selective attention and multisensory integration:multiple phases of effects on the evoked brain activity.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,17(7),1098-1114.
Vrticka,P.,&Vuilleumier,P.(2012).Neuroscience of human social interactions and adult attachment style.Frontiers in Human Neuroscience,6,212.
Woodhouse,S.,Ayers,S.,&Field,A.P.(2015).The relationship between adult attachment style and post-traumatic stress symptoms:Ameta-analysis.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,35,103-117.
Wyman,P.A.,Cowen,E.L.,Work,W.C.,Hoyt-Meyers,L.,Magnus,K.B.,&Fagen,D.B.(1999).Caregiving and developmental factors differentiating young at-risk urban children showing resilient versus stress-affected outcomes:a replication and extension.Child Development,70(3),645-59.
Zhang,X.,Li,T.,&Zhou,X.(2008).Brain responses to facial expressions by adults with different attachment-orientations.Neuroreport,19(4),437-441.
程刚,张大均,关雨生,陈艳红.(2015).婴儿面孔表情标准化图片系统的初步建立.中国心理卫生杂志,29(6),406-412.
贾磊,李肖,孙晓,张庆林,李海江,蒋军.(2012).情绪图片的效价与唤醒度在注意瞬脱对抗效应中的作用:来自ERP的证据.心理发展与教育,28(4),376-383.
李同归,加藤和生.(2006).成人依恋的测量,亲密关系经历量表(ECR)中文版.心理学报,38(3),399-406.
罗笠铢,罗禹,鞠恩霞,马文娟,李红.(2011).婴儿图式及其加工的性别差异.心理科学进展,19(10),1471-1479.
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