EFFECTS OF SPRING SOIL MOISTURE IN THE INDOCHINA PENINSULA ON SUMMER PRECIPITATION OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND ITS SURROUNDING AREAS: A SIMULATION STUDY FOR 1999
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摘要
Using the regional climate model RegCM4.4.5, coupled with the land model CLM4.5, we investigated the effects of springtime soil moisture in the Indochina Peninsula on summer precipitation over the South China Sea and its surrounding areas in 1999. Results have indicated that there exists positive correlation between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the western Pacific Ocean and negative correlation between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the eastern Indian Ocean. Summer precipitation in the South China Sea and its surrounding areas responds to springtime soil moisture in the Indochina Peninsula(the northwest region is critical) because general atmospheric circulation is sensitive to the near-surface thermodynamic state. Increased(decreased) soil moisture would result in decreased(increased) local surface temperatures. Latitudinal, small-scale land-sea thermal differences would then result in northeasterly wind(southwesterly wind) anomalies in the upper layer and southwesterly wind(northeasterly wind) anomalies in the lower layer, which strengthen(weaken) monsoon development. As a result,precipitation would enter the Western Pacific region earlier(later), and water vapor over the eastern Indian Ocean would enter the South China Sea earlier(later), causing a precipitation reduction(increase) in the eastern Indian Ocean and increase(reduction) in the Western Pacific.
Using the regional climate model RegCM4.4.5, coupled with the land model CLM4.5, we investigated the effects of springtime soil moisture in the Indochina Peninsula on summer precipitation over the South China Sea and its surrounding areas in 1999. Results have indicated that there exists positive correlation between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the western Pacific Ocean and negative correlation between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the eastern Indian Ocean. Summer precipitation in the South China Sea and its surrounding areas responds to springtime soil moisture in the Indochina Peninsula(the northwest region is critical) because general atmospheric circulation is sensitive to the near-surface thermodynamic state. Increased(decreased) soil moisture would result in decreased(increased) local surface temperatures. Latitudinal, small-scale land-sea thermal differences would then result in northeasterly wind(southwesterly wind) anomalies in the upper layer and southwesterly wind(northeasterly wind) anomalies in the lower layer, which strengthen(weaken) monsoon development. As a result,precipitation would enter the Western Pacific region earlier(later), and water vapor over the eastern Indian Ocean would enter the South China Sea earlier(later), causing a precipitation reduction(increase) in the eastern Indian Ocean and increase(reduction) in the Western Pacific.
Using the regional climate model RegCM4.4.5, coupled with the land model CLM4.5, we investigated the effects of springtime soil moisture in the Indochina Peninsula on summer precipitation over the South China Sea and its surrounding areas in 1999. Results have indicated that there exists positive correlation between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the western Pacific Ocean and negative correlation between soil moisture and summer precipitation over the eastern Indian Ocean. Summer precipitation in the South China Sea and its surrounding areas responds to springtime soil moisture in the Indochina Peninsula(the northwest region is critical) because general atmospheric circulation is sensitive to the near-surface thermodynamic state. Increased(decreased) soil moisture would result in decreased(increased) local surface temperatures. Latitudinal, small-scale land-sea thermal differences would then result in northeasterly wind(southwesterly wind) anomalies in the upper layer and southwesterly wind(northeasterly wind) anomalies in the lower layer, which strengthen(weaken) monsoon development. As a result,precipitation would enter the Western Pacific region earlier(later), and water vapor over the eastern Indian Ocean would enter the South China Sea earlier(later), causing a precipitation reduction(increase) in the eastern Indian Ocean and increase(reduction) in the Western Pacific.
引文
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[26]GU H,WANG G,YU Z,et al.Assessing future climate changes and extreme indicators in east and south Asia using the RegCM4 regional climate model[J].Clim Change,2012,114(2):301-317.
[27]AFIESIMAMA E A,PAL J S,ABIODUN B J,et al.Simulation of west Africa monsoon using the RegCM3,Part I:Model validation and interannual variability[J].Theor Appl Climatol,2006,86(1-4):23-37.
[28]TIWARI P R,KAR S C,MOHANTY U C,et al.The role of land surface schemes in the regional climate model(RegCM)for seasonal scale simulations over Western Himalaya[J].Atmosfera,2015,28(2):129-142.
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[30]EMANUEL K A.A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models[J].J Atmos Sci,1991,48(21):2313-2329.
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[33]ZENG X,ZHAO M,DICKINSON R E.Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using TOGA COARE and TAOdata[J].J Climate,1998,11(11):2628-2644.
[34]MLAWER E J,TAUBMAN S J,BROWN P D,et al.Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM,a validated correlated-k model for the longwave[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,1997,102(14):16663-16682.
[35]HOLTSLAG A A M,DE BRUIJN E I F,PAN H L.Ahigh resolution air mass transformation model for short-range weather forecasting[J].Mon Wea Rev,1990,118(118):1561-1575.
[36]YOU Jia-xing,LI Jiang-nan,ZHAO Yang-jie,et al.Effect of spring soil moisture in Indo-China Peninsula on summer precipitation over the South China Sea and surrounding area[J].Acta Sci Nat Univ Sunyatseni,2018,57(3),doi:10.13471/j.cnki.acta.snus.2018.03.000(in Chinese).
[2]CHARNEY J,QUIRK W J,CHOW S H,et al.Acomparative study of the effects of albedo change on drought in semi-arid regions[J].J Atmos Sci,1977,34(9):1366-1385.
[3]DELWORTH T L,MANABE S.The influence of potential evaporation on the variabilities of simulated soil wetness and climate[J].J Climate,1988,1(5):523-547.
[4]KOSTER R D,SUAREZ M J.The influence of land surface moisture retention on precipitation statistics[J].JClimate,1996,9(9):2551-2567.
[5]SHUKLA J,MINTZ Y.Influence of land-surface evapotranspiration on the Earth's climate[J].Science,1982,215:1498-1501.
[6]BARNETT T P,DUMENIL L,SCHLESE U,et al.The effect of Eurasian snow cover on regional and global climate variations[J].J Atmos Sci,1989,46(5):661-685.
[7]KOSTER R D,DIRMEYER P A,GUO Z,et al.Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation[J].Science,2004,305(5687):1138-1140.
[8]MA Zhu-guo,WEI He-lin,FU Cong-bin.Relationship between regional soil moisture variation and climatic variability over East China[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2000,58(3):278-287(in Chinese).
[9]ZHAN Yan-ling,LIN Zhao-hui.The relationship between June precipitation over mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin and spring soil moisture over the East Asian monsoon region[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2012,70(2):236-243(in Chinese).
[10]ZUO Zhi-yan,ZHANG Ren-he.Relationship between Spring soil moisture and summer precipitation over East Asia[J].Chin Sci Bull,2007,52(14):1722-1724(in Chinese).
[11]LIANG Le-ning,CHEN Hai-shan.Possible linkage between spring soil moisture anomalies over south China and summer rainfall in China[J].Transact Atmos Sci,2010,33(5):536-546(in Chinese).
[12]YANG S,LAU K M.Influences of sea surface temperature and ground wetness on Asian summer monsoon[J].J Climate,1998,11(12):3230-3246.
[13]KOSTER R D,SUD Y C,GUO Z,et al.GLACE:The global land-atmosphere coupling experiment,Part I:Overview[J]J Hydrometeor,2006,7(4):590-610.
[14]ORLOWSKY B,SENEVIRATNE S I.Statistical analyses of land-atmosphere feedbacks and their possible pitfalls[J].J Climate,2010,23(14):3918-3932.
[15]XU Hai-ming,HE Jin-hai,WEN Min,et al.A numerical study of effects of the Indo-China peninsula on the establishment and maintenance of the South China Sea summer monsoon[J].Chin J Atmos Sci,2002,26(3):330-342(in Chinese).
[16]HE Jin-hai,ZHU Qian-gen,MURAKAMI M.TBB data revealed features of Asian-Australian monsoon seasonal transition and Asian summer monsoon establishment[J].J Trop Meteor,1996,12(1):34-42(in Chinese).
[17]LIU Yi-min,CHAN J C L,MAO Jiang-yu,et al.Impacts of the onset of the Bay of Bengal monsoon on the onset of the South China Sea monsoon,Part I:A case study[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2003,61(1):1-9(in Chinese).
[18]LIU Yi-min,CHAN J C L,WU Guo-xiong.Impacts of the onset of the Bay of Bengal monsoon on the onset of the South China Sea monsoon,Part II:Numerical experiments[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2003,61(1):10-19(in Chinese).
[19]ZHENG Bin,MENG Wei-guang.The features of South China Sea summer monsoon onset of 2004 and the possible effects of land-surface process in Indo-China Peninsula.Part I:Diagnostic study[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2006,64(1):72-80(in Chinese).
[20]ZHENG Bin,MENG Wei-guang.The features of South China Sea summer monsoon onset of 2004 and the possible effects of land-surface process in Indo-China Peninsula,Part II:Numerical experiments[J].Acta Meteor Sinica,2006,64(1):81-89(in Chinese).
[21]GIORGI F,BATES G T.The climatological skill of a regional model over complex terrain[J].Mon Wea Rev,1989,117(11):2325-2347.
[22]GAO X,XU Y,ZHAO Z,et al.On the role of resolution and topography in the simulation of East Asia precipitation[J].Theor Appl Climatol,2006,86(1-4):173-185.
[23]GAO X,WANG M,GIORGI F.Climate change over China in the 21st century as simulated by BCC CSMl.1-RegCM4.0[J].Atmos Ocean Sci Lett,2013,6(5):381-386.
[24]LEE D K,SUH M S.Ten-year east Asian summer monsoon simulation using a regional climate model(RegCM2)[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,2000,105(D24):29565-29578.
[25]PARK E H,HONG S Y,KANG H S.Characteristics of an East-Asian summer monsoon climatology simulated by the RegCM3[J].Meteor Atmos Phys,2008,100(1-4):139-158.
[26]GU H,WANG G,YU Z,et al.Assessing future climate changes and extreme indicators in east and south Asia using the RegCM4 regional climate model[J].Clim Change,2012,114(2):301-317.
[27]AFIESIMAMA E A,PAL J S,ABIODUN B J,et al.Simulation of west Africa monsoon using the RegCM3,Part I:Model validation and interannual variability[J].Theor Appl Climatol,2006,86(1-4):23-37.
[28]TIWARI P R,KAR S C,MOHANTY U C,et al.The role of land surface schemes in the regional climate model(RegCM)for seasonal scale simulations over Western Himalaya[J].Atmosfera,2015,28(2):129-142.
[29]OLESON K W,LAWRENCE D M,BONAN G B.Technical description of version 4.5 of the Community Land Model(CLM)[R].Ncar Tech Note NCAR/TN-503+STR,420 pp,doi:10.5065/D6RR1W7M.
[30]EMANUEL K A.A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models[J].J Atmos Sci,1991,48(21):2313-2329.
[31]GRELL G A.Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations[J].Mon Wea Rev,1993,121(3):764-787.
[32]FRITSCH J M,CHAPPELL C F.Numerical prediction of convectively driven mesoscale pressure systems,Part I:Convective parameterization[J]J Atmos Sci,1980,37(8):1722-1733.
[33]ZENG X,ZHAO M,DICKINSON R E.Intercomparison of bulk aerodynamic algorithms for the computation of sea surface fluxes using TOGA COARE and TAOdata[J].J Climate,1998,11(11):2628-2644.
[34]MLAWER E J,TAUBMAN S J,BROWN P D,et al.Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres:RRTM,a validated correlated-k model for the longwave[J].J Geophys Res Atmos,1997,102(14):16663-16682.
[35]HOLTSLAG A A M,DE BRUIJN E I F,PAN H L.Ahigh resolution air mass transformation model for short-range weather forecasting[J].Mon Wea Rev,1990,118(118):1561-1575.
[36]YOU Jia-xing,LI Jiang-nan,ZHAO Yang-jie,et al.Effect of spring soil moisture in Indo-China Peninsula on summer precipitation over the South China Sea and surrounding area[J].Acta Sci Nat Univ Sunyatseni,2018,57(3),doi:10.13471/j.cnki.acta.snus.2018.03.000(in Chinese).