试论清代以罪革除土司异地安插制度
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摘要
以罪革除土司的安插制度是清代土司制度的一大特点。其制创建于大规模改土归流的雍正朝,其后则不断完善。从雍正、乾隆两朝的诸多实例看,这一制度确立之后,各地废除土司时均能遵照执行。被安插的土司职衔不一,安插的地点涉及内地数省,最远者甚至到关外。在安插之地,政府拨给这些土司房屋和土地,令自食其力。各地方官亦能严格管控。这一制度的推行,对保持原土司地区的社会稳定起到了一定的作用。
The transplacement system for the abolishment of Tusi due to certain crimes is the major character of Tusi system in Qing Dynasty. This system originated from the reign of Yongzheng(1723-1736), during which bureaucratization of native officers was in full swing. From the practices in the reign of Yongzheng(1723-1736) and Qianlong(1736-1795), the system was followed. The demoted Tusi officers were granted different titles, and some were transplanted to other provinces, or even to the northeast China. In the places where Tusi officers were transplanted, they were offered houses and land, and had to support themselves. And the native officers controlled them in a strict way. The popularization of this system plays a certain role in stabilizing the original Tusi society.
The transplacement system for the abolishment of Tusi due to certain crimes is the major character of Tusi system in Qing Dynasty. This system originated from the reign of Yongzheng(1723-1736), during which bureaucratization of native officers was in full swing. From the practices in the reign of Yongzheng(1723-1736) and Qianlong(1736-1795), the system was followed. The demoted Tusi officers were granted different titles, and some were transplanted to other provinces, or even to the northeast China. In the places where Tusi officers were transplanted, they were offered houses and land, and had to support themselves. And the native officers controlled them in a strict way. The popularization of this system plays a certain role in stabilizing the original Tusi society.
引文
[1]李世愉.清代土司制度论考[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998.
[2]祝光强,向国平.容美土司概观[M].武汉:湖北人民出版社,2006.
(1)《清圣祖实录》卷41,康熙十二年三月壬午。
(2)(3)光绪《大清会典事例》卷145《土官承袭》。
(4)《清圣祖实录》卷228,康熙四十六年二月辛亥。
(5)《雍正朝汉文朱批奏折会汇编》第一册,湖广巡抚杨宗仁等奏遵议科臣缪沅条陈苗疆事宜情形折。
(6)《清史稿》卷514《云南土司》。
(7)(8)《清世宗实录》卷60,雍正五年八月丁未。
(9)《清文献通考》卷203《刑考九》。
(1)(2)(3)(4)光绪《大清会典事例》卷741《刑部·名例律·徒流迁移地方一》。
(5)(6)光绪《大清会典事例》卷119《吏部·处分例·边禁》。
(7)《朱批谕旨》第37册,安徽巡抚徐本奏。
(1)《世宗宪皇帝圣训》。
(2)光绪《大清会典事例》卷741《刑部·名律例·徒流迁徙地方一》。
(3)《清高宗实录》卷239,乾隆十年四月己未。
(4)中国第一历史档案馆藏,朱批奏折,乾隆二十二年六月二十日贵州巡抚定长奏,档号:03-495-081。
(5)中国第一历史档案馆藏,朱批奏折,乾隆二十三年七月十六日云南巡抚刘藻奏,档号:04-01-31-1736-007。
(6)光绪《大清会典事例》卷119《吏部·处分例·边禁》。
(1)《清世宗实录》卷60,雍正五年八月癸卯。
(2)乾隆《永顺府志》卷9《土司》。
[2]祝光强,向国平.容美土司概观[M].武汉:湖北人民出版社,2006.
(1)《清圣祖实录》卷41,康熙十二年三月壬午。
(2)(3)光绪《大清会典事例》卷145《土官承袭》。
(4)《清圣祖实录》卷228,康熙四十六年二月辛亥。
(5)《雍正朝汉文朱批奏折会汇编》第一册,湖广巡抚杨宗仁等奏遵议科臣缪沅条陈苗疆事宜情形折。
(6)《清史稿》卷514《云南土司》。
(7)(8)《清世宗实录》卷60,雍正五年八月丁未。
(9)《清文献通考》卷203《刑考九》。
(1)(2)(3)(4)光绪《大清会典事例》卷741《刑部·名例律·徒流迁移地方一》。
(5)(6)光绪《大清会典事例》卷119《吏部·处分例·边禁》。
(7)《朱批谕旨》第37册,安徽巡抚徐本奏。
(1)《世宗宪皇帝圣训》。
(2)光绪《大清会典事例》卷741《刑部·名律例·徒流迁徙地方一》。
(3)《清高宗实录》卷239,乾隆十年四月己未。
(4)中国第一历史档案馆藏,朱批奏折,乾隆二十二年六月二十日贵州巡抚定长奏,档号:03-495-081。
(5)中国第一历史档案馆藏,朱批奏折,乾隆二十三年七月十六日云南巡抚刘藻奏,档号:04-01-31-1736-007。
(6)光绪《大清会典事例》卷119《吏部·处分例·边禁》。
(1)《清世宗实录》卷60,雍正五年八月癸卯。
(2)乾隆《永顺府志》卷9《土司》。