地铁颗粒物特征分析及磁性过滤控制
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摘要
通过SEM-EDX和XRD对采集来的地铁颗粒物(PM_(10)和PM_(2.5))进行形貌和成分分析,研究结果表明:地铁颗粒物具有粒径大(可达10μm)、形状不规则、表面具有明显的刮擦痕迹等特征,主要成分为Si、C、O和Fe;其中Fe主要以Fe_3O_4、Fe_2O_3等氧化物的形式存在。针对地铁颗粒物含铁磁的特性,采用磁性过滤控制方法对地铁颗粒物开展研究,构建的磁性过滤装置对该地铁颗粒物的捕获效果可达90%以上,在一定磁性强度范围内(0~0.300T),滤网对颗粒物的捕获效果随着对其施加的磁性强度增加而提升,当施加的磁场强度为0.300 T时,装置对地铁颗粒物的捕获效率接近100%,比相同条件下对飞灰的捕获效率高出10%~15%,建议把磁过滤作为一种前处理装置用在含磁颗粒物处理上。
PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) in subway station were collected, and analyzed by SEM-EDX and XRD. The results showed that subway particles had large particle sizes(up to 10 μm), irregular shape and obvious scratch marks on the surface. The main components of subway particles were Si, C, O and Fe, and the dominant speciations of Fe were Fe_3O_4 and Fe_2O_3. A magnetic filtration system was adopted to investigate subway particles with ferromagnetism.It was found that more than 90% of the subway particles can be captured by the magnetic filter device, and the performance was improved with the increasing permanent magnet's magnetic strength(0 to 0.300 T). When magnetic field reached 0.300 T, nearly 100% of subway particles were captured by the magnetic filter device which is from10% to 15% higher than fly ash. Our findings suggest that magnetic filtration can be used as a pre-treatment in Fe-containing particles removal.
PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) in subway station were collected, and analyzed by SEM-EDX and XRD. The results showed that subway particles had large particle sizes(up to 10 μm), irregular shape and obvious scratch marks on the surface. The main components of subway particles were Si, C, O and Fe, and the dominant speciations of Fe were Fe_3O_4 and Fe_2O_3. A magnetic filtration system was adopted to investigate subway particles with ferromagnetism.It was found that more than 90% of the subway particles can be captured by the magnetic filter device, and the performance was improved with the increasing permanent magnet's magnetic strength(0 to 0.300 T). When magnetic field reached 0.300 T, nearly 100% of subway particles were captured by the magnetic filter device which is from10% to 15% higher than fly ash. Our findings suggest that magnetic filtration can be used as a pre-treatment in Fe-containing particles removal.
引文
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[3]郁珍艳,高大伟,李正泉,等.华东区域PM2.5变化背景下浙江省人口经济暴露水平评估[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):4924-4931. DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.201705039.
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[6]王永晓,曹红英,邓雅佳,等.大气颗粒物及降尘中重金属的分布特征与人体健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(9):3575-3584. DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.201702054.
[7]陈远翔,修光利,杨军,等.城市轨道交通地下车站环境健康风险因子及相关标准的研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(12):1139-1148.
[8]张霞,金轶,王晓保,等.上海两地铁车站空气中PM10和PM2.5浓度分布特征[J].环境与职业医学,2014,31(7):534-536.
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[10]黄仁东,仝慧贤,刘抗,等.西安市PM2.5污染特征及其估测模型[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(6):2974-2978.
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[15] KARLSSON H L, HOLGERSSON A, MOLLER L. Mechanisms related to the genotoxicity of particles in the subway and from other sources[J]. Chemical Research in Toxicology,2008,21(3):726-731. DOI:10.1021/tx7003568.
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[18] KAELSSON H L, NILSSON L, MOLLER L. Subway particles are more genotoxic than street particles and induce oxidative stress in cultured human lung cells[J]. Chemical Research in Toxicology,2016,18(1):19-23. DOI:10.1021/tx049723c.
[19] KAM W, CHEUNG K, DAHER N, et al. Particulate matter(PM)concentrations in underground and ground-level rail systems of the Los Angeles Metro[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(8):1506-1516. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.049.
[20] KARLSSON H L, NILSSON L, M¨OLLER L. Subway particles are more genotoxic than street particles and induce oxidative stress in cultured human lung cells[J]. Chemical Research in Toxicology,2005,18(1):19-23. DOI:10.1021/tx049723c.
[21] KIM K Y, KIM Y S, ROH Y M, et al. Spatial distribution of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in Seoul metropolitan subway stations[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154(1):440-443.
[22] RAUT J C, CHAZETTE P, FORTAIN A. Link between aerosol optical, microphysical and chemical measurements in an underground railway station in Paris[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(4):860-868. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.038.
[23]何生全,金龙哲,吴祥.不同地铁环控系统可吸入颗粒物研究及防治[J].中国安全科学学报,2016,26(3):128-132.
[24]李路野,樊越胜,谢伟,等.西安市地铁环境中大气颗粒物污染现状调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2013,30(2):160-161.
[25] CHENG Y H, LIN Y L, LIU C C. Levels of PM10 and PM2.5 in Taipei rapid transit system[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(31):7242-7249.
[26] CHAN L Y, LAU W L, LEE S C, et al. Commuter exposure to particulate matter in public transportation modes in Hong Kong[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(21):3363-3373. DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00318-7.
[27]樊越胜,胡泽源,刘亮,等.西安地铁环境中PM10、PM2.5、CO2污染水平分析[J].环境工程,2014,32(5):120-124.
[28]胡秀峰,梅博,韦丽红,等.室内空气净化技术应用效果研究进展[J].安全与环境学报,2015,15(6):202-206.
[29]黄亿苹,李伟曼,刘海弟,等.新型低气阻高效除尘器的研究与应用[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(3):1337-1342.
[30]包良满,雷前涛,谈明光,等.上海地铁站台大气颗粒物中过渡金属研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(6):2052-2059.
[31]杨永兴,包良满,雷前涛.地铁颗粒物PM2.5的SEM和微束XRF分析[J].电子显微学报,2013,32(1):47-53.
[32] MORENO T, MARTINS V, QUEROL X, et al. A new look at inhalable metalliferous airborne particles on rail subway platforms[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,505:367-375. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.013.
[33] FURUYA K, KUDO Y, OKINAGA K, et al. Seasonal variation and their characterization of suspended particulate matter in the air of subway stations[J]. Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques,2001,19(4):469-485. DOI:10.1081/TMA-100107583.
[34] CHILLRUD S N, EPSTEIN D, ROSS J M, et al. Elevated airborne exposures of teenagers to manganese, chromium, and iron from steel dust and New York City’s subway system[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(3):732-737.
[35] KANG S, HWANG H, PARK Y M, et al. Chemical compositions of subway particles in Seoul, Korea determined by a quantitative single particle analysis[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(24):9051-9057.
[36] JUNG H J, KIM B W, MALEK M A, et al. Chemical speciation of size-segregated floor dusts and airborne magnetic particles collected at underground subway stations in Seoul, Korea[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2012,213:331-340. DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.006.
[37] BUKOWIECKI N, GEHRIG R, HILL M, et al. Iron, manganese and copper emitted by cargo and passenger trains in Zürich(Switzerland):Size-segregated mass concentrations in ambient air[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(4):878-889. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.045.
[38] SALMA I, WEIDINGER T, MAENHAUT W. Time-resolved mass concentration, composition and sources of aerosol particles in a metropolitan underground railway station[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2007, 41(37):8391-8405. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.017.
[39] SEATON A, CHERRIE J, DENNEKAMP M, et al. The London underground:Dust and hazards to health[J]. Occupational and Environmental Medicine,2005,62(6):355-362. DOI:10.1136/oem.2004.014332.
[40] KANG J H, CHOI S, LEE W, et al. Isomagnetophoresis to discriminate subtle difference in magnetic susceptibility[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2008,130(2):396-397. DOI:10.1021/ja0770678.
[41] QUEROL X, MORENO T, KARANASIOU A, et al. Variability of levels and composition of PM10 and PM2.5 in the Barcelona metro system[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2012,12(11):5055-5076.
[2] CHUNG Y, DOMINICI F, WANG Y, et al. Associations between long-term exposure to chemical constituents of fine particulate matter(PM2.5)and mortality in medicare enrollees in the Eastern United States[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives,2015,123(5):467-474.
[3]郁珍艳,高大伟,李正泉,等.华东区域PM2.5变化背景下浙江省人口经济暴露水平评估[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):4924-4931. DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.201705039.
[4]罗毅,邓琼飞,杨昆,等.近20年来中国典型区域PM2.5时空演变过程[J].环境科学,2018,39(7):3003-3013.DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.201709174.
[5]魏国茹,史兴民.西安市PM2.5健康损害价值评估[J].环境科学,2018,39(7):3014-3021. DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.201710174.
[6]王永晓,曹红英,邓雅佳,等.大气颗粒物及降尘中重金属的分布特征与人体健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(9):3575-3584. DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.201702054.
[7]陈远翔,修光利,杨军,等.城市轨道交通地下车站环境健康风险因子及相关标准的研究进展[J].环境与健康杂志,2012,29(12):1139-1148.
[8]张霞,金轶,王晓保,等.上海两地铁车站空气中PM10和PM2.5浓度分布特征[J].环境与职业医学,2014,31(7):534-536.
[9] WILSON R, SPENGLER J D. Particles in Our Air:Concentrations and Health Effects[M]. Boston:Harvard University Press,1996:259.
[10]黄仁东,仝慧贤,刘抗,等.西安市PM2.5污染特征及其估测模型[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(6):2974-2978.
[11] ZHANG Z, CHAU P Y K, LAI H K, et al. A review of effects of particulate matter-associated nickel and vanadium species on cardiovascular and respiratory systems[J]. International Journal of Environmental Health Research,2009,19(3):175-185.DOI:10.1080/09603120802460392.
[12] POPE III C A, DOCKERY D W. Acute health effects of PM10 pollution on symptomatic and asymptomatic children[J]. American Review of Respiratory Disease,1992,145(5):1123-1128. DOI:10.1164/ajrccm/145.5.1123.
[13] DOCKERY D W, SCHWARTZ J, SPENGLER J D. Air pollution and daily mortality:Associations with particulates and acid aerosols[J]. Environmental Research,1992,59(2):362-373. DOI:10.1016/S0013-9351(05)80042-8.
[14] DOCKERY D W, POPE C A. Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution[J]. Annual Review of Public Health,1994,15(1):107-132. DOI:10.1146/annurev.pu.15.050194.000543.
[15] KARLSSON H L, HOLGERSSON A, MOLLER L. Mechanisms related to the genotoxicity of particles in the subway and from other sources[J]. Chemical Research in Toxicology,2008,21(3):726-731. DOI:10.1021/tx7003568.
[16] BACHOUAL R, BOCZKOWSKI J, GOVEN D, et al. Biological effects of particles from the paris subway system[J]. Chemical Research in Toxicology,2007,20(10):1426-1433. DOI:10.1021/tx700093j.
[17] JOHANSSON C, JOHANSSON P A. Particulate matter in the underground of Stockholm[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(1):3-9. DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00833-6.
[18] KAELSSON H L, NILSSON L, MOLLER L. Subway particles are more genotoxic than street particles and induce oxidative stress in cultured human lung cells[J]. Chemical Research in Toxicology,2016,18(1):19-23. DOI:10.1021/tx049723c.
[19] KAM W, CHEUNG K, DAHER N, et al. Particulate matter(PM)concentrations in underground and ground-level rail systems of the Los Angeles Metro[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(8):1506-1516. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.12.049.
[20] KARLSSON H L, NILSSON L, M¨OLLER L. Subway particles are more genotoxic than street particles and induce oxidative stress in cultured human lung cells[J]. Chemical Research in Toxicology,2005,18(1):19-23. DOI:10.1021/tx049723c.
[21] KIM K Y, KIM Y S, ROH Y M, et al. Spatial distribution of particulate matter(PM10 and PM2.5)in Seoul metropolitan subway stations[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008,154(1):440-443.
[22] RAUT J C, CHAZETTE P, FORTAIN A. Link between aerosol optical, microphysical and chemical measurements in an underground railway station in Paris[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(4):860-868. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.10.038.
[23]何生全,金龙哲,吴祥.不同地铁环控系统可吸入颗粒物研究及防治[J].中国安全科学学报,2016,26(3):128-132.
[24]李路野,樊越胜,谢伟,等.西安市地铁环境中大气颗粒物污染现状调查[J].环境与健康杂志,2013,30(2):160-161.
[25] CHENG Y H, LIN Y L, LIU C C. Levels of PM10 and PM2.5 in Taipei rapid transit system[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(31):7242-7249.
[26] CHAN L Y, LAU W L, LEE S C, et al. Commuter exposure to particulate matter in public transportation modes in Hong Kong[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36(21):3363-3373. DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00318-7.
[27]樊越胜,胡泽源,刘亮,等.西安地铁环境中PM10、PM2.5、CO2污染水平分析[J].环境工程,2014,32(5):120-124.
[28]胡秀峰,梅博,韦丽红,等.室内空气净化技术应用效果研究进展[J].安全与环境学报,2015,15(6):202-206.
[29]黄亿苹,李伟曼,刘海弟,等.新型低气阻高效除尘器的研究与应用[J].环境工程学报,2015,9(3):1337-1342.
[30]包良满,雷前涛,谈明光,等.上海地铁站台大气颗粒物中过渡金属研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(6):2052-2059.
[31]杨永兴,包良满,雷前涛.地铁颗粒物PM2.5的SEM和微束XRF分析[J].电子显微学报,2013,32(1):47-53.
[32] MORENO T, MARTINS V, QUEROL X, et al. A new look at inhalable metalliferous airborne particles on rail subway platforms[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,505:367-375. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.013.
[33] FURUYA K, KUDO Y, OKINAGA K, et al. Seasonal variation and their characterization of suspended particulate matter in the air of subway stations[J]. Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques,2001,19(4):469-485. DOI:10.1081/TMA-100107583.
[34] CHILLRUD S N, EPSTEIN D, ROSS J M, et al. Elevated airborne exposures of teenagers to manganese, chromium, and iron from steel dust and New York City’s subway system[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(3):732-737.
[35] KANG S, HWANG H, PARK Y M, et al. Chemical compositions of subway particles in Seoul, Korea determined by a quantitative single particle analysis[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(24):9051-9057.
[36] JUNG H J, KIM B W, MALEK M A, et al. Chemical speciation of size-segregated floor dusts and airborne magnetic particles collected at underground subway stations in Seoul, Korea[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2012,213:331-340. DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.02.006.
[37] BUKOWIECKI N, GEHRIG R, HILL M, et al. Iron, manganese and copper emitted by cargo and passenger trains in Zürich(Switzerland):Size-segregated mass concentrations in ambient air[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(4):878-889. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.07.045.
[38] SALMA I, WEIDINGER T, MAENHAUT W. Time-resolved mass concentration, composition and sources of aerosol particles in a metropolitan underground railway station[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2007, 41(37):8391-8405. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.06.017.
[39] SEATON A, CHERRIE J, DENNEKAMP M, et al. The London underground:Dust and hazards to health[J]. Occupational and Environmental Medicine,2005,62(6):355-362. DOI:10.1136/oem.2004.014332.
[40] KANG J H, CHOI S, LEE W, et al. Isomagnetophoresis to discriminate subtle difference in magnetic susceptibility[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society,2008,130(2):396-397. DOI:10.1021/ja0770678.
[41] QUEROL X, MORENO T, KARANASIOU A, et al. Variability of levels and composition of PM10 and PM2.5 in the Barcelona metro system[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2012,12(11):5055-5076.