2018年热点科技事件回眸
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摘要
科技研发、应用、服务活动中,创新性进展精彩纷呈,突破性应用层出不穷,人性化服务耳目一新。但作为人类活动,其中必然存在错漏、不端,因而需要揭露和质疑,通过反思和防范促进科学技术更好发展。本文遴选10件2018年社会关注度较高、颇具争议或负面影响重大的科技事件,以期引发进一步反思。
Science and technology of 2018 has witnessed brilliant innovative progress,countless breakthrough applications,and refresh humanized service.However,as human activities,scientific research and development may have omissions and misconduct,therefore,it is necessary to expose and question any of them for the better development of science and technology through reflection and prevention.This article selects 10 scientific and technological events with high social concern and considerable controversy or negative impact in 2018,with a view to triggering further summarization and reflection.
Science and technology of 2018 has witnessed brilliant innovative progress,countless breakthrough applications,and refresh humanized service.However,as human activities,scientific research and development may have omissions and misconduct,therefore,it is necessary to expose and question any of them for the better development of science and technology through reflection and prevention.This article selects 10 scientific and technological events with high social concern and considerable controversy or negative impact in 2018,with a view to triggering further summarization and reflection.
引文
[1]祝叶华.2015年科技事件回眸[J].科技导报,2016,34(1):114-120.Zhu Yehua.Ten hot events of science and technology in 2015[J].Science&Technology Review,2016,34(1):114-120.
[2]祝叶华.2016年热点科技事件回眸[J].科技导报,2017,35(1):136-148.Zhu Yehua.Ten hot events of science and technology in2016[J].Science&Technology Review,2017,35(1):136-148.
[3]祝叶华.2017年热点科技事件回眸[J].科技导报,2018,36(1):199-210.Zhu Yehua.Top 10 events of science and technology in 2017[J].Science&Technology Review,2018,36(1):199-210.
[4]Watts T W,Duncan G J,Quan H.Revisiting the marshmallow test:A conceptual replication investigating links between early delay of gratification and later outcomes[J].Psychological Science,2018,doi:10.1177/0956797618761661.
[5]Blum B.The lifespan of a lie[EB/OL].(2018-06-07)[2018-12-11].https://www.madinamerica.com/2018/06/the-lifespanof-a-lie/.
[6]Klein R,Vianello M,Hasselman F,et al.Many labs 2:Investigating variation in replicability across sample and setting[J].PsyArXiv,2018,doi:10.31234/osf.io/9654g
[7]Resnick B.The stanford prison experiment was massively influential,we just learned it was a fraud[EB/OL].Vox,(2018-06-13)[2018-12-05].https://www.vox.com/2018/6/13/17449118/stanford-prison-experiment-fraud-psychology-replication.
[8]Psychology′s replication crisis is running out of excuses[EB/OL].The Atlantic,(2018-11-19)[2018-12-09].https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/11/psychologys-replication-crisis-real/576223.
[9]国家药品监督管理局关于长春长生生物科技有限责任公司违法违规生产冻干人用狂犬病疫苗的通告(2018年第60号)[EB/OL].(2018-07-15)[2018-12-03].http://www.nmpa.gov.cn/WS04/CL2050/329592.html.
[10]长春长生疫苗案件调查取得重大进展[EB/OL].北京日报,(2018-07-28)[2018-12-03].http://health.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0728/c14739-30175343.html.
[11]长生生物正召回有效期狂犬疫苗[EB/OL].新京报,(2018-07-17)[2018-12-03].http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-07/17/c_1123135152.htm.
[12]习近平对吉林长春长生生物疫苗案件作出重要指示[EB/OL].新华网,(2018-07-23)[2018-12-03].http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-07/23/c_1123166080.htm.
[13]一查到底,方可纾解疫苗焦虑|锐评[EB/OL].人民日报,(2018-07-22)[2018-12-03].https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/aUK-slfdu1GwNU6LpOQyBwg.
[14]保护疫苗安全的高压线一定要带高压电[EB/OL].新华社,(2018-07-22)[2018-12-03].http://www.xinhuanet.com/comments/2018-07/22/c_1123161108.htm.
[15]“疫苗之王”,安全之殇,责任之重,人心之痛[EB/OL].光明网,(2018-07-22)[2018-12-03].http://guancha.gmw.cn/2018-07/22/content_30012210.htm.
[16]Apte J S,Brauer M,Cohen A J,et al.Ambient PM2.5reduces global and regional life expectancy[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,5(9):546-551.
[17]透视2018年十大热点科学事件[EB/OL].南方周末,(2019-01-05).http://www.infzm.com/content/143392.
[18]Greenstone M,Fan C Q.Introducing the air quality life index[R/OL].http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Introducing%20the%20Air%20Quality%20Life%20Index%20(AQ-LI).pdf.
[19]河北科技大学公布韩春雨团队撤稿论文的调查处理结果[EB/OL].河北新闻网,(2018-09-01)[2018-11-15].http://www.xinhuanet.com/local/2018-09/01/c_1123363731.htm.
[20]韩春雨就公布撤稿论文调查处理结果表态[EB/OL].河北科技大学,(2018-09-01)[2018-12-11].http://sgxy.web.hebust.edu.cn/xwdt/98614.htm.
[21]韩春雨事件调查结果公布,未发现韩春雨主观造假[EB/OL].中国科学报,(2018-09-04)[2018-12-11].http://www.bast.net.cn/art/2018/9/4/art_16694_387966.html.
[22]《自然》中国区总监:韩春雨的文章不具备可靠重复性[EB/OL].北京科技报,(2018-11-06)[2018-12-11].http://news.ifeng.com/a/20171106/52987917_0.shtml.
[23]Oransky I.Harvard and the Brigham call for more than 30 retractions of cardiac stem cell research[EB/OL].STAT,(2018-11-04)[2018-12-15].https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/14/harvard-brigham-retractions-stem-cell/.
[24]他骗了全世界:美国知名心脏专家31篇论文造假[EB/OL].新华国际,(2018-10-19)[2018-12-11].https://news.sina.com.cn/w/2018-10-19/doc-ihmrasqs3813975.shtml.
[25]Murry C E,Soonpaa M H,Reinecke H,et al.Haematopoietic stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardial infarcts[J].Nature,2004,428:664-668.
[26]van Berio J H,Kanisicak O,Maillet M,et al.C-kit+cell minimally contribute cardiomyocytes to the heart[J].Nature,2014,509,337-341.
[27]Maliken B D,Molkentin J D.Undeniable evidence that the adult mammalian heart lacks an endogenous regenerative stem cell[J].Circulation,2018,136:806-808.
[28]甘晓,高雅丽.国内心脏干细胞研究陷入“造假大地震”[N/OL].中国科学报,(2018-10-29)[2018-12-01].http://tech.gmw.cn/2018-10/30/content_31856259.htm.
[29]福岛核电站污水处理报告错误超千处日本经产大臣深表遗憾[EB/OL].中国新闻网,(2018-10-19)[2018-12-24].http://www.chinanews.com/wap/detail/zw/gj/2018/10-19/8654911.shtml.
[30]日本政府小委员会再次提议:将核废水排放入海[EB/OL].(2018-12-29).https://www.52hrtt.com/df/n/w/info/G1545893-030123.
[31]福岛核电站污水处理报告错误超千处混淆不同放射性元素浓度记录用意何在[EB/OL].科技日报,(2018-10-22)[2018-12-24].http://stdaily.com/index/kejixinwen/2018-10/22/content_722394.shtml.
[32]Gonzalez R.Your poop is probably full of plastic[EB/OL].The Wired,(2018-10-22)[2018-12-20].https://www.wired.com/story/your-poop-is-probably-full-of-plastic/.
[33]UEG Week:Microplastics discovered in human stools across the globe in“first study of its kind”[EB/OL].United European Gastroenterology,(2018-10-23)[2018-12-19].https://www.ueg.eu/press/releases/ueg-press-release/article/ueg-week-microplastics-discovered-in-human-stools-across-the-globe-in-first-study-of-its-kind.
[34]微塑料进入人体后,危害有多大[EB/OL].南方周末,(2018-11-20)[2018-12-21].http://www.infzm.com/content/141496.
[35]Figueroa T.Jury awards$105M in suit against pH Miracle author[EB/OL].The San Diego Union Tribune.(2018-11-02)[2018-12-21].https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/courts/sd-me-phmiracle-civil-verdict-20181102-story.html.
[36]“酸碱体质理论”科学还是谎言?专家称体质无酸碱之别[EB/OL].北京青年报,(2018-11-09)[2018-12-21].http://www.cnfoodnet.com/content-106-62055-1.html.
[37]酸碱体质论破产,让养生伪科学退场[EB/OL].新京报,(2018-11-08)[2018-12-21].http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-11/08/c_1123679820.htm。
[38]屈畅,李卓雅,施世泉.“酸碱体质理论”是科学还是谎言?[N/OL].北京青年报,(2018-11-09)[2018-12-17].http://sa.sogou.com/sgsearch/sgs_tc_news.php?req=Bx8UkKNx3AH_LpTQGuv0ND9N1NXI6R57FNxkW4-JiyrnJpiDiCASxht_v8tG3zB5&user_type=1.
[39]王君平.中医体质学创始人王琦:“酸碱体质论”是个伪命题[EB/OL].人民日报,(2018-12-06)[2018-12-21].http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-12/06/c_1123813502.htm.
[40]Watt N,Amann M,Arnell N,et al.The 2018 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change:Shaping the health of nations for centuries to come[J].The Lancet,2018,392(10163):2479-2514.
[41]IPCC.Global warming of 1.5℃[R].https://report.ipcc.ch/sr15/pdf/sr15_spm_final.pdf.
[41]韩声江.基因编辑婴儿试验罗生门:所有涉事方均撇清与贺建奎关系[EB/OL].(2018-11-27)[2018-12-25].https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2674449.
[42]122位科学家发联合声明:强烈谴责“首例免疫艾滋病基因编辑”[EB/OL].(2018-11-26)[2018-12-23].http://tech.qq.com/a/20181126/014341.htm.
[43]Regalado A.CRISPR inventor Feng Zhang calls for moratorium on gene-edited babies[EB/OL].(2018-11-26)[2018-12-25].https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612465/crispr-inventor-feng-zhang-calls-for-moratorium-on-baby-making.
[44]Update:CRISPR co-inventor responds to claim of first genetically edited babies[EB/OL].(2018-11-26)[2018-12-25].https://news.berkeley.edu/2018/11/26/doudna-responds-to-claim-of-first-crispr-edited-babies.
[45]陈芳,胡喆.三部门负责人回应“基因编辑婴儿”事件[EB/OL].人民日报,(2018-11-30)[2018-12-25].http://qh.people.com.cn/GB/n2/2018/1130/c182757-32350979.html.
[2]祝叶华.2016年热点科技事件回眸[J].科技导报,2017,35(1):136-148.Zhu Yehua.Ten hot events of science and technology in2016[J].Science&Technology Review,2017,35(1):136-148.
[3]祝叶华.2017年热点科技事件回眸[J].科技导报,2018,36(1):199-210.Zhu Yehua.Top 10 events of science and technology in 2017[J].Science&Technology Review,2018,36(1):199-210.
[4]Watts T W,Duncan G J,Quan H.Revisiting the marshmallow test:A conceptual replication investigating links between early delay of gratification and later outcomes[J].Psychological Science,2018,doi:10.1177/0956797618761661.
[5]Blum B.The lifespan of a lie[EB/OL].(2018-06-07)[2018-12-11].https://www.madinamerica.com/2018/06/the-lifespanof-a-lie/.
[6]Klein R,Vianello M,Hasselman F,et al.Many labs 2:Investigating variation in replicability across sample and setting[J].PsyArXiv,2018,doi:10.31234/osf.io/9654g
[7]Resnick B.The stanford prison experiment was massively influential,we just learned it was a fraud[EB/OL].Vox,(2018-06-13)[2018-12-05].https://www.vox.com/2018/6/13/17449118/stanford-prison-experiment-fraud-psychology-replication.
[8]Psychology′s replication crisis is running out of excuses[EB/OL].The Atlantic,(2018-11-19)[2018-12-09].https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/11/psychologys-replication-crisis-real/576223.
[9]国家药品监督管理局关于长春长生生物科技有限责任公司违法违规生产冻干人用狂犬病疫苗的通告(2018年第60号)[EB/OL].(2018-07-15)[2018-12-03].http://www.nmpa.gov.cn/WS04/CL2050/329592.html.
[10]长春长生疫苗案件调查取得重大进展[EB/OL].北京日报,(2018-07-28)[2018-12-03].http://health.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0728/c14739-30175343.html.
[11]长生生物正召回有效期狂犬疫苗[EB/OL].新京报,(2018-07-17)[2018-12-03].http://www.xinhuanet.com/fortune/2018-07/17/c_1123135152.htm.
[12]习近平对吉林长春长生生物疫苗案件作出重要指示[EB/OL].新华网,(2018-07-23)[2018-12-03].http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-07/23/c_1123166080.htm.
[13]一查到底,方可纾解疫苗焦虑|锐评[EB/OL].人民日报,(2018-07-22)[2018-12-03].https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/aUK-slfdu1GwNU6LpOQyBwg.
[14]保护疫苗安全的高压线一定要带高压电[EB/OL].新华社,(2018-07-22)[2018-12-03].http://www.xinhuanet.com/comments/2018-07/22/c_1123161108.htm.
[15]“疫苗之王”,安全之殇,责任之重,人心之痛[EB/OL].光明网,(2018-07-22)[2018-12-03].http://guancha.gmw.cn/2018-07/22/content_30012210.htm.
[16]Apte J S,Brauer M,Cohen A J,et al.Ambient PM2.5reduces global and regional life expectancy[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,5(9):546-551.
[17]透视2018年十大热点科学事件[EB/OL].南方周末,(2019-01-05).http://www.infzm.com/content/143392.
[18]Greenstone M,Fan C Q.Introducing the air quality life index[R/OL].http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Introducing%20the%20Air%20Quality%20Life%20Index%20(AQ-LI).pdf.
[19]河北科技大学公布韩春雨团队撤稿论文的调查处理结果[EB/OL].河北新闻网,(2018-09-01)[2018-11-15].http://www.xinhuanet.com/local/2018-09/01/c_1123363731.htm.
[20]韩春雨就公布撤稿论文调查处理结果表态[EB/OL].河北科技大学,(2018-09-01)[2018-12-11].http://sgxy.web.hebust.edu.cn/xwdt/98614.htm.
[21]韩春雨事件调查结果公布,未发现韩春雨主观造假[EB/OL].中国科学报,(2018-09-04)[2018-12-11].http://www.bast.net.cn/art/2018/9/4/art_16694_387966.html.
[22]《自然》中国区总监:韩春雨的文章不具备可靠重复性[EB/OL].北京科技报,(2018-11-06)[2018-12-11].http://news.ifeng.com/a/20171106/52987917_0.shtml.
[23]Oransky I.Harvard and the Brigham call for more than 30 retractions of cardiac stem cell research[EB/OL].STAT,(2018-11-04)[2018-12-15].https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/14/harvard-brigham-retractions-stem-cell/.
[24]他骗了全世界:美国知名心脏专家31篇论文造假[EB/OL].新华国际,(2018-10-19)[2018-12-11].https://news.sina.com.cn/w/2018-10-19/doc-ihmrasqs3813975.shtml.
[25]Murry C E,Soonpaa M H,Reinecke H,et al.Haematopoietic stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardial infarcts[J].Nature,2004,428:664-668.
[26]van Berio J H,Kanisicak O,Maillet M,et al.C-kit+cell minimally contribute cardiomyocytes to the heart[J].Nature,2014,509,337-341.
[27]Maliken B D,Molkentin J D.Undeniable evidence that the adult mammalian heart lacks an endogenous regenerative stem cell[J].Circulation,2018,136:806-808.
[28]甘晓,高雅丽.国内心脏干细胞研究陷入“造假大地震”[N/OL].中国科学报,(2018-10-29)[2018-12-01].http://tech.gmw.cn/2018-10/30/content_31856259.htm.
[29]福岛核电站污水处理报告错误超千处日本经产大臣深表遗憾[EB/OL].中国新闻网,(2018-10-19)[2018-12-24].http://www.chinanews.com/wap/detail/zw/gj/2018/10-19/8654911.shtml.
[30]日本政府小委员会再次提议:将核废水排放入海[EB/OL].(2018-12-29).https://www.52hrtt.com/df/n/w/info/G1545893-030123.
[31]福岛核电站污水处理报告错误超千处混淆不同放射性元素浓度记录用意何在[EB/OL].科技日报,(2018-10-22)[2018-12-24].http://stdaily.com/index/kejixinwen/2018-10/22/content_722394.shtml.
[32]Gonzalez R.Your poop is probably full of plastic[EB/OL].The Wired,(2018-10-22)[2018-12-20].https://www.wired.com/story/your-poop-is-probably-full-of-plastic/.
[33]UEG Week:Microplastics discovered in human stools across the globe in“first study of its kind”[EB/OL].United European Gastroenterology,(2018-10-23)[2018-12-19].https://www.ueg.eu/press/releases/ueg-press-release/article/ueg-week-microplastics-discovered-in-human-stools-across-the-globe-in-first-study-of-its-kind.
[34]微塑料进入人体后,危害有多大[EB/OL].南方周末,(2018-11-20)[2018-12-21].http://www.infzm.com/content/141496.
[35]Figueroa T.Jury awards$105M in suit against pH Miracle author[EB/OL].The San Diego Union Tribune.(2018-11-02)[2018-12-21].https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/courts/sd-me-phmiracle-civil-verdict-20181102-story.html.
[36]“酸碱体质理论”科学还是谎言?专家称体质无酸碱之别[EB/OL].北京青年报,(2018-11-09)[2018-12-21].http://www.cnfoodnet.com/content-106-62055-1.html.
[37]酸碱体质论破产,让养生伪科学退场[EB/OL].新京报,(2018-11-08)[2018-12-21].http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-11/08/c_1123679820.htm。
[38]屈畅,李卓雅,施世泉.“酸碱体质理论”是科学还是谎言?[N/OL].北京青年报,(2018-11-09)[2018-12-17].http://sa.sogou.com/sgsearch/sgs_tc_news.php?req=Bx8UkKNx3AH_LpTQGuv0ND9N1NXI6R57FNxkW4-JiyrnJpiDiCASxht_v8tG3zB5&user_type=1.
[39]王君平.中医体质学创始人王琦:“酸碱体质论”是个伪命题[EB/OL].人民日报,(2018-12-06)[2018-12-21].http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-12/06/c_1123813502.htm.
[40]Watt N,Amann M,Arnell N,et al.The 2018 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change:Shaping the health of nations for centuries to come[J].The Lancet,2018,392(10163):2479-2514.
[41]IPCC.Global warming of 1.5℃[R].https://report.ipcc.ch/sr15/pdf/sr15_spm_final.pdf.
[41]韩声江.基因编辑婴儿试验罗生门:所有涉事方均撇清与贺建奎关系[EB/OL].(2018-11-27)[2018-12-25].https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2674449.
[42]122位科学家发联合声明:强烈谴责“首例免疫艾滋病基因编辑”[EB/OL].(2018-11-26)[2018-12-23].http://tech.qq.com/a/20181126/014341.htm.
[43]Regalado A.CRISPR inventor Feng Zhang calls for moratorium on gene-edited babies[EB/OL].(2018-11-26)[2018-12-25].https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612465/crispr-inventor-feng-zhang-calls-for-moratorium-on-baby-making.
[44]Update:CRISPR co-inventor responds to claim of first genetically edited babies[EB/OL].(2018-11-26)[2018-12-25].https://news.berkeley.edu/2018/11/26/doudna-responds-to-claim-of-first-crispr-edited-babies.
[45]陈芳,胡喆.三部门负责人回应“基因编辑婴儿”事件[EB/OL].人民日报,(2018-11-30)[2018-12-25].http://qh.people.com.cn/GB/n2/2018/1130/c182757-32350979.html.