页岩气井网井距优化
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摘要
基于页岩气一井一藏及工厂化作业的开发特点,一次性部署开发井是区块效益开发的关键,故合理的井网井距对于提高页岩气采收率具有重要的意义。为此,以国家级页岩气开发示范区长宁区块为例,以单井动态分析结果为依据,以"多井平台"数值模拟为分析手段,建立以基质接触面积、缝间干扰、井间干扰、裂缝—基质流入流出4种关系为核心的井网井距优化设计方法,并论证井网井距优化流程:(1)通过干扰测试分析和施工参数类比,定性判断井距范围;(2)建立以支撑剂总体积为约束的裂缝参数优化模型,形成页岩气开发井距理论分析方法,定量评价以簇为单元的主裂缝长度、间距、条数、导流能力以及裂缝穿透比,确定最优井距;(3)通过网格指数加密精细数值模拟,初步论证了下志留统龙马溪组一段采用"W"形的上下两层交错水平井部署的立体开发效果。结果表明:天然裂缝是影响井距优化的关键因素,长宁示范区天然裂缝不发育,现有压裂规模下采用300 m井距、采用"W"形的上下两套水平井部署立体开发,页岩气采收率可提高15%以上。
Shale gas is often developed under a factory-like mode with one well in one reservoir so that the layout of a development well pattern in one effort will be essential to the efficient development of a shale gas zone. Therefore, the determination of a proper well pattern and spacing is important for the enhancement of shale gas recovery rates. In view of this, the national shale demonstration Changning block was taken as an example to demonstrate the process of well pattern and spacing optimization. Based upon the single-well production performance analysis, "multi-well pad" numerical simulation was carried out to develop a method of pattern and spacing optimization realized by balancing four flow relationships, i.e., matrix contact area, inter-fracture interference, well interference and fracture–matrix inflow/outflow. First, through a comparative analysis on the interference tests and operation parameters, the well spacing was determined qualitatively. Then, an optimization model with the proppant volume as the constraint for dynamic parameters was established to develop a theoretical well-spacing analysis method, by which the optimal well spacing was determined after a quantitative evaluation, with a cluster as a basic unit, on the length, spacing, quantity, flow conductivity and penetration ratio of primary fractures. Finally, through a fine grid numerical simulation, the efficiency of the "W-shape" deployment of horizontal wells in two layers is primarily demonstrated on the development of the first member of the Longmaxi Fm shale gas reservoir. Natural fractures is the key factor for the well spacing optimization but in this case study of the Changning Block with undeveloped natural fractures, the "W-shape" deployment of horizontal wells in two layers was adopted with the 300 m well spacing as the main well pattern to enhance the shale gas recovery factor by more than 15% as a good result.
Shale gas is often developed under a factory-like mode with one well in one reservoir so that the layout of a development well pattern in one effort will be essential to the efficient development of a shale gas zone. Therefore, the determination of a proper well pattern and spacing is important for the enhancement of shale gas recovery rates. In view of this, the national shale demonstration Changning block was taken as an example to demonstrate the process of well pattern and spacing optimization. Based upon the single-well production performance analysis, "multi-well pad" numerical simulation was carried out to develop a method of pattern and spacing optimization realized by balancing four flow relationships, i.e., matrix contact area, inter-fracture interference, well interference and fracture–matrix inflow/outflow. First, through a comparative analysis on the interference tests and operation parameters, the well spacing was determined qualitatively. Then, an optimization model with the proppant volume as the constraint for dynamic parameters was established to develop a theoretical well-spacing analysis method, by which the optimal well spacing was determined after a quantitative evaluation, with a cluster as a basic unit, on the length, spacing, quantity, flow conductivity and penetration ratio of primary fractures. Finally, through a fine grid numerical simulation, the efficiency of the "W-shape" deployment of horizontal wells in two layers is primarily demonstrated on the development of the first member of the Longmaxi Fm shale gas reservoir. Natural fractures is the key factor for the well spacing optimization but in this case study of the Changning Block with undeveloped natural fractures, the "W-shape" deployment of horizontal wells in two layers was adopted with the 300 m well spacing as the main well pattern to enhance the shale gas recovery factor by more than 15% as a good result.
引文
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[8]Sardinha CM,Petr C,Lehmann J,Pyecroft JF&Merkle S.Determining interwell connectivity and reservoir complexity through frac pressure hits and production interference analysis[C]//SPE/CSUR Unconventional Resources Conference,30 September-2October 2014,Calgary,Alberta,Canada.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/171628-MS.
[9]贾爱林,位云生,金亦秋.中国海相页岩气开发评价关键技术进展[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(6):949-955.Jia Ailin,Wei Yunsheng&Jin Yiqiu.Progress in key technologies for evaluating marine shale gas development in China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(6):949-955.
[10]Yu W,Wu K,Zuo LH,Tan XS&Weijermars R.Physical models for inter-well interference in shale reservoirs:Relative impacts of fracture hits and matrix permeability[C]//Unconventional Resources Technology Conference,1-3 August 2016,San Antonio,Texas,USA.San Antonio:Unconventional Resources Technology Conference,2016.
[11]位云生,贾爱林,何东博,王军磊,韩品龙,金亦秋.中国页岩气与致密气开发特征与开发技术异同[J].天然气工业,2017,37(11):43-52.Wei Yunsheng,Jia Ailin,He Dongbo,Wang Junlei,Han Pinlong&Jin Yiqiu.Comparative analysis of development characteristics and technologies between shale gas and tight gas in China[J].Natural Gas Industry,2017,37(11):43-52.
[12]何东博,王丽娟,冀光,位云生,贾成业.苏里格致密砂岩气田开发井距优化[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(4):458-464.He Dongbo,Wang Lijuan,Ji Guang,Wei Yunsheng&Jia Chengye.Well spacing optimization for Sulige Tight Sand Gas Field,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(4):458-464.
[13]何东博,贾爱林,冀光,位云生,唐海发.苏里格大型致密砂岩气田开发井型井网技术[J].石油勘探与开发,2013,40(1):79-89.He Dongbo,Jia Ailin,Ji Guang,Wei Yunsheng&Tang Haifa.Well type and pattern optimization technology for large scale tight sand gas,Sulige Gas Field[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2013,40(1):79-89.
[14]Awada A,Santo M,Lougheed D,Xu D&Virues C.Is that interference?A work flow for identifying and analyzing communication through hydraulic fractures in a multiwell pad[J].SPE Journal,2016,21(5):1554-1566.DOI:https://doi.org/10.2118/178509-PA.
[15]Yu W,Xu YF,Weijermars R,Wu K&Sepehrnoori K.Impact of well interference on shale oil production performance:A numerical model for analyzing pressure response of fracture hits with complex geometries[C]//SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition,24-26 January 2017,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/184825-MS.
[16]贾成业,贾爱林,何东博,位云生,齐亚东,王军磊.页岩气水平井产量影响因素分析[J].天然气工业,2017,37(4):80-88.Jia Chengye,Jia Ailin,He Dongbo,Wei Yunsheng,Qi Yadong&Wang Junlei.Key factors influencing shale gas horizontal well production[J].Natural Gas Industry,2017,37(4):80-88.
[17]Suarez M&Pichon S.Completion and well spacing optimization for horizontal wells in pad development in the Vaca Muerta shale[C]//SPE Argentina Exploration and Production of Unconventional Resources Symposium,1-3 June 2016,Buenos Aires,Argentina.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180956-MS.
[18]Sahai V,Jachson G,Rai RR&Coble L.Optimal well spacing configurations for unconventional gas reservoirs[C]//SPE Americas Unconventional Resources Conference,5-7 June2012,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,USA.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/155751-MS.
[19]Wei YS,He DB,Wang JL&Qi YD.A coupled model for fractured shale reservoirs with characteristics of continuum media and fractal geometry[C]//SPE Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition,9-11 November 2015,Brisbane,Australia.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/176843-MS.
[20]Wang WD,Shahvali M&Su YL.A semi-analytical fractal model for production from tight oil reservoirs with hydraulically fractured horizontal wells[J].Fuel,2015,158:612-618.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.06.008.
[21]王军磊,贾爱林,位云生,赵文琪.有限导流压裂水平气井拟稳态产能计算及优化[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2016,40(1):100-107.Wang Junlei,Jia Ailin,Wei Yunsheng&Zhao Wenqi.Pseudo steady productivity evaluation and optimization for horizontal well with multiple finite conductivity fractures in gas reservoirs[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2016,40(1):100-107.
[2]梁光川,余雨航,彭星煜.页岩气地面工程标准化设计[J].天然气工业,2016,36(1):115-122.Liang Guangchuan,Yu Yuhang&Peng Xingyu.Standardized surface engineering design of shale gas reservoirs[J].Natural Gas Industry,2016,36(1):115-122.
[3]王强,朱冬昌,夏国勇,曾光,李小斌,陈虎,等.实现页岩气“绿色”开发的配套工艺技术体系[J].天然气工业,2018,38(2):125-130.Wang Qiang,Zhu Dongchang,Xia Guoyong,Zeng Guang,Li Xiaobin,Chen Hu,et al.Technological series supporting the"green-development"of shale gas in China:A case study[J].Natural Gas Industry,2018,38(2):125-130.
[4]刘茂森,付建红,白璟.页岩气“井工厂”水平井组防碰技术研究[J].石油机械,2016,44(6):14-18.Liu Maosen,Fu Jianhong&Bai Jing.Anti-collision technology of horizontal well groups in shale sas"well factory"[J].China Petroleum Machinery,2016,44(6):14-18.
[5]高利军,柳占立,乔磊,庄茁,杨恒林.页岩气水力压裂中套损机理及其数值模拟研究[J].石油机械,2017,45(1):75-80.Gao Lijun,Liu Zhanli,Qiao Lei,Zhuang Zhuo&Yang Henglin.Mechanism analysis and numerical simulation of casing failure in hydraulic fracturing of shale gas formation[J].China Petroleum Machinery,2017,45(1):75-80.
[6]钱斌,张俊成,朱炬辉,方泽本,寇双峰,陈锐.四川盆地长宁地区页岩气水平井组“拉链式”压裂实践[J].天然气工业,2015,35(1):81-84.Qian Bin,Zhang Juncheng,Zhu Juhui,Fang Zeben,Kou Shuangfeng&Chen Rui.Application of zipper fracturing of horizontal cluster wells in the Changning shale gas pilot zone,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2015,35(1):81-84.
[7]Morales A,Zhang K,Gakhar K,Porcu MP,Lee D,Shan D,et al.Advanced modeling of interwell fracturing interference:An Eagle Ford shale oil study—refracturing[C]//SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference,9-11 February 2016,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/179177-MS.
[8]Sardinha CM,Petr C,Lehmann J,Pyecroft JF&Merkle S.Determining interwell connectivity and reservoir complexity through frac pressure hits and production interference analysis[C]//SPE/CSUR Unconventional Resources Conference,30 September-2October 2014,Calgary,Alberta,Canada.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/171628-MS.
[9]贾爱林,位云生,金亦秋.中国海相页岩气开发评价关键技术进展[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(6):949-955.Jia Ailin,Wei Yunsheng&Jin Yiqiu.Progress in key technologies for evaluating marine shale gas development in China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(6):949-955.
[10]Yu W,Wu K,Zuo LH,Tan XS&Weijermars R.Physical models for inter-well interference in shale reservoirs:Relative impacts of fracture hits and matrix permeability[C]//Unconventional Resources Technology Conference,1-3 August 2016,San Antonio,Texas,USA.San Antonio:Unconventional Resources Technology Conference,2016.
[11]位云生,贾爱林,何东博,王军磊,韩品龙,金亦秋.中国页岩气与致密气开发特征与开发技术异同[J].天然气工业,2017,37(11):43-52.Wei Yunsheng,Jia Ailin,He Dongbo,Wang Junlei,Han Pinlong&Jin Yiqiu.Comparative analysis of development characteristics and technologies between shale gas and tight gas in China[J].Natural Gas Industry,2017,37(11):43-52.
[12]何东博,王丽娟,冀光,位云生,贾成业.苏里格致密砂岩气田开发井距优化[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(4):458-464.He Dongbo,Wang Lijuan,Ji Guang,Wei Yunsheng&Jia Chengye.Well spacing optimization for Sulige Tight Sand Gas Field,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(4):458-464.
[13]何东博,贾爱林,冀光,位云生,唐海发.苏里格大型致密砂岩气田开发井型井网技术[J].石油勘探与开发,2013,40(1):79-89.He Dongbo,Jia Ailin,Ji Guang,Wei Yunsheng&Tang Haifa.Well type and pattern optimization technology for large scale tight sand gas,Sulige Gas Field[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2013,40(1):79-89.
[14]Awada A,Santo M,Lougheed D,Xu D&Virues C.Is that interference?A work flow for identifying and analyzing communication through hydraulic fractures in a multiwell pad[J].SPE Journal,2016,21(5):1554-1566.DOI:https://doi.org/10.2118/178509-PA.
[15]Yu W,Xu YF,Weijermars R,Wu K&Sepehrnoori K.Impact of well interference on shale oil production performance:A numerical model for analyzing pressure response of fracture hits with complex geometries[C]//SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition,24-26 January 2017,The Woodlands,Texas,USA.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/184825-MS.
[16]贾成业,贾爱林,何东博,位云生,齐亚东,王军磊.页岩气水平井产量影响因素分析[J].天然气工业,2017,37(4):80-88.Jia Chengye,Jia Ailin,He Dongbo,Wei Yunsheng,Qi Yadong&Wang Junlei.Key factors influencing shale gas horizontal well production[J].Natural Gas Industry,2017,37(4):80-88.
[17]Suarez M&Pichon S.Completion and well spacing optimization for horizontal wells in pad development in the Vaca Muerta shale[C]//SPE Argentina Exploration and Production of Unconventional Resources Symposium,1-3 June 2016,Buenos Aires,Argentina.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/180956-MS.
[18]Sahai V,Jachson G,Rai RR&Coble L.Optimal well spacing configurations for unconventional gas reservoirs[C]//SPE Americas Unconventional Resources Conference,5-7 June2012,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,USA.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/155751-MS.
[19]Wei YS,He DB,Wang JL&Qi YD.A coupled model for fractured shale reservoirs with characteristics of continuum media and fractal geometry[C]//SPE Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition,9-11 November 2015,Brisbane,Australia.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/176843-MS.
[20]Wang WD,Shahvali M&Su YL.A semi-analytical fractal model for production from tight oil reservoirs with hydraulically fractured horizontal wells[J].Fuel,2015,158:612-618.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.06.008.
[21]王军磊,贾爱林,位云生,赵文琪.有限导流压裂水平气井拟稳态产能计算及优化[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2016,40(1):100-107.Wang Junlei,Jia Ailin,Wei Yunsheng&Zhao Wenqi.Pseudo steady productivity evaluation and optimization for horizontal well with multiple finite conductivity fractures in gas reservoirs[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2016,40(1):100-107.