架空炕与传统落地炕热性能对比试验
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摘要
为了解架空炕与落地火炕升温特性、热效率等方面的特性,依据国家相关标准,对甘肃省临洮县传统落地火炕与2016年新推广的架空炕进行了热性能的对比试验,研究了炕面温度分布、炕面升温降温速率、排放烟气温度、炕温对室内温度的影响以及架空炕的节能减排等性能,研究结果表明:架空炕和落地火炕炕面平均升温速率分别为2.2和0.9℃/h;烟气热量能被架空炕充分地吸收利用,架空炕烟气排放平均温度较落地火炕烟气排放平均温度低36.1℃;架空炕和落地火炕的热效率分别为66.8%和37.1%,相比传统炕架空炕节柴率达到45%;有架空炕和落地火炕室内日平均温度分别为12.6和10.8℃,架空炕对室内有较好的增温效果;与落地火坑相比,架空炕有明显的节能减排效果,每铺架空炕每年节省945 kg薪柴,减排CO21 069.17 kg,减排SO20.45 kg,减排NOx 1.01 kg,减排PM107.4 kg,减排PM2.5为6.8 kg,架空炕的推广应用对中国农村节能减排具有重要意义。
Winter heating is the basic energy demand in the northern China. As the most common heating device, kang is popularly used in Northern China. However, there are a lot of shortcomings for the traditional landed kang, such as large thermal inertia, low temperature increase rate, high energy consumption, low thermal efficiency, and so on. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop and spread a new structured and high-efficient kang. Suspended kang is raised above the floor on columns, which is different from the traditional kang on the ground. Many researches showed that suspended kang took many advantages over the traditional landed kang, such as small thermal inertia, fast heating, low energy consumption, and so on. Meanwhile, tests have not been carried out to study the increasing temperature characteristics and thermal efficiency of the suspended kang in comparison with the traditional landed kang at home and abroad. Therefore, according to the national standard, the contrastive experiment was conducted to investigate the thermal performance of the traditional kang and the newly promoted suspended kang in Lintao County of Gansu province in 2016. The temperature of kang, exhaust gas and the indoor and outdoor, as well as other parameters were measured. The heating rate and thermal efficiency and other relative property parameters of two kinds of kangs were analyzed. The two kinds of kangs were respectively set in different experimental rooms. The size of the two kangs and houses were similar, as well as the layout and the orientation of two houses were same. The experiment was operated from November 4 th to November 18 th, the two kangs burning the same amount of fuel were heated 2 times every day at 09:45 and 16:30, respectively. The Agilent's Bench Link data logger was used to record and storage the experimental data with interval 10 s. The research results showed that the thermal efficiency of suspended kang and traditional kang were 66.8% and 37.1%, respectively. Every year each suspended kang saved standard coal 540 kg than that of the traditional kang, saving firewood rate was 45%. In addition, the faceplate average temperature of the suspended kang and the traditional kang were 58 and 48.3 ℃, respectively. Suspended kang with precast concrete block was instead of the traditional kang with clay material or mud bricks, due to the difference of material thermal inertia and heat storage properties and structure of kang, which caused suspended kang warming rapidly. The average heating rate of heating stage of the suspended kang and traditional kang was 2.2 and 0.9 ℃/h, respectively. The average cooling rates of cooling stage of suspended Kang and traditional Kang were 0.8 and 0.1 ℃/h, respectively. The suspended kang flue pipe design was very reasonable and the heat of exhaust gas was fully utilized, the average temperature of exhaust gas was lower 36.1 ℃ than that of the traditional kang. During the test, the outdoor mean daily temperature was 5.4 ℃, mean daily room temperature with suspended kang was 12.6 ℃, while mean daily room temperature with the traditional kang was 10.8 ℃. Compared with the traditional kang, suspended kang has obvious effect of energy saving and emission reduction in China‘s rural areas.
Winter heating is the basic energy demand in the northern China. As the most common heating device, kang is popularly used in Northern China. However, there are a lot of shortcomings for the traditional landed kang, such as large thermal inertia, low temperature increase rate, high energy consumption, low thermal efficiency, and so on. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop and spread a new structured and high-efficient kang. Suspended kang is raised above the floor on columns, which is different from the traditional kang on the ground. Many researches showed that suspended kang took many advantages over the traditional landed kang, such as small thermal inertia, fast heating, low energy consumption, and so on. Meanwhile, tests have not been carried out to study the increasing temperature characteristics and thermal efficiency of the suspended kang in comparison with the traditional landed kang at home and abroad. Therefore, according to the national standard, the contrastive experiment was conducted to investigate the thermal performance of the traditional kang and the newly promoted suspended kang in Lintao County of Gansu province in 2016. The temperature of kang, exhaust gas and the indoor and outdoor, as well as other parameters were measured. The heating rate and thermal efficiency and other relative property parameters of two kinds of kangs were analyzed. The two kinds of kangs were respectively set in different experimental rooms. The size of the two kangs and houses were similar, as well as the layout and the orientation of two houses were same. The experiment was operated from November 4 th to November 18 th, the two kangs burning the same amount of fuel were heated 2 times every day at 09:45 and 16:30, respectively. The Agilent's Bench Link data logger was used to record and storage the experimental data with interval 10 s. The research results showed that the thermal efficiency of suspended kang and traditional kang were 66.8% and 37.1%, respectively. Every year each suspended kang saved standard coal 540 kg than that of the traditional kang, saving firewood rate was 45%. In addition, the faceplate average temperature of the suspended kang and the traditional kang were 58 and 48.3 ℃, respectively. Suspended kang with precast concrete block was instead of the traditional kang with clay material or mud bricks, due to the difference of material thermal inertia and heat storage properties and structure of kang, which caused suspended kang warming rapidly. The average heating rate of heating stage of the suspended kang and traditional kang was 2.2 and 0.9 ℃/h, respectively. The average cooling rates of cooling stage of suspended Kang and traditional Kang were 0.8 and 0.1 ℃/h, respectively. The suspended kang flue pipe design was very reasonable and the heat of exhaust gas was fully utilized, the average temperature of exhaust gas was lower 36.1 ℃ than that of the traditional kang. During the test, the outdoor mean daily temperature was 5.4 ℃, mean daily room temperature with suspended kang was 12.6 ℃, while mean daily room temperature with the traditional kang was 10.8 ℃. Compared with the traditional kang, suspended kang has obvious effect of energy saving and emission reduction in China‘s rural areas.
引文
[1]胡莉莉.农村节能吊炕的热效益分析与应用研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2012.Hu Lili.Research on Thermal Efficiency Analysis and Application of Rural Elevated Kangs a Case of Zhuanglang County in the Loess Hilly Region[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2012.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]郭继业.省柴节煤灶炕[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
[3]高翔翔.北方农村传统采暖方式与室内热环境研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2010.Gao Xiangxiang.Research on Traditional Ways of Heating and Indoor Thermal Environment in Rural Areas in North China[D].Xi'an:Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]郭继业.高效预制组装架空炕连灶[J].农业工程技术(新能源产业),2010(1):1-5.
[5]Zhuang Z,Li Y G,Chen B.Smoke flow in Chinese kangs[J].Indoor&Built Environment,2009,18(3):219-233.
[6]Cao G,Juha J,Feng G,et al.Simulation of the heating performance of the kang system in one Chinese detached house using biomass[J].Energy and Buildings,2011;43(1):189-199.
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[8]Niu S W,Hu L L,Qian Y J,et al.Effective pathway to improve indoor thermal comfort in rural houses:Analysis of heat efficiency of elevated kangs[J].Journal of Energy Engineering,2015,142(4):1-11.
[9]Zhuang Z,Li Y G,Chen B,et al.Chinese kang as a domestic heating system in rural northern China A-review[J].Energy and Buildings,2009,41(1):111-119.
[10]Yu G L,Zhuang Z,Jia P L.Chinese kangs and building energy consumption[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(6):992-1002.
[11]Qian H,Li Y,Zhang X,et al.Surface temperature distribution of Chinese kangs[J].International Journal of Green Energy,2010,7(3):347-360.
[12]Lin D,Yuan P,Wang Z,et al.Heat transfer model of hotwall Kang based on the non-uniform Kang surface temperature in Chinese rural residences[J].Building Simulation,2016,10(2):145-163.
[13]李刚,池兰,冯国会,等.相变蓄能火炕热舒适性的试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(11):244-249.Li Gang,Chi Lan,Feng Guohui,et al.Experiment on thermal comfort performance of phase-change energy storage kang[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(11):244-249.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]Zhuang Z,Li Y G,Chen B.Thermal storage performance analysis on Chinese kangs[J].Energy and Buildings,2009,41(4):452-59.
[15]牛叔文,钱玉杰,胡莉莉.甘肃庄浪县农户吊炕的热效率模拟分析[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(06):193-201.Niu Shuwen,Qian Yujie,Hu Lili.Model analysis on thermal efficiency of suspended kang of rural households in Zhuanglang county,Gansu province[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(6):193-201.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Han B,Kayoko.The energy consumption of heating in the northeast rural area of china from the perspective of the Kang and agricultural waste[J].Meteorological&Environmental Research,2015,6(1):9-13.
[17]胡莉莉,牛叔文.黄土丘陵区农村节能吊炕的环境经济效益分析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(15):208-215.Hu Lili,Niu Shuwen.Analysis on environmental and economic benefits of suspended kang of rural households in loess hilly region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(15):208-215.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]李国柱,牛叔文,杨振,等.陇中黄土丘陵地区农村生活能源消费的环境经济成本分析[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(1):15-24.Li Guozhu,Niu Shuwen,Yang Zheng,et al.The analysis on environmental and economic cost of rural household energy consumption in loess hilly region of Gansu Province[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(1):15-24.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]农村火炕系统通用技术规:JGT/T 358-2015[S].
[20]民用火炕性能试验方法:NY/T 58-2009[S].
[21]室内空气质量标准:GB/T 18883-2002[S].
[22]民用建筑室内热湿环境评价标准:GB/T 50785-2012[S].
[23]端木琳,赵洋,王宗山,等.火炕热工性能的研究及其评价方法[J].建筑科学,2009,25(12):30-38.Duan Mulin,Zhao Yang,Wang Zongshan,et al.Research and assessment method of thermal performance of Chinese kang[J].Building Science,2009,25(12):30-38.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[25]方修睦,王芳,李桂文.火炕热工性能评价指标及检测方法研究[J].建筑科学,2014,30(6):118-123.Fang Xiumu,Wang Fang,Li Guiwen.Discussion on evaluation indices and test method for civil Kang’s thermal performance[J].Building Science,2014,30(6):118-123.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]徐洪波,焦庆余,徐国堂.高效预制组装架空火炕的研究[J].农业工程学报,1991,7(3):81-86.Xu Hongbo,Jiao Qingyu,Xu Guotang.The Research ofthe high efficiency prefabricated and combined-suspend heatable brick bed[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1991,7(3):81-86.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]包森,田立新,王军帅.中国能源生产与消费趋势预测和碳排放研究[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(8):1248-1254.Bao Sen,Tian Lixin,Wang Junshuai.Trend forecast of energy production and consumption inchina and research of carbon emissions[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(8):1248-1254.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]陆炳,孔少飞,韩斌,等.2007年中国大陆地区生物质燃烧排放污染物清单[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(2):186-194.Lu Bing,Kong Shaofei,Han Bin,et al.Inventory of atmospheric pollutants discharged from biomass burning in China continent in 2007[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(2):186-194.
[29]Li Guozhu,Niu Shuwen,Ma Libang,etal.Assessment of environmental and economic costs of rural household energy consumption in Loess Hilly Region,Gansu Province,China[J].Renewable Energy,2009,34(6):1438-1444.
[2]郭继业.省柴节煤灶炕[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2002.
[3]高翔翔.北方农村传统采暖方式与室内热环境研究[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2010.Gao Xiangxiang.Research on Traditional Ways of Heating and Indoor Thermal Environment in Rural Areas in North China[D].Xi'an:Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology,2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]郭继业.高效预制组装架空炕连灶[J].农业工程技术(新能源产业),2010(1):1-5.
[5]Zhuang Z,Li Y G,Chen B.Smoke flow in Chinese kangs[J].Indoor&Built Environment,2009,18(3):219-233.
[6]Cao G,Juha J,Feng G,et al.Simulation of the heating performance of the kang system in one Chinese detached house using biomass[J].Energy and Buildings,2011;43(1):189-199.
[7]Zhai Z J,Yates A P,Lin D,et al.An evaluation and model of the Chinese Kang system to improve indoor thermal comfort in northeast rural China-Part-2:Result analysis[J].Renewable Energy,2015,84(6):649-657.
[8]Niu S W,Hu L L,Qian Y J,et al.Effective pathway to improve indoor thermal comfort in rural houses:Analysis of heat efficiency of elevated kangs[J].Journal of Energy Engineering,2015,142(4):1-11.
[9]Zhuang Z,Li Y G,Chen B,et al.Chinese kang as a domestic heating system in rural northern China A-review[J].Energy and Buildings,2009,41(1):111-119.
[10]Yu G L,Zhuang Z,Jia P L.Chinese kangs and building energy consumption[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(6):992-1002.
[11]Qian H,Li Y,Zhang X,et al.Surface temperature distribution of Chinese kangs[J].International Journal of Green Energy,2010,7(3):347-360.
[12]Lin D,Yuan P,Wang Z,et al.Heat transfer model of hotwall Kang based on the non-uniform Kang surface temperature in Chinese rural residences[J].Building Simulation,2016,10(2):145-163.
[13]李刚,池兰,冯国会,等.相变蓄能火炕热舒适性的试验[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(11):244-249.Li Gang,Chi Lan,Feng Guohui,et al.Experiment on thermal comfort performance of phase-change energy storage kang[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2016,32(11):244-249.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]Zhuang Z,Li Y G,Chen B.Thermal storage performance analysis on Chinese kangs[J].Energy and Buildings,2009,41(4):452-59.
[15]牛叔文,钱玉杰,胡莉莉.甘肃庄浪县农户吊炕的热效率模拟分析[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(06):193-201.Niu Shuwen,Qian Yujie,Hu Lili.Model analysis on thermal efficiency of suspended kang of rural households in Zhuanglang county,Gansu province[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(6):193-201.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Han B,Kayoko.The energy consumption of heating in the northeast rural area of china from the perspective of the Kang and agricultural waste[J].Meteorological&Environmental Research,2015,6(1):9-13.
[17]胡莉莉,牛叔文.黄土丘陵区农村节能吊炕的环境经济效益分析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(15):208-215.Hu Lili,Niu Shuwen.Analysis on environmental and economic benefits of suspended kang of rural households in loess hilly region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(15):208-215.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]李国柱,牛叔文,杨振,等.陇中黄土丘陵地区农村生活能源消费的环境经济成本分析[J].自然资源学报,2008,23(1):15-24.Li Guozhu,Niu Shuwen,Yang Zheng,et al.The analysis on environmental and economic cost of rural household energy consumption in loess hilly region of Gansu Province[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2008,23(1):15-24.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]农村火炕系统通用技术规:JGT/T 358-2015[S].
[20]民用火炕性能试验方法:NY/T 58-2009[S].
[21]室内空气质量标准:GB/T 18883-2002[S].
[22]民用建筑室内热湿环境评价标准:GB/T 50785-2012[S].
[23]端木琳,赵洋,王宗山,等.火炕热工性能的研究及其评价方法[J].建筑科学,2009,25(12):30-38.Duan Mulin,Zhao Yang,Wang Zongshan,et al.Research and assessment method of thermal performance of Chinese kang[J].Building Science,2009,25(12):30-38.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]杨世铭,陶文铨.传热学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006.
[25]方修睦,王芳,李桂文.火炕热工性能评价指标及检测方法研究[J].建筑科学,2014,30(6):118-123.Fang Xiumu,Wang Fang,Li Guiwen.Discussion on evaluation indices and test method for civil Kang’s thermal performance[J].Building Science,2014,30(6):118-123.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]徐洪波,焦庆余,徐国堂.高效预制组装架空火炕的研究[J].农业工程学报,1991,7(3):81-86.Xu Hongbo,Jiao Qingyu,Xu Guotang.The Research ofthe high efficiency prefabricated and combined-suspend heatable brick bed[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),1991,7(3):81-86.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]包森,田立新,王军帅.中国能源生产与消费趋势预测和碳排放研究[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(8):1248-1254.Bao Sen,Tian Lixin,Wang Junshuai.Trend forecast of energy production and consumption inchina and research of carbon emissions[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(8):1248-1254.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]陆炳,孔少飞,韩斌,等.2007年中国大陆地区生物质燃烧排放污染物清单[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(2):186-194.Lu Bing,Kong Shaofei,Han Bin,et al.Inventory of atmospheric pollutants discharged from biomass burning in China continent in 2007[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(2):186-194.
[29]Li Guozhu,Niu Shuwen,Ma Libang,etal.Assessment of environmental and economic costs of rural household energy consumption in Loess Hilly Region,Gansu Province,China[J].Renewable Energy,2009,34(6):1438-1444.