牛至油和肉桂醛组合添加对奶牛产奶性能和氮排泄的影响
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摘要
本试验旨在研究牛至油(Oo)和肉桂醛(CA)组合添加对奶牛产奶性能和氮排泄的影响。选取年龄、体重、胎次、产奶量、乳成分及泌乳期[(90±15) d]相近的荷斯坦奶牛40头,随机分为10个组,每组4头。对照(C)组饲喂基础饲粮,各试验组在基础饲粮中添加不同水平组合的Oo和CA。其中,Oo设3个添加水平,分别为11.5(L)、13.0(M)、14.5 g/(d·头)(H);CA设3个添加水平,分别为15.0(L)、18.0(M)、21.0 g/(d·头)(H),共组成9个组合,分别为LL、LM、LH、M L、M M、M H、HL、HM、HH组(第1个字母为Oo添加水平,第2个字母为CA添加水平)。预试期15 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1) LH、HH、LM、MM、MH、HL组产奶量均极显著高于C组(P<0.01)。2)各试验组乳体细胞数均极显著低于C组(P<0.01)。LH、ML、LM、M M组乳脂率极显著高于C组(P <0. 01),LL、HH组显著高于C组(P <0. 05)。LH、HM、HH、M L组乳蛋白率极显著高于C组(P <0.01),M H、LM、M M组显著高于C组(P <0.05)。3) LH、M H、HH、M M、LL、LM、HM组总氮排泄量均极显著低于C组(P <0. 01),M L组显著低于C组(P<0.05)。LH、HH组粪氮极显著低于C组(P <0. 01),LL、LM、MH组显著低于C组(P <0.05)。LH、M H、M M、HH组尿氮极显著低于C组(P <0.01),HM组显著低于C组(P <0. 05)。M H、HL氮沉积组极显著高于C组(P <0. 01),M M、LL、LH组显著高于C组(P <0. 05)。LH、HH、LM组氮表观消化率极显著高于C组(P<0.01),M H、LL组显著高于C组(P <0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中联合添加Oo和CA可以提高奶牛的产奶性能,降低氮排泄量;综合考虑上述指标,在本试验条件下,最佳组合为Oo 11.5 g/(d·头)、CA 21.0 g/(d·头)。
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different combinations of oregano oil( Oo) and cinnamic aldehyde( CA) on lactation performance and nitrogen excretion of dairy cows. Forty Holstein lactating dairy cows with similar age,body weight,parity,milk yield,milk composition and lactation period [( 90±15) days) ] were divided into 10 groups with 4 cows per group. The cows in control( C) group were fed a basal diet,while those in experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with different supplemental levels of Oo [11.5( L),13.0( M) and 14.5( H) g/( d·head) ] and CA [15.0( L),18.0( M) and 21.0( H) g/( d·head) ]to constitute 9 combinations,which were named as LL,LM,LH,ML,MM,MH,HL,HMand HH groups( the first letter indicated Oo supplemental level,and the second letter indicated CA supplemental level),respectively. The pre-experiment lasted for 15 days,and the experiment lasted for 60 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the milk yield in LH,HH,LM,MM,MH and HL groups was extremely significantly higher than that in C group( P< 0.01). 2) The milk somatic cell count in experimental groups was extremely significantly lower than that in C group( P < 0. 01). The milk fat percentage in LH,ML,LMand MMgroups was extremely significantly higher than that in C group( P<0.01),and that in LL and HH groups was significantly higher than that in C group( P < 0. 05). The milk protein percentage in LH,HM,HH and ML groups was extremely significantly higher than that in C group( P<0.01),and that in MH,LMand MMgroups was significantly higher than that in C group( P<0.05). 3) The total nitrogen excretion in LH,MH,HH,MM,LL,LMand HMgroups was extremely significantly lower than that in C group( P<0.01),and that in ML group was significantly lower than that in C group( P<0.05). The feces nitrogen in LH and HH groups was extremely significantly lower than that in C group( P < 0. 01),and that in LL,LMand MH groups was significantly lower than that in C group( P < 0.05). The urine nitrogen in LH,MH,MMand HH groups was extremely significantly lower than that in C group( P<0.01),and that in MM,LL and LH groups was significantly lower than that in C group( P<0.05). The nitrogen apparent digestibility in LH,HH and LMgroups was extremely significantly higher than that in C group( P<0.01),and that in MH and LL groups was significantly higher than that in C group( P<0.05). The results indicate that combined supplementations of Oo and CA can improve the lactation performance and reduce the nitrogen excretion of dairy cows; considering all the above indexes, the optimal combination is 11. 5 g/( d · head) Oo and21.0 g/( d·head) CA under the experimental conditions.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31(7):3310-3318]
This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different combinations of oregano oil( Oo) and cinnamic aldehyde( CA) on lactation performance and nitrogen excretion of dairy cows. Forty Holstein lactating dairy cows with similar age,body weight,parity,milk yield,milk composition and lactation period [( 90±15) days) ] were divided into 10 groups with 4 cows per group. The cows in control( C) group were fed a basal diet,while those in experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with different supplemental levels of Oo [11.5( L),13.0( M) and 14.5( H) g/( d·head) ] and CA [15.0( L),18.0( M) and 21.0( H) g/( d·head) ]to constitute 9 combinations,which were named as LL,LM,LH,ML,MM,MH,HL,HMand HH groups( the first letter indicated Oo supplemental level,and the second letter indicated CA supplemental level),respectively. The pre-experiment lasted for 15 days,and the experiment lasted for 60 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the milk yield in LH,HH,LM,MM,MH and HL groups was extremely significantly higher than that in C group( P< 0.01). 2) The milk somatic cell count in experimental groups was extremely significantly lower than that in C group( P < 0. 01). The milk fat percentage in LH,ML,LMand MMgroups was extremely significantly higher than that in C group( P<0.01),and that in LL and HH groups was significantly higher than that in C group( P < 0. 05). The milk protein percentage in LH,HM,HH and ML groups was extremely significantly higher than that in C group( P<0.01),and that in MH,LMand MMgroups was significantly higher than that in C group( P<0.05). 3) The total nitrogen excretion in LH,MH,HH,MM,LL,LMand HMgroups was extremely significantly lower than that in C group( P<0.01),and that in ML group was significantly lower than that in C group( P<0.05). The feces nitrogen in LH and HH groups was extremely significantly lower than that in C group( P < 0. 01),and that in LL,LMand MH groups was significantly lower than that in C group( P < 0.05). The urine nitrogen in LH,MH,MMand HH groups was extremely significantly lower than that in C group( P<0.01),and that in MM,LL and LH groups was significantly lower than that in C group( P<0.05). The nitrogen apparent digestibility in LH,HH and LMgroups was extremely significantly higher than that in C group( P<0.01),and that in MH and LL groups was significantly higher than that in C group( P<0.05). The results indicate that combined supplementations of Oo and CA can improve the lactation performance and reduce the nitrogen excretion of dairy cows; considering all the above indexes, the optimal combination is 11. 5 g/( d · head) Oo and21.0 g/( d·head) CA under the experimental conditions.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31(7):3310-3318]
引文
[1] DORMAN H J,DEANS S G. Antimicrobial agents from plants:antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2010,88(2):308-316.
[2]何兰花.新型植物抗生素———牛至油[J].畜牧与兽医,2004,36(5):22-23.
[3]徐方华.牛至油及主要成分对瘤胃发酵特性和甲烷产量影响的研究[D].硕士学位论文.延吉:延边大学,2014.
[4]姚喜喜,吴建平,刘婷,等.全混合日粮中添加牛至精油对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和蹄病发生率的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(2):299-304.
[5]张善芝.日粮添加牛至油对夏季肉牛生长性能的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2011,37(7):39-41.
[6]周明,陈征义,申书婷.肉桂醛的制备方法和生物学功能[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(8):2040-2045.
[7]金恩望.体外法研究植物精油对瘤胃体外发酵和甲烷生成的影响[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2013.
[8]吴萍萍,沈亭海,凌学士.肉桂醛对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌的抑制作用分析[J].中国饲料,2018(2):81-85.
[9]张凯祥,邢德芳,高许雷,等.牛至油对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(5):1902-1910.
[10]张成喜,刘开东,孙国强.肉桂醛对奶牛尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响[J].动物营养学报,2017,29(6):2010-2017.
[11]冯仰廉,陆治年.奶牛营养需要和饲料成分[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2007.
[12]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 6435—2006饲料中水分和其他挥发性物质含量的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.
[13]国家技术监督局.GB/T 6432—1994饲料中粗蛋白测定方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1994.
[14]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 20806—2006饲料中中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[15]中华人民共和国农业部.NY/T 1459—2007饲料中酸性洗涤纤维的测定[S].北京:农业出版社,2008.
[16]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6436—2002饲料中钙的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[17]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 6437—2002饲料中总磷的测定分光光度法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[18]朱雯.粗料来源对奶牛乳蛋白前体物生成与生产性能的影响与机制研究[D].博士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2013.
[19] VALADARES R F D,BRODERICK G A,FILHO S C V,et al. Effect of replacing alfalfa silage with high moisture corn on ruminal protein synthesis estimated from excretion of total purine derivatives[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1999,82(12):2686-2696.
[20] YANG W Z,AMETAJ B N,BENCHAAR C,et al.Dose response to cinnamaldehyde supplementation in growing beef heifers:ruminal and intestinal digestion[J].Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(2):680-688.
[21]林波.挥发油及其活性成分组合与富马酸钠共同添加对体外瘤胃发酵和湖羊养分消化的影响[D].博士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2011.
[22]林波,纪苗苗,梁权,等.肉桂油和牛至油及其主要成分对体外瘤胃发酵和甲烷产生的影响[J].中国兽医学报,2011,31(2):279-282,287.
[23]白乌日汗.植物精油及其它活性成分对奶牛瘤胃发酵功能影响的研究[D].硕士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2009.
[24]陈会良,顾有方,应小强,等.牛至油对奶牛产奶性能和抗氧化功能影响的研究[J].粮食与饲料工业,2005(5):42-43.
[25] BUSQUET M,CALSAMIGLIA S,FERRET A,et al.Effects of cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil on rumen microbial fermentation in a dual flowcontinuous culture[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2005,88(7):2508-2516.
[26] PREUSS H G,ECHARD B,ENIG M,et al.Minimum inhibitory concentrations of herbal essential oils and monolaurin for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria[J]. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,2005,272(1/2):29-34.
[27]韩庆功,宋云义,崔艳红,等.牛至油对仔猪生产性能、抗体水平及粪便微生物的影响[J].河南农业科学,2016,45(7):113-117.
[28] GIANNENAS I,SKOUFOS J,GIANNAKOPOULOS C,et al. Effects of essential oils on milk production,milk composition,and rumen microbiota in Chios dairy ewes[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94(11):5569-5577.
[29]彭青云,李菊娣,罗正,等.牛至油对肉仔鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及免疫器官指数的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2016,52(13):73-76.
[30]邱殿锐,郭建军,刘洋,等.肉桂醛对肉鸡生产性能及营养物质消化率的影响[J].中国家禽,2013,35(7):27-30.
[2]何兰花.新型植物抗生素———牛至油[J].畜牧与兽医,2004,36(5):22-23.
[3]徐方华.牛至油及主要成分对瘤胃发酵特性和甲烷产量影响的研究[D].硕士学位论文.延吉:延边大学,2014.
[4]姚喜喜,吴建平,刘婷,等.全混合日粮中添加牛至精油对泌乳期荷斯坦奶牛生产性能和蹄病发生率的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(2):299-304.
[5]张善芝.日粮添加牛至油对夏季肉牛生长性能的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2011,37(7):39-41.
[6]周明,陈征义,申书婷.肉桂醛的制备方法和生物学功能[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(8):2040-2045.
[7]金恩望.体外法研究植物精油对瘤胃体外发酵和甲烷生成的影响[D].硕士学位论文.兰州:甘肃农业大学,2013.
[8]吴萍萍,沈亭海,凌学士.肉桂醛对奶牛乳房炎主要致病菌的抑制作用分析[J].中国饲料,2018(2):81-85.
[9]张凯祥,邢德芳,高许雷,等.牛至油对奶牛瘤胃微生物蛋白产量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响[J].动物营养学报,2018,30(5):1902-1910.
[10]张成喜,刘开东,孙国强.肉桂醛对奶牛尿中嘌呤衍生物排出量、产奶性能和氮排泄的影响[J].动物营养学报,2017,29(6):2010-2017.
[11]冯仰廉,陆治年.奶牛营养需要和饲料成分[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2007.
[12]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 6435—2006饲料中水分和其他挥发性物质含量的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.
[13]国家技术监督局.GB/T 6432—1994饲料中粗蛋白测定方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1994.
[14]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 20806—2006饲料中中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.
[15]中华人民共和国农业部.NY/T 1459—2007饲料中酸性洗涤纤维的测定[S].北京:农业出版社,2008.
[16]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T6436—2002饲料中钙的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[17]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 6437—2002饲料中总磷的测定分光光度法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.
[18]朱雯.粗料来源对奶牛乳蛋白前体物生成与生产性能的影响与机制研究[D].博士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2013.
[19] VALADARES R F D,BRODERICK G A,FILHO S C V,et al. Effect of replacing alfalfa silage with high moisture corn on ruminal protein synthesis estimated from excretion of total purine derivatives[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1999,82(12):2686-2696.
[20] YANG W Z,AMETAJ B N,BENCHAAR C,et al.Dose response to cinnamaldehyde supplementation in growing beef heifers:ruminal and intestinal digestion[J].Journal of Animal Science,2010,88(2):680-688.
[21]林波.挥发油及其活性成分组合与富马酸钠共同添加对体外瘤胃发酵和湖羊养分消化的影响[D].博士学位论文.杭州:浙江大学,2011.
[22]林波,纪苗苗,梁权,等.肉桂油和牛至油及其主要成分对体外瘤胃发酵和甲烷产生的影响[J].中国兽医学报,2011,31(2):279-282,287.
[23]白乌日汗.植物精油及其它活性成分对奶牛瘤胃发酵功能影响的研究[D].硕士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2009.
[24]陈会良,顾有方,应小强,等.牛至油对奶牛产奶性能和抗氧化功能影响的研究[J].粮食与饲料工业,2005(5):42-43.
[25] BUSQUET M,CALSAMIGLIA S,FERRET A,et al.Effects of cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil on rumen microbial fermentation in a dual flowcontinuous culture[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2005,88(7):2508-2516.
[26] PREUSS H G,ECHARD B,ENIG M,et al.Minimum inhibitory concentrations of herbal essential oils and monolaurin for gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria[J]. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,2005,272(1/2):29-34.
[27]韩庆功,宋云义,崔艳红,等.牛至油对仔猪生产性能、抗体水平及粪便微生物的影响[J].河南农业科学,2016,45(7):113-117.
[28] GIANNENAS I,SKOUFOS J,GIANNAKOPOULOS C,et al. Effects of essential oils on milk production,milk composition,and rumen microbiota in Chios dairy ewes[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,2011,94(11):5569-5577.
[29]彭青云,李菊娣,罗正,等.牛至油对肉仔鸡生长性能、屠宰性能及免疫器官指数的影响[J].中国畜牧杂志,2016,52(13):73-76.
[30]邱殿锐,郭建军,刘洋,等.肉桂醛对肉鸡生产性能及营养物质消化率的影响[J].中国家禽,2013,35(7):27-30.