土地转入能否提升农民生活满意度?——来自湖北省江汉平原地区的经验证据
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摘要
基于湖北省江汉平原地区水稻种植户的调查数据,通过引入工具变量并利用IV-oprobit模型控制一定内生性后分析发现,在控制收入水平的条件下,转入土地并不会直接地对农民的生活满意度产生显著影响,但是土地转入能够间接地通过提高收入来增进生活满意度。基于人均纯收入的分层研究表明,对处在较低收入水平的农民而言,通过土地转入所带来的生活满意度提升不容忽视,其中转入土地能够使处在0%～25%和25%～50%收入分组群体的农民对生活感觉"非常满意"的概率分别提高14.4%以及28.4%;同时,土地转入则会对高收入农民的生活满意度产生显著的抑制效果。此外,健康状况、是否在县城购置房产、住房类型等因素均对农民的生活满意度产生显著影响。最后,基于提高低收入农户生活满意度的视角对结果进行了讨论。
Land renting is highly associated with farmers' life. Based on the survey data of rice farmers in the Jianghan Plain of Hubei province, this paper introduced instrumental variables and applied the IV-oprobit model to control certain endogeneities to examine the impacts of land renting on farmers' life satisfaction. The results found that when controlling the income level, land renting does not directly affect farmers' life satisfaction, but it could indirectly improve life satisfaction by increasing agricultural income. To make further analyses, we divided the farmers into four groups according to their per capita net income from low to high, which are 0%-25%, 25%-50%, 50%-75% and 75%-100%.The results of stratified research showed that, the subjective welfare brought by land renting cannot be ignored especially for the farmers with lower income. Among the farmers in the lowest-income group, which is 0%-25%, the probability of feeling "very satisfied" will increase by 14.4% if the famer rent land from others. Moreover, for those who are in the income group of 25%-50%, farmers renting land have a higher chance, which is 28.4%, to be "very satisfied" with their life. However, land renting can also significantly decrease the life satisfaction of high-income farmers. Our research indicates that, land renting can improve farmers' life satisfaction by exerting income effect and psychological effect as well. This result has a strong empirical significance for policies design particularly aiming at enhancing the welfare of poor farmers. In addition, this research also found that other driving factors such as the farmers' health status, the purchase of real estate in the county town, the purchase of cars and washing machines, and the type of housing have significant impacts on farmers' life satisfaction. The possible explanation is that they might affect life satisfaction by benefiting their lives or improving agricultural productivity. Finally, the results were discussed based on the perspective of improving the welfare of low-income farmers and some prospects for future research were put forward as well.
Land renting is highly associated with farmers' life. Based on the survey data of rice farmers in the Jianghan Plain of Hubei province, this paper introduced instrumental variables and applied the IV-oprobit model to control certain endogeneities to examine the impacts of land renting on farmers' life satisfaction. The results found that when controlling the income level, land renting does not directly affect farmers' life satisfaction, but it could indirectly improve life satisfaction by increasing agricultural income. To make further analyses, we divided the farmers into four groups according to their per capita net income from low to high, which are 0%-25%, 25%-50%, 50%-75% and 75%-100%.The results of stratified research showed that, the subjective welfare brought by land renting cannot be ignored especially for the farmers with lower income. Among the farmers in the lowest-income group, which is 0%-25%, the probability of feeling "very satisfied" will increase by 14.4% if the famer rent land from others. Moreover, for those who are in the income group of 25%-50%, farmers renting land have a higher chance, which is 28.4%, to be "very satisfied" with their life. However, land renting can also significantly decrease the life satisfaction of high-income farmers. Our research indicates that, land renting can improve farmers' life satisfaction by exerting income effect and psychological effect as well. This result has a strong empirical significance for policies design particularly aiming at enhancing the welfare of poor farmers. In addition, this research also found that other driving factors such as the farmers' health status, the purchase of real estate in the county town, the purchase of cars and washing machines, and the type of housing have significant impacts on farmers' life satisfaction. The possible explanation is that they might affect life satisfaction by benefiting their lives or improving agricultural productivity. Finally, the results were discussed based on the perspective of improving the welfare of low-income farmers and some prospects for future research were put forward as well.
引文
[1] 陈刚,李树. 政府如何能够让人幸福?——政府质量影响居民幸福感的实证研究[J]. 管理世界,2012(8):55-67.CHEN G,LI S. How can the government make people happy:A case study on the impact of the government quality on residents’ feeling of happiness[J]. Management World,2012(8):55-67.
[2] EASTERLIN R A. Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence[M]. In Nations and Households in Economic Growth,Massachusetts:Academic Press,1974: 89-125.
[3] 彭华民. 福利三角:一个社会政策分析的范式[J]. 社会学研究,2006(4):157-168,245.PENG H M. Welfare triangle:A paradigm of social policy analysis[J]. Sociological Studies,2006(4):157-168,245.
[4] DIENER E. Subjective well-being[J]. Psychological Bulletin,1984,95(3):542.
[5] NG Y K. Happiness,Life satisfaction,or subjective well-being? A measurement and moral philosophical perspective[D]. Nanyang Technological University,2015.
[6] 白描,吴国宝. 农民主观福祉现状及其影响因素分析——基于5省10县农户调查资料[J]. 中国农村观察,2017(1):41-51,141-142.BAI M, WU G B. An analysis on rural residents’ subjective well-being and the determinants:An empirical survey based on rural household data from ten counties in five provinces[J]. China Rural Survey,2017(1):41-51,141-142.
[7] 李越,崔红志. 农村老人主观幸福感及其影响因素分析——基于山东、河南、陕西三省农户调查数据分析[J]. 中国农村观察,2014(4):18-28.LI Y, CUI H Z. Research on subjective well-being of the elderly in rural area and its impact factors:Based on the case study of Shandong,Henan and Shaanxi Province. China Rural Survey,2014(4):18-28.
[8] 崔红志. 农村老年人主观幸福感影响因素分析——基于全国8省(区)农户问卷调查数据[J]. 中国农村经济,2015(4):72-80.CUI H Z. An analysis of the determinants to subjective happiness of the rural elderly:Based on questionnaire data from rural households in 8 provinces of China[J]. Chinese Rural Economy,2015(4):72-80.
[9] 连玉君,黎文素,黄必红. 子女外出务工对父母健康和生活满意度影响研究[J]. 经济学(季刊),2015,14(1): 185-202.LIAN Y J, LI W S, HUANG B H. The impact of children migration on the health and life satisfaction of parents left behind[J]. China Economic Quarterly,14(1):185-202.
[10] 陈前恒,林海,吕之望. 村庄民主能够增加幸福吗?——基于中国中西部120个贫困村庄1800个农户的调查[J]. 经济学(季刊),2014,13(2):723-744.CHEN Q H,LIN H,LV Z W. Does village democracy increase happiness:Evidence from rural China[J]. China Economic Quarterly,2014,13(2):723-744.
[11] 闫东升,杨槿,陈雯. 失地农民生活满意度测度及影响因素研究——以南京市仙林新村为例[J]. 长江流域资源与环境,2018,27(7):1625-1636.YAN D S, YANG J,CHEN W. Research of life satisfaction measurement and influencing factors of landless peasants: A case study of Xianlin Village in Nanjing[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2018,27(7):1625-1636.
[12] 江克忠,陈友华. 土地征用对农民生活满意度和未来信心的影响——基于CFPS调查数据的实证研究[J]. 社会发展研究,2017,4(2):57-72,243.JIANG K Z,CHEN Y H. The influence of land acquisition on farmers’ life satisfaction and future confidence: An empirical study based on CFPS survey data[J]. 2017,Chinese Journal of Social Development,4(2):57-72,243.
[13] 郭君平,曲颂,夏英,等. 农村土地流转的收入分配效应[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境,2018,28(5):160-169.GUO J P,QU S,XIA Y,et al. Research on income distributive effects of farmland circulation[J]. China Population,Resources and Environment,2018,28(5):160-169.
[14] 史常亮,栾江,朱俊峰,等. 土地流转对农户收入增长及收入差距的影响——基于8省农户调查数据的实证分析[J]. 经济评论,2017(5):152-166.SHI C L,LUAN J,ZHU J F,et al. Land transaction and farmers’ income: An analysis based on Chinese eight provinces survey data[J]. Economic Review,2017(5):152-166.
[15] 邓先瑞,徐东文,邓巍. 关于江汉平原城市群的若干问题[J]. 经济地理,1997(4):82-86.Deng X R, XU D W, DENG W. Some issues about urban agglomeration in Jianghan Plain[J]. Economic Geography, 1997(4): 82-86.
[16] 刘卫东. 江汉平原土地类型与综合自然区划[J]. 地理学报,1994(1): 73-83.LIU W D. Land types and comprehensive natural regionalization in Jianghan Plain[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,1994(1):73-83.
[17] 周广肃,孙浦阳. 互联网使用是否提高了居民的幸福感——基于家庭微观数据的验证[J]. 南开经济研究,2017(3):18-33.ZHOU G S,SUN P Y. The effect of internet usage on Chinese residents’ happiness: Evidence from CFPS[J]. Nankai Economic Studies,2017(3):18-33.
[18] GROWIEC K,GROWIEC J. Trusting only whom you know, knowing only whom you trust:The joint impact of social capital and trust on happiness in CEE countries[J]. Journal of Happiness Studies,2014,15(5):1015-1040.
[19] 李平,朱国军. 社会资本、身份特征与居民幸福感——基于中国居民社会网络变迁的视角[J]. 经济评论,2014(6):113-125.LI P,ZHU G J. Social capital,identities and well-being:A perspective of Chinese residents’ social networks transition[J]. Economic Review,2014(6):113-125.
[20] 党云晓,张文忠,余建辉, 等. 北京居民主观幸福感评价及影响因素研究[J]. 地理科学进展,2014,33(10):1312-1321.DANG Y X,ZHANG W Z,YU J H,et al. Residents’ subjective well-being and influencing factors in Beijing[J]. Progress in Geography,2014,33(10):1312-1321.
[21] BINSWANGER, M. Why does income growth fail to make us happier?:Searching for the treadmills behind the paradox of happiness. The Journal of Socio-Economics,2016,35(2),366-381.
[22] 王鹏,梁城城. 农户健康对收入和主观福利的影响——基于西部民族地区微观调查数据的经验研究[J]. 西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2018,39(5):116-126.WANG P,LIANG C C. The influence of farmers’ health on income and subjective welfare: An empirical study based on the micro-survey data in the Western minority areas[J]. Journal of Southwest Minzu University (Humanities and Social Science),2018,39(5):116-126.
(1)虽然现有国内外研究中,Ng[5]分别对主观福利(subjective sell-being)、幸福感(happiness)和生活满意度(life satisfaction)这3个概念进行了区分和辨别.但在本文研究中,我们认为它们都刻画了一种基于生活现状的心理满足或愉悦状态,都可以近似表示为生活满意度.
(1)分别是:监利县、沙洋县、仙桃市、洪湖市、钟祥市、公安县、天门市、京山县、汉川市、黄陂区、潜江市、应城市、当阳市、松滋市、安陆市、枝江市、江夏区、江陵县、孝昌县、石首市、赤壁市、云梦县、嘉鱼县、荆州区、蔡甸区、荆州区(荆州市辖区+沙市区)、武汉市辖区、汉南区、孝感市辖区、武汉市东西湖区。这些区域有的是县级市,有的是省会城市的下辖区,我们均以县来看待.
(2)《湖北农村统计年鉴》编辑委员会,2016:《2016湖北农村统计年鉴》,北京:中国统计出版社.
(1)从2017年开始,《湖北农村统计年鉴》开始公布各地农村土地流转的相关数据.
(2)原值为0,即由于遭遇气候灾害等因素造成绝产,取0. 01的自然对数作为替代.
[2] EASTERLIN R A. Does economic growth improve the human lot? Some empirical evidence[M]. In Nations and Households in Economic Growth,Massachusetts:Academic Press,1974: 89-125.
[3] 彭华民. 福利三角:一个社会政策分析的范式[J]. 社会学研究,2006(4):157-168,245.PENG H M. Welfare triangle:A paradigm of social policy analysis[J]. Sociological Studies,2006(4):157-168,245.
[4] DIENER E. Subjective well-being[J]. Psychological Bulletin,1984,95(3):542.
[5] NG Y K. Happiness,Life satisfaction,or subjective well-being? A measurement and moral philosophical perspective[D]. Nanyang Technological University,2015.
[6] 白描,吴国宝. 农民主观福祉现状及其影响因素分析——基于5省10县农户调查资料[J]. 中国农村观察,2017(1):41-51,141-142.BAI M, WU G B. An analysis on rural residents’ subjective well-being and the determinants:An empirical survey based on rural household data from ten counties in five provinces[J]. China Rural Survey,2017(1):41-51,141-142.
[7] 李越,崔红志. 农村老人主观幸福感及其影响因素分析——基于山东、河南、陕西三省农户调查数据分析[J]. 中国农村观察,2014(4):18-28.LI Y, CUI H Z. Research on subjective well-being of the elderly in rural area and its impact factors:Based on the case study of Shandong,Henan and Shaanxi Province. China Rural Survey,2014(4):18-28.
[8] 崔红志. 农村老年人主观幸福感影响因素分析——基于全国8省(区)农户问卷调查数据[J]. 中国农村经济,2015(4):72-80.CUI H Z. An analysis of the determinants to subjective happiness of the rural elderly:Based on questionnaire data from rural households in 8 provinces of China[J]. Chinese Rural Economy,2015(4):72-80.
[9] 连玉君,黎文素,黄必红. 子女外出务工对父母健康和生活满意度影响研究[J]. 经济学(季刊),2015,14(1): 185-202.LIAN Y J, LI W S, HUANG B H. The impact of children migration on the health and life satisfaction of parents left behind[J]. China Economic Quarterly,14(1):185-202.
[10] 陈前恒,林海,吕之望. 村庄民主能够增加幸福吗?——基于中国中西部120个贫困村庄1800个农户的调查[J]. 经济学(季刊),2014,13(2):723-744.CHEN Q H,LIN H,LV Z W. Does village democracy increase happiness:Evidence from rural China[J]. China Economic Quarterly,2014,13(2):723-744.
[11] 闫东升,杨槿,陈雯. 失地农民生活满意度测度及影响因素研究——以南京市仙林新村为例[J]. 长江流域资源与环境,2018,27(7):1625-1636.YAN D S, YANG J,CHEN W. Research of life satisfaction measurement and influencing factors of landless peasants: A case study of Xianlin Village in Nanjing[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2018,27(7):1625-1636.
[12] 江克忠,陈友华. 土地征用对农民生活满意度和未来信心的影响——基于CFPS调查数据的实证研究[J]. 社会发展研究,2017,4(2):57-72,243.JIANG K Z,CHEN Y H. The influence of land acquisition on farmers’ life satisfaction and future confidence: An empirical study based on CFPS survey data[J]. 2017,Chinese Journal of Social Development,4(2):57-72,243.
[13] 郭君平,曲颂,夏英,等. 农村土地流转的收入分配效应[J]. 中国人口·资源与环境,2018,28(5):160-169.GUO J P,QU S,XIA Y,et al. Research on income distributive effects of farmland circulation[J]. China Population,Resources and Environment,2018,28(5):160-169.
[14] 史常亮,栾江,朱俊峰,等. 土地流转对农户收入增长及收入差距的影响——基于8省农户调查数据的实证分析[J]. 经济评论,2017(5):152-166.SHI C L,LUAN J,ZHU J F,et al. Land transaction and farmers’ income: An analysis based on Chinese eight provinces survey data[J]. Economic Review,2017(5):152-166.
[15] 邓先瑞,徐东文,邓巍. 关于江汉平原城市群的若干问题[J]. 经济地理,1997(4):82-86.Deng X R, XU D W, DENG W. Some issues about urban agglomeration in Jianghan Plain[J]. Economic Geography, 1997(4): 82-86.
[16] 刘卫东. 江汉平原土地类型与综合自然区划[J]. 地理学报,1994(1): 73-83.LIU W D. Land types and comprehensive natural regionalization in Jianghan Plain[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica,1994(1):73-83.
[17] 周广肃,孙浦阳. 互联网使用是否提高了居民的幸福感——基于家庭微观数据的验证[J]. 南开经济研究,2017(3):18-33.ZHOU G S,SUN P Y. The effect of internet usage on Chinese residents’ happiness: Evidence from CFPS[J]. Nankai Economic Studies,2017(3):18-33.
[18] GROWIEC K,GROWIEC J. Trusting only whom you know, knowing only whom you trust:The joint impact of social capital and trust on happiness in CEE countries[J]. Journal of Happiness Studies,2014,15(5):1015-1040.
[19] 李平,朱国军. 社会资本、身份特征与居民幸福感——基于中国居民社会网络变迁的视角[J]. 经济评论,2014(6):113-125.LI P,ZHU G J. Social capital,identities and well-being:A perspective of Chinese residents’ social networks transition[J]. Economic Review,2014(6):113-125.
[20] 党云晓,张文忠,余建辉, 等. 北京居民主观幸福感评价及影响因素研究[J]. 地理科学进展,2014,33(10):1312-1321.DANG Y X,ZHANG W Z,YU J H,et al. Residents’ subjective well-being and influencing factors in Beijing[J]. Progress in Geography,2014,33(10):1312-1321.
[21] BINSWANGER, M. Why does income growth fail to make us happier?:Searching for the treadmills behind the paradox of happiness. The Journal of Socio-Economics,2016,35(2),366-381.
[22] 王鹏,梁城城. 农户健康对收入和主观福利的影响——基于西部民族地区微观调查数据的经验研究[J]. 西南民族大学学报(人文社科版),2018,39(5):116-126.WANG P,LIANG C C. The influence of farmers’ health on income and subjective welfare: An empirical study based on the micro-survey data in the Western minority areas[J]. Journal of Southwest Minzu University (Humanities and Social Science),2018,39(5):116-126.
(1)虽然现有国内外研究中,Ng[5]分别对主观福利(subjective sell-being)、幸福感(happiness)和生活满意度(life satisfaction)这3个概念进行了区分和辨别.但在本文研究中,我们认为它们都刻画了一种基于生活现状的心理满足或愉悦状态,都可以近似表示为生活满意度.
(1)分别是:监利县、沙洋县、仙桃市、洪湖市、钟祥市、公安县、天门市、京山县、汉川市、黄陂区、潜江市、应城市、当阳市、松滋市、安陆市、枝江市、江夏区、江陵县、孝昌县、石首市、赤壁市、云梦县、嘉鱼县、荆州区、蔡甸区、荆州区(荆州市辖区+沙市区)、武汉市辖区、汉南区、孝感市辖区、武汉市东西湖区。这些区域有的是县级市,有的是省会城市的下辖区,我们均以县来看待.
(2)《湖北农村统计年鉴》编辑委员会,2016:《2016湖北农村统计年鉴》,北京:中国统计出版社.
(1)从2017年开始,《湖北农村统计年鉴》开始公布各地农村土地流转的相关数据.
(2)原值为0,即由于遭遇气候灾害等因素造成绝产,取0. 01的自然对数作为替代.