Electrochemical behaviors of anode materials and their performance for bauxite desulfurization
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摘要
Pyrite inside bauxite could be oxidized into soluble S-containing ions by electrolysis, and thus achieving bauxite desulfurization by using filtration. However, S-containing ions in electrolyte had some corrosion effects on electrode, especially for anode. In this work, six kinds of traditional materials were selected as anode, and their corrosion behaviors were examined by using electrochemistry characterization. Tafel and CV curves from simulating electrolyte suggested that their corrosion potentials were in the following order: Ni﹥C﹥SS﹥Fe﹥Cu﹥Pb–Ag. As expected, the desulfurization ratio and cell voltage from bauxite electrolysis were in the following order respectively: Cu﹥Ni﹥Fe﹥SS﹥C﹥Pb–Ag and Ni﹥Fe﹥SS﹥Cu﹥C﹥Pb–Ag. Finally, Ni was proposed a kind of excellent electrode material for bauxite desulfurization from electrolysis.
Pyrite inside bauxite could be oxidized into soluble S-containing ions by electrolysis, and thus achieving bauxite desulfurization by using filtration. However, S-containing ions in electrolyte had some corrosion effects on electrode, especially for anode. In this work, six kinds of traditional materials were selected as anode, and their corrosion behaviors were examined by using electrochemistry characterization. Tafel and CV curves from simulating electrolyte suggested that their corrosion potentials were in the following order: Ni﹥C﹥SS﹥Fe﹥Cu﹥Pb–Ag. As expected, the desulfurization ratio and cell voltage from bauxite electrolysis were in the following order respectively: Cu﹥Ni﹥Fe﹥SS﹥C﹥Pb–Ag and Ni﹥Fe﹥SS﹥Cu﹥C﹥Pb–Ag. Finally, Ni was proposed a kind of excellent electrode material for bauxite desulfurization from electrolysis.
Pyrite inside bauxite could be oxidized into soluble S-containing ions by electrolysis, and thus achieving bauxite desulfurization by using filtration. However, S-containing ions in electrolyte had some corrosion effects on electrode, especially for anode. In this work, six kinds of traditional materials were selected as anode, and their corrosion behaviors were examined by using electrochemistry characterization. Tafel and CV curves from simulating electrolyte suggested that their corrosion potentials were in the following order: Ni﹥C﹥SS﹥Fe﹥Cu﹥Pb–Ag. As expected, the desulfurization ratio and cell voltage from bauxite electrolysis were in the following order respectively: Cu﹥Ni﹥Fe﹥SS﹥C﹥Pb–Ag and Ni﹥Fe﹥SS﹥Cu﹥C﹥Pb–Ag. Finally, Ni was proposed a kind of excellent electrode material for bauxite desulfurization from electrolysis.
引文
[1]V.Lam,G.C.Li,C.J.Song,J.W.Chen,C.Fairbridge,R.Hui,J.J.Zhang,A review of electrochemical desulfurization technologies for fossil fuels,Fuel Process.Technol.98(2012)30-38.
[2]D.X.Li,J.S.Gao,G.X.Yue,Catalytic oxidation and kinetics of oxidation of coal-derived pyrite by electrolysis,Fuel Process.Technol.82(2003)75-85.
[3]R.W.Coughlin,M.Farooque,Hydrogen production from coal,water and electrons,Nature 279(1979)301-303.
[4]M.Farooque,R.W.Coughlin,Anodic coal reaction lowers energy consumption of metal electrowinning,Nature 280(1979)666-668.
[5]P.G.Wapner,S.B.Lalvani,G.Awad,Organic sulfur removal from coal by electrolysis in alkaline media,Fuel Process.Technol.18(1988)25-36.
[6]Y.D.Abreu,P.A.Mqreuez,G.G.Botte,Characterization of electrooxidized Pittsburgh No.8 coal,Fuel 86(2007)573-584.
[7]X.Z.Gong,M.Y.Wang,Z.Wang,Z.C.Guo,Desulfurization of electrolyzed coal water slurry in HCl system with ionic liquids addition,Fuel Process.Technol.99(2012)6-12.
[8]X.Z.Gong,L.Ge,Z.Wang,S.Y.Zhuang,Y.H.Wang,L.H.Ren,M.Y.Wang,Desulfurization from bauxite water slurry(BWS)electrolysis,Metall.Mater.Trans.B Process Metall.Mater.Process.Sci.47(1)(2016)649-656.
[9]L.Ge,X.Z.Gong,Z.Wang,L.X.Zhao,Y.H.Wang,M.Y.Wang,Sulfur removal from bauxite water slurry(BWS)electrolysis intensified by ultrasonic,Ultrason.Sonochem.26(2015)142-148.
[10]X.Z.Gong,S.Y.Zhuang,L.Ge,Z.Wang,M.Y.Wang,Desulfurization kinetics and mineral phase evolution of bauxite water slurry(BWS)electrolysis,Int.J.Miner.Process.139(2015)17-24.
[11]E.Ahlberg,K.S.E.Forssberg,X.Wang,The surface oxidation of pyrite in alkaline solution,J.Appl.Electrochem.20(1990)1033-1039.
[12]S.Marini,P.Salvi,P.Nelli,R.Pesenti,M.Villa,M.Berrettoni,G.Zangari,Y.Kiros,Advanced alkaline water electrolysis,Electrochim.Acta 82(2012)384-391.
[13]A.Schippers,T.Rohwerder,W.Sand,Intermediary sulfur compounds in pyrite oxidation:Implications for bioleaching and biodepyritization of coal,Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol.52(1999)104-110.
[14]R.Murphy,D.R.Strongin,Surface reactivity of pyrite and related sulfides,Surf.Sci.Rep.64(2009)1-45.
[15]A.P.Chandra,A.R.Gerson,The mechanisms of pyrite oxidation and leaching:Afundamental perspective,Surf.Sci.Rep.65(2010)293-315.
[16]A.Demoz,C.Khulbe,C.Fairbridge,S.Petrovic,Iodide mediated electrolysis of acidic coke/coal suspension,J.Appl.Electrochem.38(2008)845-851.
[17]L.Liu,M.Y.Wang,Z.Wang,Y.Zhang,The corrosion resistance of Ni anode and Ga electrowinning in alkaline sulfide solutions,J.Appl.Electrochem.45(2015)1255-1263.
[18]S.M.Abd El Haleem,E.E.Abd El Aal,Electrochemical reduction of the corrosion products formed on copper surface in alkaline-sulphide solutions,J.Alloys Compd.432(2007)205-210.
[19]S.A.Awe,J.E.Sundkvist,?.Sandstr?m,Formation of sulphur oxyanions and their influence on antimony electrowinning from sulphide electrolytes,Miner.Eng.53(2013)39-47.
[20]S.M.Sayed,E.A.Ashour,G.I.Youssef,Effect of sulfide ions on the corrosion behaviour of Al-brass and Cu10Ni alloys in salt water,Mater.Chem.Phys.78(2003)825-834.
[21]M.Srinivas,S.K.Adapaka,L.Neelakantan,Solubility effects of Sn and Ga on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Al-Mg-Sn-Ga alloy anodes,J.Alloys Compd.683(2016)647-653.
[22]P.Patil,Y.D.Abreu,G.G.Botte,Electrooxidation of coal slurries on different electrode materials,J.Power Sources 158(2006)368-377.
[23]R.H.Yin,Y.G.Zhao,S.Y.Lu,H.M.Wang,W.M.Cao,Q.B.Fan,Electrocatalytic oxidation of coal on Ti-supported metal oxides coupled with liquid catalysts for H2production,Electrochim.Acta 55(2009)46-51.
[24]P.Yu,G.G.Botte,Bimetallic platinum-iron electrocatalyst supported on carbon fibers for coal electrolysis,J.Power Sources 274(2015)165-169.
[25]S.Liu,W.Zhou,F.Tang,B.F.Guo,Y.T.Zhang,R.H.Yin,Pretreatment of coal by ionic liquids towards coal electrolysis liquefaction,Fuel 160(2015)495-501.
[26]J.N.Al-Hajji,M.R.Reda,The corrosion of copper-nickel alloys in sulfide-polluted seawater:The effect of sulfide concentration,Corros.Sci.34(1)(1993)163-177.
[27]T.Xingying,W.Shuzhong,X.Donghai,G.Yanmeng,Z.Jie,W.Yuzhen,Corrosion behavior of Ni-based alloys in supercritical water containing high concentrations of salt and oxygen,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.52(2013)18241-18250.
[28]A.Frank,C.Christodoulos,B.M.Mogens,Alkaline electrolysis cell at high temperature and pressure of 250°C and 42 bar,J.Power Sources 229(2013)22-31.
[29]S.Fajardo,D.M.Bastidas,M.P.Ryan,M.Criado,D.S.Mcphail,R.J.H.Morris,J.M.Bastidas,Low energy SIMS characterization of passive oxide films formed on a low-nickel stainless steel in alkaline media,Appl.Surf.Sci.288(2014)423-429.
[30]L.Choudhary,W.Wang,A.Alfantazi,Electrochemical corrosion of stainless steel in thiosulfate solutions relevant to gold leaching,Metall.Mater.Trans.A 47(1)(2016)314-325.
[31]M.Maysam,A.Akram,Evaluation of manganese dioxide deposition on lead-based electrowinning anodes,Hydrometallurgy 159(2016)28-39.
[32]J.J.Mcginnity,M.J.Nicol,The role of silver in enhancing the electrochemical activity of lead and lead-silver alloy anodes,Hydrometallurgy 144(2014)133-139.
[33]A.J.Lü,Y.Q.Shen,X.Z.Gong,Z.Wang,Y.H.Wang,M.Y.Wang,Effects of electrolyte recycling on desulfurization from bauxite water slurry electrolysis,Trans.Nonferrous Metals Soc.China 26(2016)1714-1720.
[34]N.K.Awad,E.A.Ashour,A.S.Fouda,N.K.Allam,Effect of alloying elements on the electrochemical behavior of Cu-Ni-Zn ternary system in sulfide-polluted saltwater,Appl.Surf.Sci.307(2014)621-630.
[35]X.Y.Tang,S.Z.Wang,D.H.Xu,Y.M.Gong,J.Zhang,Y.Z.Wang,Corrosion behavior of Ni-based alloys in supercritical water containing high concentrations of salt and oxygen,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.52(2013)18241-18250.
[36]S.M.A.El Haleem,E.E.A.El Aal,Electrochemical behaviour of iron in alkaline sulphide solutions,Corros.Eng.Sci.Technol.43(2008)173-178.
[37]K.M.Ismail,A.M.Fathi,W.A.Badawy,The influence of Ni content on the stability of copper-nickel alloys in alkaline sulphate solutions,J.Appl.Electrochem.34(2004)823-831.
[38]L.Liu,M.Y.Wang,Z.Wang,Y.Zhang,Corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel anode in alkaline sulfide solutions and the consequent influence on Ga electrowinning,Hydrometallurgy 157(2015)285-291.
[39]C.Comninellis,Electrocatalysis in the electrochemical conversion/combustion of organic pollutants for waste water treatment,Electrochim.Acta 39(11/12)(1994)1857-1862.
[40]X.Y.Li,Y.H.Cui,Y.J.Feng,Z.M.Xie,J.D.Gu,Reaction pathways and mechanisms of the electrochemical degradation of phenol on different electrodes,Water Res.39(2005)1972-1981.
[41]A.M.Polcaro,S.Palmas,F.Renoldi,M.Mascia,On the performance of Ti/SnO2and Ti/PbO2anodes in electrochemical degradation of 2-chlorphenol for wastewater treatment,J.Appl.Electrochem.29(1999)147-151.
[42]S.T.Zhong,W.Zhao,C.Sheng,W.J.Xu,Z.M.Zong,X.Y.Wei,Mechanism for removal of organic sulfur from guiding subbituminous coal by electrolysis,Energy Fuel 25(2011)3687-3692.
[43]M.Panizza,G.Cerisola,Direct and mediated anodic oxidation of organic pollutants,Chem.Rev.109(2009)6541-6569.
[44]Y.Katayama,Y.Toshimitsu,T.Miura,Electrode kinetics of the redox reaction of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)nickel complexes in an ionic liquid,Electrochim.Acta 131(2014)36-41.
[45]Q.Liu,J.M.Yu,Y.H.Xu,J.D.Wang,L.Ying,X.X.Song,G.D.Zhou,J.M.Chen,Bioelectrocatalytic dechlorination of trichloroacetic acid at gel-immobilized hemoglobin on multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified graphite electrode:Kinetic modeling and reaction pathways,Electrochim.Acta 92(2013)153-160.
[46]R.Padilla,O.Jerez,M.C.Ruiz,Kinetics of the pressure leaching of enargite in FeSO4-H2SO4-O2media,Hydrometallurgy 158(2015)49-55.
[47]H.Y.Sun,M.Chen,L.C.Zou,R.B.Shu,R.M.Ruan,Study of the kinetics of pyrite oxidation under controlled redox potential,Hydrometallurgy 155(2015)13-19.
[48]H.Long,D.G.Dixon,Pressure oxidation of pyrite in sulfuric acid media:A kinetic study,Hydrometallurgy 73(2004)335-349.
[2]D.X.Li,J.S.Gao,G.X.Yue,Catalytic oxidation and kinetics of oxidation of coal-derived pyrite by electrolysis,Fuel Process.Technol.82(2003)75-85.
[3]R.W.Coughlin,M.Farooque,Hydrogen production from coal,water and electrons,Nature 279(1979)301-303.
[4]M.Farooque,R.W.Coughlin,Anodic coal reaction lowers energy consumption of metal electrowinning,Nature 280(1979)666-668.
[5]P.G.Wapner,S.B.Lalvani,G.Awad,Organic sulfur removal from coal by electrolysis in alkaline media,Fuel Process.Technol.18(1988)25-36.
[6]Y.D.Abreu,P.A.Mqreuez,G.G.Botte,Characterization of electrooxidized Pittsburgh No.8 coal,Fuel 86(2007)573-584.
[7]X.Z.Gong,M.Y.Wang,Z.Wang,Z.C.Guo,Desulfurization of electrolyzed coal water slurry in HCl system with ionic liquids addition,Fuel Process.Technol.99(2012)6-12.
[8]X.Z.Gong,L.Ge,Z.Wang,S.Y.Zhuang,Y.H.Wang,L.H.Ren,M.Y.Wang,Desulfurization from bauxite water slurry(BWS)electrolysis,Metall.Mater.Trans.B Process Metall.Mater.Process.Sci.47(1)(2016)649-656.
[9]L.Ge,X.Z.Gong,Z.Wang,L.X.Zhao,Y.H.Wang,M.Y.Wang,Sulfur removal from bauxite water slurry(BWS)electrolysis intensified by ultrasonic,Ultrason.Sonochem.26(2015)142-148.
[10]X.Z.Gong,S.Y.Zhuang,L.Ge,Z.Wang,M.Y.Wang,Desulfurization kinetics and mineral phase evolution of bauxite water slurry(BWS)electrolysis,Int.J.Miner.Process.139(2015)17-24.
[11]E.Ahlberg,K.S.E.Forssberg,X.Wang,The surface oxidation of pyrite in alkaline solution,J.Appl.Electrochem.20(1990)1033-1039.
[12]S.Marini,P.Salvi,P.Nelli,R.Pesenti,M.Villa,M.Berrettoni,G.Zangari,Y.Kiros,Advanced alkaline water electrolysis,Electrochim.Acta 82(2012)384-391.
[13]A.Schippers,T.Rohwerder,W.Sand,Intermediary sulfur compounds in pyrite oxidation:Implications for bioleaching and biodepyritization of coal,Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol.52(1999)104-110.
[14]R.Murphy,D.R.Strongin,Surface reactivity of pyrite and related sulfides,Surf.Sci.Rep.64(2009)1-45.
[15]A.P.Chandra,A.R.Gerson,The mechanisms of pyrite oxidation and leaching:Afundamental perspective,Surf.Sci.Rep.65(2010)293-315.
[16]A.Demoz,C.Khulbe,C.Fairbridge,S.Petrovic,Iodide mediated electrolysis of acidic coke/coal suspension,J.Appl.Electrochem.38(2008)845-851.
[17]L.Liu,M.Y.Wang,Z.Wang,Y.Zhang,The corrosion resistance of Ni anode and Ga electrowinning in alkaline sulfide solutions,J.Appl.Electrochem.45(2015)1255-1263.
[18]S.M.Abd El Haleem,E.E.Abd El Aal,Electrochemical reduction of the corrosion products formed on copper surface in alkaline-sulphide solutions,J.Alloys Compd.432(2007)205-210.
[19]S.A.Awe,J.E.Sundkvist,?.Sandstr?m,Formation of sulphur oxyanions and their influence on antimony electrowinning from sulphide electrolytes,Miner.Eng.53(2013)39-47.
[20]S.M.Sayed,E.A.Ashour,G.I.Youssef,Effect of sulfide ions on the corrosion behaviour of Al-brass and Cu10Ni alloys in salt water,Mater.Chem.Phys.78(2003)825-834.
[21]M.Srinivas,S.K.Adapaka,L.Neelakantan,Solubility effects of Sn and Ga on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Al-Mg-Sn-Ga alloy anodes,J.Alloys Compd.683(2016)647-653.
[22]P.Patil,Y.D.Abreu,G.G.Botte,Electrooxidation of coal slurries on different electrode materials,J.Power Sources 158(2006)368-377.
[23]R.H.Yin,Y.G.Zhao,S.Y.Lu,H.M.Wang,W.M.Cao,Q.B.Fan,Electrocatalytic oxidation of coal on Ti-supported metal oxides coupled with liquid catalysts for H2production,Electrochim.Acta 55(2009)46-51.
[24]P.Yu,G.G.Botte,Bimetallic platinum-iron electrocatalyst supported on carbon fibers for coal electrolysis,J.Power Sources 274(2015)165-169.
[25]S.Liu,W.Zhou,F.Tang,B.F.Guo,Y.T.Zhang,R.H.Yin,Pretreatment of coal by ionic liquids towards coal electrolysis liquefaction,Fuel 160(2015)495-501.
[26]J.N.Al-Hajji,M.R.Reda,The corrosion of copper-nickel alloys in sulfide-polluted seawater:The effect of sulfide concentration,Corros.Sci.34(1)(1993)163-177.
[27]T.Xingying,W.Shuzhong,X.Donghai,G.Yanmeng,Z.Jie,W.Yuzhen,Corrosion behavior of Ni-based alloys in supercritical water containing high concentrations of salt and oxygen,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.52(2013)18241-18250.
[28]A.Frank,C.Christodoulos,B.M.Mogens,Alkaline electrolysis cell at high temperature and pressure of 250°C and 42 bar,J.Power Sources 229(2013)22-31.
[29]S.Fajardo,D.M.Bastidas,M.P.Ryan,M.Criado,D.S.Mcphail,R.J.H.Morris,J.M.Bastidas,Low energy SIMS characterization of passive oxide films formed on a low-nickel stainless steel in alkaline media,Appl.Surf.Sci.288(2014)423-429.
[30]L.Choudhary,W.Wang,A.Alfantazi,Electrochemical corrosion of stainless steel in thiosulfate solutions relevant to gold leaching,Metall.Mater.Trans.A 47(1)(2016)314-325.
[31]M.Maysam,A.Akram,Evaluation of manganese dioxide deposition on lead-based electrowinning anodes,Hydrometallurgy 159(2016)28-39.
[32]J.J.Mcginnity,M.J.Nicol,The role of silver in enhancing the electrochemical activity of lead and lead-silver alloy anodes,Hydrometallurgy 144(2014)133-139.
[33]A.J.Lü,Y.Q.Shen,X.Z.Gong,Z.Wang,Y.H.Wang,M.Y.Wang,Effects of electrolyte recycling on desulfurization from bauxite water slurry electrolysis,Trans.Nonferrous Metals Soc.China 26(2016)1714-1720.
[34]N.K.Awad,E.A.Ashour,A.S.Fouda,N.K.Allam,Effect of alloying elements on the electrochemical behavior of Cu-Ni-Zn ternary system in sulfide-polluted saltwater,Appl.Surf.Sci.307(2014)621-630.
[35]X.Y.Tang,S.Z.Wang,D.H.Xu,Y.M.Gong,J.Zhang,Y.Z.Wang,Corrosion behavior of Ni-based alloys in supercritical water containing high concentrations of salt and oxygen,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res.52(2013)18241-18250.
[36]S.M.A.El Haleem,E.E.A.El Aal,Electrochemical behaviour of iron in alkaline sulphide solutions,Corros.Eng.Sci.Technol.43(2008)173-178.
[37]K.M.Ismail,A.M.Fathi,W.A.Badawy,The influence of Ni content on the stability of copper-nickel alloys in alkaline sulphate solutions,J.Appl.Electrochem.34(2004)823-831.
[38]L.Liu,M.Y.Wang,Z.Wang,Y.Zhang,Corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel anode in alkaline sulfide solutions and the consequent influence on Ga electrowinning,Hydrometallurgy 157(2015)285-291.
[39]C.Comninellis,Electrocatalysis in the electrochemical conversion/combustion of organic pollutants for waste water treatment,Electrochim.Acta 39(11/12)(1994)1857-1862.
[40]X.Y.Li,Y.H.Cui,Y.J.Feng,Z.M.Xie,J.D.Gu,Reaction pathways and mechanisms of the electrochemical degradation of phenol on different electrodes,Water Res.39(2005)1972-1981.
[41]A.M.Polcaro,S.Palmas,F.Renoldi,M.Mascia,On the performance of Ti/SnO2and Ti/PbO2anodes in electrochemical degradation of 2-chlorphenol for wastewater treatment,J.Appl.Electrochem.29(1999)147-151.
[42]S.T.Zhong,W.Zhao,C.Sheng,W.J.Xu,Z.M.Zong,X.Y.Wei,Mechanism for removal of organic sulfur from guiding subbituminous coal by electrolysis,Energy Fuel 25(2011)3687-3692.
[43]M.Panizza,G.Cerisola,Direct and mediated anodic oxidation of organic pollutants,Chem.Rev.109(2009)6541-6569.
[44]Y.Katayama,Y.Toshimitsu,T.Miura,Electrode kinetics of the redox reaction of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)nickel complexes in an ionic liquid,Electrochim.Acta 131(2014)36-41.
[45]Q.Liu,J.M.Yu,Y.H.Xu,J.D.Wang,L.Ying,X.X.Song,G.D.Zhou,J.M.Chen,Bioelectrocatalytic dechlorination of trichloroacetic acid at gel-immobilized hemoglobin on multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified graphite electrode:Kinetic modeling and reaction pathways,Electrochim.Acta 92(2013)153-160.
[46]R.Padilla,O.Jerez,M.C.Ruiz,Kinetics of the pressure leaching of enargite in FeSO4-H2SO4-O2media,Hydrometallurgy 158(2015)49-55.
[47]H.Y.Sun,M.Chen,L.C.Zou,R.B.Shu,R.M.Ruan,Study of the kinetics of pyrite oxidation under controlled redox potential,Hydrometallurgy 155(2015)13-19.
[48]H.Long,D.G.Dixon,Pressure oxidation of pyrite in sulfuric acid media:A kinetic study,Hydrometallurgy 73(2004)335-349.